喹喔啉衍生物的设计合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计和合成新型喹喔啉类抗肿瘤药物。方法以4-氯-2-硝基苯胺为起始原料经取代、还原关环、氧化、和氯代合成了中间体2，7-二氯喹喔啉(7)，再在喹喔啉的2位引入不同的取代酚结构单元，合成了一系列共9个新喹喔啉衍生物。结果目标产物利用¹H NMR,MS和IR进行结构确认。结论初步体外抗肿瘤活性测试表明，在1×10^-4 mol·L^-1浓度时，部分目标化合物的抗肿瘤活性和XK469相当。     

HDAC抑制剂及其联合PI3K抑制剂抗肿瘤研究进展

组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC)通常异常过表达,导致肿瘤抑制基因的转录抑制。作为具有巨大潜力的抗癌药物,组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitors, HDIs)可以通过调节核小体结构,抑制HDAC活性,调控抑癌基因表达而发挥抗肿瘤效应。目前,已上市的5个HDAC抑制剂适应症局限于外周T细胞淋巴瘤和皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤,而在实体瘤方面,大多数作为单一药物使用的HDAC抑制剂未能得到有效的治疗效果。磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K)是PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路的起始节点,在肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭、分化等过程中起着十分重要的作用,该通路的异常激活与肿瘤的发生发展有着密切关系,将HDAC抑制剂和PI3K抑制剂的联合使用以及HDAC/PI3K双靶点抑制剂能够改善单独用药时存在的问题。本综述介绍了具有代表性的HDIs和PI3K抑制剂,以及HDAC/PI3K抑制剂联用及双靶点抑制剂的抗肿瘤临床和临床前研究进展。     

喹喔啉类化合物的生物活性研究进展

喹喔啉类化合物具有众多生物活性,可用于杀菌剂、杀虫剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂、荧光探针以及染料中间体等领域,是一类重要的杂环化合物.本文综述了喹喔啉类化合物的生物活性研究进展,探讨了不同喹喔啉衍生物的构效关系.     

新型喹喔啉衍生物的合成与表征

合成新型喹喔啉衍生物,并对其结构进行表征。以邻苯二胺类为起始原料,采用草酸二乙酯/HCl与苯甲酰甲酸/(C2H5OH,HCl)两种不同的原料进行环合,再用三氯氧磷/DMF进行氯代合成目标化合物。合成的目标化合物测定其物理常数,并通过IR、1HNMR的方法进行结构表征。合成得到的一系列新型喹喔啉衍生物,经表征确认结构。     

PI3K抑制剂pictilisib的合成工艺改进

目的改进pictilisib的合成工艺。方法以3-氨基-2-噻吩甲酸甲酯为起始原料,经环合、氯代、取代、甲酰化,制得2-氯-4-(吗啉-4-基)噻吩并[3,2-d]嘧啶-6-甲醛,再经还原、氯代、缩合制得关键中间体2-氯-6-[(4-甲磺酰哌嗪-1-基)甲基]-4-(吗啉-4-基)噻吩并[3,2-d]嘧啶,该中间体与2-(四氢-2H-吡喃-2-基)-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-[1,3,2]-二氧杂硼环戊烷-2-基)-2H-吲唑经Suzuki偶联、脱保护成盐、碱化得到目标化合物。结果与结论目标化合物结构经1H-NMR、13C-NMR、IR及MS谱确证,总收率为34.2%(以3-氨基-2-噻吩甲酸甲酯计)。与文献报道的工艺相比,该路线操作简单、条件温和、收率较高,适用于工业化生产。     

4-吗啉喹唑啉类PI3K抑制剂的合成及活性研究

目的寻找具有新型骨架结构的磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)抑制剂。方法基于活性化合物,利用"杂交"设计原理,设计和合成了系列4-吗啉喹唑啉类衍生物。结果目标化合物经1HNMR、质谱确证结构,并评价了其对Rh30细胞的增殖抑制活性。结论大部分化合物具有较好的抑制活性,化合物8b的活性最强,其IC50达0.8μmol.L-1。4-吗啉喹唑啉是一类新型的PI3K抑制剂骨架,值得进一步进行结构修饰研究。     

