衰老相关分泌表型的研究进展

细胞衰老的同时常伴随着衰老相关分泌表型(senescence-associated secretory phenotype,SASP)的产生。SASP由促炎细胞因子、生长因子、趋化因子和基质重塑酶等一系列细胞因子组成,它们可以导致机体慢性低度炎症和疾病,并可以反作用于衰老细胞及其邻近细胞加速它们的衰老进程,并可作为新的细胞衰老效应机制。该文通过对SASP生物学功效、分泌调节、机制、以及与相关疾病关联的探讨,提高我们对SASP的认知,引发我们对SASP相关疾病疗法的思考。     

老年性疾病通过cGAS-STING通路调控衰老相关分泌表型

老龄化是癌症、心血管疾病、糖尿病和神经退行性疾病等人类疾病最主要的风险因素之一,而许多衰老性疾病都与细胞衰老相关。细胞在衰老过程中表现出明显的表型变化,这是由代谢、染色质组织和转录活性的改变所驱动的。衰老的一个明显特征是炎症介质的分泌,包括各种细胞因子、趋化因子、细胞外基质蛋白和生长因子,统称为衰老相关分泌表型(senescence-associated secretory phenotype,SASP)。衰老细胞通过分泌SASP,对许多生物学过程产生重要影响,包括伤口愈合、组织修复、肿瘤形成或体内重组等。此外,与SASP相关的炎症反应被认为是衰老相关疾病的基础,从而发现衰老效应反应的新靶点是至关重要的。最近的科学进展表明,先天免疫应答特别是涉及cGAS-STING途径的免疫应答,会在衰老细胞中触发SASP。该文综述了老龄化疾病衰老细胞中cGAS-STING信号通路对SASP的调控作用。     

衰老机制及抗衰老药物的研究进展

衰老是机体在增龄过程中发生功能性和器质性衰退老化的过程，涉及生物体不同层面的受损，与导致机体退行性病变的许多疾病相关。随着衰老机制的不断探索，具有针对性抗衰老潜力的药物研发也逐渐受到关注。从基因、蛋白、细胞及细胞间通讯4个层面综述不同生物体的衰老特征及潜在抗衰老药物研究进展，以期为衰老机制和抗衰老过程探索及相关药物研发提供参考。     

细胞衰老与特发性肺纤维化药物治疗研究进展

特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF)是一种病因不明的破坏性肺部疾病,它的特点是细胞外基质蛋白(如胶原蛋白和纤连蛋白)在肺间质中沉积,导致呼吸衰竭。我们对IPF的病理生物学的理解仍然不完整;然而,人们普遍认为,衰老是该疾病的主要危险因素。衰老是一个复杂的过程,以不可逆的细胞周期停滞和分泌衰老相关的表型(senescence-associated secretory phenotype, SASP)为特征,导致衰老细胞不断累积和炎症发生。细胞衰老与IPF疾病进展密切相关。该文主要探讨细胞衰老的分子机制,端粒缩短、线粒体功能障碍、自噬不足及细胞凋亡抵抗等细胞衰老相关的各种诱发因素在IPF发病中的作用以及用于治疗IPF疾病的抗衰老药物,为将来治疗IPF提供理论依据和治疗方法。     

细胞衰老在阿尔茨海默病发病机制及防治中的作用研究进展

衰老是导致神经退行性疾病发生的最重要因素。细胞衰老会导致细胞和分子损伤的累积，从而引发机体整体修复机制的失败，最终导致了机体的老化。已有研究结果表明，星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞祖细胞、少突胶质细胞、神经干细胞、神经元以及内皮细胞、先天免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞的衰老在神经退行性疾病阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease，AD)的发病机制中发挥重要作用，通过清除衰老细胞、调节衰老相关的分泌表型可有效改善AD。本文综述细胞衰老在AD发病机制中的作用，及针对其细胞衰老的治疗研究进展，以期为进一步揭示AD发病机制和研发防治药物提供参考。     

抗衰老药物的研究进展

近年来关于衰老的研究以及根据衰老的机制寻找高效的抗衰老药物的研究已成为当前医药学研究领域中的热点问题,并已在很多方面取得了长足的进展。本文就近年来衰老及抗衰老药物的研究进展综述如下:(1)衰老的研究:衰老是机体各组织、器官功能随年龄增长而发生的退行性变化,是机体各种生化反应的综合表现,是体内外许多因素共同作用的结果。近半个多世纪以来,国际上已经提出一系列衰老学说,为揭开衰老机制及开发抗衰老药物奠定了基础。包括自由基学说、线粒体DNA损伤学说、衰老的端区学说、免疫学说(immunolog-ical theory)、内分泌学说(endocrine theory)等。(2)抗衰老药物是一类以提高生命效率(生存时间与生命活力的总和)为最终目的的药物,从多系统、多层次和多阶段来发挥其调整功能,它能在遗传学上所界定的寿限内延迟衰老或提高生命质量。抗衰老药物按理化属性可分为:①化学药物,有抗氧化剂、抗衰老激素、营养素、单胺氧化酶抑制剂、免疫调节剂、生化制剂、大脑功能促进药等。②中药,有单味中药以及复方制剂。虽然目前有很多药物研究都证明能够延缓衰老,作用安全,但抗衰老药物不可乱用,其应用既要符合综合性、早期性和长期性原则,又要从个体的实际出发,因人制宜地选用抗衰老药物。     

松果腺及褪黑素与衰老

衰老是机体随年龄的增长逐渐丧失对环境的适应能力。这个过程伴有行为、内分泌及其他生理功能的改变，使得机体抵抗损伤性刺激的能力降低，对疾病的易感性增加。松果腺的功能随年龄的增加而变化，并与衰老的进程平行。年龄增加松果腺钙化率增高，其生物合成和分泌功能降低，松果腺移植可延缓动物的衰老。褪黑素是吲哚类物质，主要来源于松果腺细胞，血中水平与年龄有关，衰老可导致褪黑素水平下降。外源性褪黑素能延长大鼠的生存期，并能推迟家兔老年性疾病的发生时间。进一步研究发现松果腺和褪黑素延缓衰老与其具有抗自由基作用，调节炎症免疫反应，调节生物钟，影响激素分泌和参与应激等功能有关。而老年期体内自由基清除能力降低、激素分泌紊乱、生物钟衰退、肿瘤及其他疾病的易感性增加正是衰老的重要特征。因此，对褪黑素的深入研究将为抗衰老药的开发开辟新的途径     

松果腺在衰老过程中的地位与褪黑素的作用

目的论述松果腺及褪黑素与机体衰老的因果关系 ,进而提出衰老的松果腺学说。方法 1 本学说提出的背景 ;2 松果腺学说的实验依据 ;3 褪黑素的机能调节作用与抗衰老机理。结果与结论 1 松果腺学说的内容 :衰老源于松果腺形态和功能的变化 ,然后扩展到全身组织细胞 ,呈现多种退行性体征。补充外源性褪黑素或移植松果腺 ,可以延缓老化 ,增长动物寿命。 2 松果腺和褪黑素是年龄变化的函数。随着松果腺钙化 ,褪黑素合成与分泌减少 ,生物节律变得不稳定 ,适应内外环境能力降低。褪黑素在生物界分布极为广泛 ,它作为进化保留分子使机体与环境保持协调统一。褪黑素可在多方面发挥作用 ,通过矫正生物钟功能、调节神经内分泌活动、清除自由基、增强免疫、抗应激、保护遗传物质和促进衰老相关基因表达等 ,起到抗衰老作用。 3 最后阐述松果腺学说的理论意义和应用前景。     