选择性PI3K抑制剂的研究进展

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）是细胞内重要的信号转导分子,在细胞存活、增殖和分化过程中起重要调节作用。PI3K是PI3K/AKT/mT0R信号转导通路中的关键节点蛋白,调控着重要的生命活动。现已证实磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3Ks）是潜力巨大的药物治疗靶点,特别是PI3Kα现己成为抗肿瘤治疗的重要靶点之一。目前己有多种针对PI3Ks的抑制剂进入临床研究。然而现有抑制剂的化学类型不多且选择性不高、临床应用受局限。因此积极研究和开发结构新颖的PI3K选择性抑制剂对于疾病的靶向治疗具有重要意义。本文将对选择性PI3K抑制剂在抗肿瘤方面的研究进展作一综述。     

喹喔啉酮类化合物的研究进展

喹喔啉酮类（或喹喔啉-2-酮）化合物是一类具有重要应用价值的杂环化合物,具有多种生物活性,可作为抗肿瘤剂、HIV-1逆转录酶抑制剂、N-甲基-D-天（门）冬氨酸受体拮抗剂、抗（真）菌剂、抗凝血剂、降血糖剂等。该文从化合物生物活性的角度对喹喔啉酮类化合物在不同领域中的应用及研究进展进行综述。     

喹喔啉1,4-二氧化物的合成及抗菌活性

邻硝基苯胺氧化闭环得到的苯并呋咱一氧化物，与β-二酮或β-酮酯直接进行Beirut反应缩合得到喹喔啉1，4-二氧化物1a～1c，分别进行羟醛缩合以及酯交换反应得到3或4。体外抗菌试验表明，1b与3的活性明显优于痢菌净，1c与4的活性与痢菌净相当。     

PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂的研究进展

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphoinosmde-3-kinase/the mammalian target of rapamycin,PI3K/mTOR)双重抑制剂已经成为抗肿瘤药物研发的热点之一。本文介绍芳基脲类和3-吡啶基杂环类等PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂的化学结构,根据其结构特点及其与PI3Kγ共结晶模式,剖析了两类抑制剂药效团的基本结构。     

磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)抑制剂 XL765的合成

目的 对磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)抑制剂XL765进行合成工艺研究。方法 以邻苯二胺、草酸为起始原料经过环合、氯代、氯磺化、磺酰化、取代、还原以及酰胺化制得XL765。结果与结论 经过6步反应合成目标化合物XL765,化学结构经1H-NMR及MS确证。对其中多步反应条件进行了工艺考察及优化,总收率为31.5%(以邻苯二胺计),高于文献报道收率(25.5%)。     

Novel inhibitors of the PI3K family

PI3K is an important node regulating the signaling of several essential biological processes. PI3K catalyzes the phosphorylation in position 3 of the inositol ring of phosphatidyl-inositide producing important lipid second messengers. The products of PI3K activity recruit PDK1 and AKT Ser/Thr kinases to the plasma membrane where they get activated transducing a potent proliferative and anti-apoptotic signal to the cell. PI3K is activated by growth factors, insulin and GPCR activation. Furthermore, PI3K can be activated by direct binding to oncogenic Ras proteins. PI3K is commonly altered in human cancers by point activating mutations or by amplification. Furthermore, other proteins of the route are also altered in human tumors (such as phosphatase and tensin homolog in chromosome 10 or human EGF receptor 2) providing constitutive activation of PI3K. The evidence indicates that the PI3K pathway is a potential target for cancer chemotherapy. Indeed, many companies and academic laboratories have initiated a variety of approaches to inhibit the PI3K pathway at different points. In this work, we review the targeting of PI3K protein for therapeutical intervention.     

新型PI3K抑制剂邻苯二甲酰亚胺及其衍生物的设计合成与抗肿瘤活性

目的设计合成新的磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶抑制剂,并测定其体外活性。方法通过结构替换、分子对接技术设计一系列邻苯二甲酰亚胺类化合物。以4-溴邻苯二甲酸酐为原料经胺解反应得到N-芳基-4-溴邻苯二甲酰亚胺Ⅰ1～Ⅰ8;Ⅰ1～Ⅰ8再与3-(4-氟苯磺酰胺基)苯硼酸经Suzuki偶联得到N-芳基-4-(3-对氟苯磺酰胺苯基)邻苯二甲酰亚胺Ⅲ1～Ⅲ8;以阿霉素为阳性对照,采用MTT法进行体外活性测定。结果与结论合成了16个未见文献报道的邻苯二甲酰亚胺类化合物,目标化合物的结构经1H-NMR、MS谱确证;体外活性实验结果显示,N-芳基-4-(3-对氟苯磺酰胺苯基)邻苯二甲酰亚胺衍生物具有潜在的抑制肿瘤生长作用,其中,化合物Ⅲ1对A549、MCF-7肿瘤细胞表现出显著的抑制活性,具有进一步研究的价值。     

PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors: next-generation targeted cancer therapies

The pivotal roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) in human cancers have inspired active development of small molecules to inhibit these lipid kinases. However, the first-generation pan-PI3K and dual-PI3K/mTOR inhibitors have encountered problems in clinical trials, with limited efficacies as a monotherapeutic agent as well as a relatively high rate of side effects. It is increasingly recognized that different PI3K isoforms play non-redundant roles in particular tumor types, which has prompted the development of isoform-selective inhibitors for pre-selected patients with the aim for improving efficacy while decreasing undesirable side effects. The success of PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors is represented by CAL101 (Idelalisib), a first-in-class PI3Kδ-selective small-molecule inhibitor that has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma and relapsed small lymphocytic lymphoma. Inhibitors targeting other PI3K isoforms are also being extensively developed. This review focuses on the recent progress in development of PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors for cancer therapy. A deeper understanding of the action modes of novel PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors will provide valuable information to further validate the concept of targeting specific PI3K isoforms, while the identification of biomarkers to stratify patients who are likely to benefit from the therapy will be essential for the success of these agents.     

用于肿瘤治疗的PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂的研究进展

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PBK）是细胞内重要的信号转导分子,在细胞存活、增殖和分化过程中起重要调节作用。且是磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶／蛋白激酶B／雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号转导通路的关键节点蛋白,与细胞周期、血管形成、肿瘤发生和侵袭的关系密切,现已证实PBKs是潜力巨大的药物治疗靶点,针对该通路的抑制剂近年来成为研究热点,抗肿瘤治疗前景看好。     

Class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently activated in human cancers. Class I PI3Ks are lipid kinases that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) at the 3-OH of the inositol ring to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), which in turn activates Akt and the downstream effectors like mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to play key roles in carcinogenesis. Therefore, PI3K has become an important anticancer drug target, and currently there is very high interest in the pharmaceutical development of PI3K inhibitors. Idelalisib has been approved in USA and Europe as the first-in-class PI3K inhibitor for cancer therapy. Dozens of other PI3K inhibitors including BKM120 and ZSTK474 are being evaluated in clinical trials. Multifaceted studies on these PI3K inhibitors are being performed, such as single and combinational efficacy, resistance, biomarkers, etc. This review provides an introduction to PI3K and summarizes key advances in the development of PI3K inhibitors.     

Preclinical pharmacokinetics of the novel PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 and prediction of its pharmacokinetics and efficacy in human

1. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a major determinant of cell cycling and proliferation. Its deregulation is associated with the development of many cancers.

2. GDC-0941, a potent and selective inhibitor of PI3K, was characterised preclinically in in vitro and in vivo studies.

3. Plasma protein binding was extensive, with free fraction less than 7%, and blood-to-plasma ratio ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 among the species tested. GDC-0941 human hepatic clearance was predicted to be moderate by liver microsomal incubations. GDC-0941 had high permeability in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.

4. The clearance of GDC-0941 was high in mouse (63.7?mL/min/kg), rat (49.3?mL/min/kg) and cynomolgus monkey (58.6?mL/min/kg), and moderate in dog (11.9?mL/min/kg). The volume of distribution ranged from 2.52?L/kg in rat to 2.94?L/kg in monkey. Oral bioavailability ranged from 18.6% in monkey to 77.9% in mouse.

5. Predicted human clearance and volume of distribution using allometry were 6?mL/min/kg and 2.9?L/kg, respectively. The human efficacious doses were predicted based on results from preclinical pharmacokinetic studies and xenograft models.

6. GDC-0941 preclinical characterisation and predictions of its properties in human supported its progression towards clinical development. GDC-0941 is currently in phase II clinical trials.