秀丽隐杆线虫衰老与衰老相关神经退行性疾病模型及药物筛选研究进展

秀丽隐杆线虫(C.elegans)是生命科学领域非常重要的模式生物,具有寿命短、世代周期短、易于培养与观察等特点,因而被广泛用于生命科学研究,特别是在药物筛选和药物作用机制研究等方面。衰老是一个复杂的过程,是多因素共同作用的结果。在C.elegans中的抗衰老信号通路主要有3种,包括胰岛素-胰岛素样生长因子1信号通路、饮食限制信号通路和线粒体呼吸链/ATP合成信号通路。本文主要综述了基于以上3种信号通路的衰老模型以及基于以上衰老模型的抗衰老药物研究进展。此外,通过转基因或化学诱变可获得一些与衰老相关神经退行性疾病的C.elegans模型,包括帕金森病的α-突触核蛋白转基因模型、阿尔茨海默病的β-淀粉样蛋白沉积模型和亨廷顿舞蹈病的多聚谷氨酰胺聚集的转基因模型,总结了基于以上C.elegans疾病模型筛选的有效药物。<正>随着当今社会人口老龄化的日益加重,人口老龄化已对我国社会经济的稳定和发展产生了深远影响,与此同时与衰老相关的疾病也引起了人们的广泛关注,如何安全有效地延缓衰老已成为医学界和社会关注的焦点,因而衰老机制的探索以及抗衰老药物的研究已成为当今社会研究的一大热点。在衰老与抗衰老研究中人们遴选出了各种动物衰老模型,如D-半乳糖(D-galactose,D-Gal)所致的亚急性大鼠衰老模型[1]、β淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid     

对衰老机理及抗衰老问题的探讨

对衰老机理进行了翔实分述，阐述了近年来由于生物医学的进展，使衰老机理的研究从细胞水平、亚细胞水平、分子与基因水平，逐渐走向微观化。着重分析了自由基学说，交联学说，遗传学说的基因水平研究，神经，免疫，内分泌调节与基体衰老。并且将近年来我国传统中医药有关衰老机理的研究成果加以对比说明，从而阐明我国传统中医药与西方医学界对衰老的机理的研究是存在着相关一致性的。在阐述机理的基础上中西药抗衰老的作用机制，特     

Kidney diseases and chemokines

Infiltrating inflammatory cells into the kidney mediate the initiation and progression of damage by direct cytotoxicity, the secretion of soluble factors such as cytokines and proteases, or by the subsequent induction of further immune response. Before leukocytes can exert their effects on renal damage or repair, they have to reach the site of injury. It has become clear in recent years that a group of small proteins called chemokines are the chemotactic cytokines considered to be the main regulators of directional leukocyte trafficking under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. In this review, we summarize available in vivo studies on the neutralization of chemokines and chemokine receptors in renal inflammatory disease, and especially focus on the potential therapeutic effects of chemokine blockade in glomerulonephritis and renal transplantation. Although interference with chemokine expression holds great promises for the treatment of inflammatory renal diseases, it has been shown that such an approach may actually worsen in diseases under certain circumstances. This suggests that inhibition of chemokine expression and action must be time and compartment specific to provide therapeutic benefit for renal structure and function.     

果蝇在抗衰老药物研究中的应用

果蝇作为广泛应用于衰老研究领域的模式生物,与其他衰老的动物模型相比较,果蝇衰老模型具有生长周期短,繁殖力强,雌雄易分辨,实验操作简单的优点,能够保证足够的数量以及足够的空间进行实验,同时还有基因保守性高等特点,因此是一种常用的衰老模式生物,近些年其在加快抗衰老药物的筛选速度和衰老的机制研究等方面显示出潜在的应用价值。对果蝇衰老模型的建立方法、给药方式、药效学评价、抗衰老通路及果蝇在部分抗衰老中药中的应用5个方面进行综述,分别介绍了5种果蝇衰老模型,不同的给药方式以及行为学,生化指标和代谢组学方面的研究,分析了模式生物果蝇与衰老相关的信号通路和机制,列举了的部分抗衰老中药在衰老模式生物果蝇中的应用,为今后衰老机制的研究、抗衰老中药物和保健品的开发等提供理论依据和实验参考。     

Divergent and synergistic regulation of matrix metalloprotease production by cytokines in combination with C-C chemokines

The chemotactic effects of chemokines on cells has long been known, but it is now clear that chemokines also have much broader activities and are also involved in a number of disease pathologies, such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancer metastasis and other inflammatory processes. This study investigates the effects of four C-C chemokines, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 either alone or in the presence of two regulatory cytokines TNF-alpha and TGF-beta and their effect on secretion of two matrix metalloproteases MMP, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and the expression of one membrane bound MMP, MMP-14, by a monocytic human cell line, MonoMac6. All four C-C chemokines were shown to be chemotactic, but only CCL2 and CCL4 had any significant stimulatory effect on MMP-9 and MMP-2, respectively. Both TNF-alpha and TGF-beta were found to divergently enhance MMP-9 and MMP-2 secretion respectively, with stimulation indexes of two and five respectively. Simultaneous treatment with TNF-alpha and chemokine resulted in up to a fifteen-fold stimulation of MMP-9 secretion and treatment with TGF-beta and chemokine resulted in up to a fifteen-fold stimulation of MMP-2 secretion, while TNF-alpha in combination with CCL4 stimulated MMP-14 expression five-fold. Chemokine receptor expression was also investigated using a calcium-sensitive dye and FACS analysis. CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5 all resulted in a detectable enhancement of cytoplasmic Ca2+concentration. CCL4 was unable to activate Ca2+ mobilization, despite the presence of CCR5, the receptor for CCL4. There appeared to be no correlation between MMP production and chemotaxis. The strong synergy between chemokines and cytokines and the enhanced production of MMP may signify the differential regulatory mechanisms of the two cytokines and chemokines in disease pathology.     

CYTOKINE PROFILE OF HUMAN BRONCHOALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES AND BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS IN RESPONSE TO INHALATION PARTICLES OF THE CYCLOSPORINE DERIVATIVE IMM 125

Administration of antiasthmatic drugs in the form of inhalation particles may alter the cytokine network in the airways, independently of their pharmacological actions. Changes induced by drugs not well tolerated may potentially contribute to the immunopathology of the disease, a strongly undesirable effect. In this study, cell viability assays and characterization of the cellular profile of cytokines and chemokines were performed in order to investigate the response of human bronchoalveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells in culture to inhalation particles of the cyclosporine derivative IMM 125. Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and IL-8 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the supernatants of bronchoalveolar macrophages, and RANTES, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-8 in those of bronchial epithelial cells. Cells were studied both under basal and stimulated conditions (lipopolysaccharide and TNFalpha were used for activating macrophages and epithelial cells, respectively). The immunosuppressant FK 506 and the glucocorticoid Budesonide served as comparison. IMM 125 did not affect cell viability (except at high concentrations and long time periods). Moreover, IMM 125 did not induce an increase in the secretion of any of the cytokines and chemokines measured with respect to nontreated cells, except for a slight increase in IL-8, an effect that was also observed for FK 506, Budesonide, and inert latex particles, and was therefore regarded as nonspecific. Furthermore, IMM 125 significantly decreased the secretion of TNFalpha, IL-1beta by macrophages, and GM-CSF by epithelial cells, suggesting an antiinflammatory potential. In conclusion, the present in vitro results point to a good tolerance of human airways to IMM 125 inhalation particles.     

In vitro studies on the lymphoma growth-inhibitory activity of sulfasalazine

Sulfasalazine (SASP) is a novel, potent inhibitor of cellular cystine uptake mediated by the x(c)- cystine/glutamate antiporter. Lymphoid cells cannot synthesize cyst(e)ine and depend for growth on its uptake from their micro-environment. We previously showed that SASP (0.2 mM) can abrogate lymphoma cell proliferation in vitro by specifically inhibiting x(c)- -mediated cystine uptake. Intraperitoneal administration of SASP to Noble rats markedly suppressed Nb2-U17 rat lymphoma transplant growth, notably without major toxicity to the hosts. Since Nb2-U17 cells are x(c)- -deficient, the growth arrest was apparently not due to SASP-tumor cell interaction, but possibly to interference with x(c)- -mediated cysteine secretion by somatic cells. In this study we found that replication of x(c)- -deficient Nb2-11 lymphoma cells can be sustained in vitro, in the absence of cystine uptake enhancers, by co-culturing with IMR-90 fibroblasts known to secrete cysteine. SASP, at 0.15 and 0.2 mM, arrested replication of fibroblast-driven Nb2-11 cells by 93 and 100%, respectively, without impeding fibroblast proliferation. Addition of 2-mercapto-ethanol (60 microM), a cystine uptake enhancer, almost completely prevented this growth arrest, indicating that SASP specifically inhibited cysteine secretion by the fibroblasts, a process based on x(c)- -mediated cystine uptake. It is proposed that the lymphoma growth-inhibitory activity of SASP in vivo involves inhibition of cysteine secretion by tumor-associated somatic cells (macrophages, dendritic cells), leading to cysteine starvation of the tumor cells and apoptosis. The difference between the lymphoma cells and fibroblasts in sensitivity to SASP treatment is consistent with the marked antitumor effect of SASP lacking significant side effects.     

SOD mimicAEOL-10150 improve lifespan and delay brain aging via inhibition of senescence-associated secretory phenotype in SAMR1 strain

OBJECTIVE To observe the anti-aging effects of SOD mimic AEOL~(-1)0150 in antisenescence accelerated mouse resistant 1(SAMR1)strain.METHODS The lifespan of SAMR1 mice were observed by subcutaneous injection AEOL~(-1)0150 2 mg·kg-1once a week.Morris water maze,new object recognition,nesting and forced swimming were used to observe the behavioral changes of animals.Lymphocyte subgroups and ROS were measured by Flow cytometry.The cytokines levels were determined by Luminex method.The number of DCX+neurons in brain tissue was observed by immunofluorescence.RESULTS The results showed that AEOL~(-1)0150 could prolong the mean lifespan of SAMR1 mice,but it had no obvious effect on maximal lifespan.What′s more,AEOL~(-1)0150 could significantly improve the spatial learning memory of aged mice,but it could not increase the number of DCX+neurons in the hypothalamic MBH and hippocampal DG regions.Then,we observed the effects of AEOL~(-1)0150 on peripheral blood lymphocyte subgroups and cytokines.We found that AEOL~(-1)0150significantly modulated the lymphocyte subgroups and cytokine release.Especially,AEOL~(-1)0150 can dose-dependently inhibit plasma levels of SASP related inflammatory cytokines TNF-αand IL~(-1)7.CONCLUSION The results indicate that AEOL~(-1)0150 has anti-aging effects,and the effects are closely related to modulating immunity and inhibiting SASP production.     

NLRP3炎性小体影响血管衰老的机制及其相关药物的研发

NOD (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain)样受体家族3(NOD-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)炎症小体调控天冬氨酸特异蛋白酶-1 (caspase-1)、白细胞介素-18 (interleukin-18,IL-18)和IL-1β等细胞因子...     

Nanoparticles-based anti-aging treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Age is the strongest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In recent years, the relationship between aging and AD has been widely studied, with anti-aging therapeutics as the treatment for AD being one of the mainstream research directions. Therapeutics targeting senescent cells have shown improvement in AD symptoms and cerebral pathological changes, suggesting that anti-aging strategies may be a promising alternative for AD treatment. Nanoparticles represent an excellent approach for efficiently crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to achieve better curative function and fewer side effects. Thereby, nanoparticles-based anti-aging treatment may exert potent anti-AD therapeutic efficacy. This review discusses the relationship between aging and AD and the application and prospect of anti-aging strategies and nanoparticle-based therapeutics in treating AD.