丹酚酸B对大鼠心室肌细胞瞬时外向钾电流和L型钙电流的阻滞作用

目的研究从丹参中分离提取的药物单体——丹酚酸B对大鼠心肌细胞上的瞬时外向钾电流(Ito)、内向整流钾电流(IK1)和L型钙电流(ICa,L)的电生理学作用。方法用酶解法分离大鼠心室肌细胞,全细胞膜片钳技术记录Ito、IK1和ICa,L。每个细胞采用加药前后自身对照,用含100μmol/L丹酚酸B的细胞外液灌流心室肌细胞,记录加药前、后的电流,所有数据均在细胞破膜后20min内完成。结果 100μmol/L的丹酚酸B对Ito和ICa,L具有抑制作用,使Ito和ICa,L最大激活峰值电流密度下降,电流密度-电压曲线下移;且丹酚酸B主要抑制Ito的快速电流成分Itof,而对Ito的缓慢电流成分Itos无明显作用。在60mV测试电压下,Itof的最大激活峰值电流密度从23.51±3.29pA/pF降为16.85±2.36pA/pF,抑制率为28.31%±10.6%(n=8,P0.05)。在-10mV测试电压下,100μmol/L丹酚酸B作用后ICa,L的最大激活峰值电流密度从-8.66±-2.40pA/pF降为-5.91±-2.14pA/pF,抑制率为31.84%±10.23%(n=11,P0.05)。丹酚酸B使Ito通道失活后的恢复减慢,但不改变ICa,L的通道动力学。丹酚酸B对IK1无显著作用。结论丹酚酸B对Ito和ICa,L具有阻滞作用,而对IK1无显著作用。     

卡维地洛对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流的影响

目的研究卡维地洛对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流(ICa,L)的影响,探讨卡维地洛在离子通道水平的药理机制。方法用急性酶解法获得大鼠单个心室肌细胞,用标准全细胞膜片钳技术记录ICa,L,观察不同浓度卡维地洛对ICa,L的影响。结果①卡维地洛呈浓度依赖性抑制ICa,L,1μmol/L卡维地洛能使心肌细胞ICa,L电流-电压关系曲线明显上移,峰电流密度减少(7.80±0.65pA/pFvs4.89±0.52pA/pF,n=10,P<0.05),但激活电位、峰电位和翻转电位无明显改变。②卡维地洛能使ICa,L失活曲线明显左移,但对ICa,L激活和复活曲线无明显影响。③0.1μmol/L卡维地洛对钙电流无明显影响,但可以明显阻断异丙肾上腺素增加钙电流效应。同时,卡维地洛对钙电流的抑制效应不能被哌唑嗪和普奈洛尔阻断。结论卡维地洛呈浓度依赖性地抑制心室肌细胞L型钙通道。     

乙酰胆碱对犬右室三层心肌细胞L型钙电流不均一性的影响

目的测定犬右室三层心肌细胞上的L型钙电流(ICa,L),并研究其对自主神经递质乙酰胆碱的反应。方法经酶解法分离获得犬右室三层心肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术,记录并比较三层心肌细胞的ICa,L,以及应用2μmol/L乙酰胆碱前后电流-电压曲线的差异。结果ICa,L的峰值电流密度外膜下大于M细胞,而M细胞又大于内膜下心肌细胞,分别为-4.896±1.907pA/pF(n=31),-3.406±0.904pA/pF(n=37),-2.788±0.756pA/pF(n=33)(P<0.05)。使用乙酰胆碱后,右室外膜下及M细胞的峰值电流密度减小[-4.921±1.023pA/pF vs -3.462±0.997pA/pF(n=12);-3.803±1.115pA/pF vs -2.959±0.883pA/pF(n=13),P均<0.05]。心内膜下心肌细胞用药前后无差异(P>0.05)。结论ICa,L在犬右室三层心肌细胞存在不均一性,乙酰胆碱可以减小心外膜下、M细胞的ICa,L,对内膜下心肌细胞的ICa,L无影响。     

胡椒碱对H2O2致兔心房肌细胞动作电位时程及L型钙电流异常的保护作用

目的:研究胡椒碱(PIP)对H2O2引起的单个兔心房肌细胞动作电位时程（APD）及L型钙电流(ICa,L)异常的保护作用。方法:采用全细胞膜片钳技术,观察10和50 μmol/L的H2O2引起单个兔心房肌细胞APD及ICa,L的改变,以及预先应用7 μmol/L的PIP对其的作用。结果:7 μmol/L的PIP对正常兔心房肌细胞APD、ICa,L及L型钙通道动力学无明显影响。在10和50 μmol/L的H2O2作用下,兔心房肌细胞APD50和APD90明显缩短(P<0.05),静息膜电位（RMP）绝对值显著下降(P<0.05),ICa,L峰值由(39.3±5.4) pA/pF降低至(32.8±2.0) pA/pF(P<0.05),电流-电压曲线上移,通道稳态激活曲线右移,通道稳态失活曲线左移,但恢复时间不变。预先给予7 μmol/L的PIP可明显减轻H2O2对APD、ICa,L的抑制作用(P<0.01),对L型钙通道动力学的异常影响。结论:PIP可减轻氧化应激对心房肌细胞APD、ICa,L的影响。     

人参皂苷Rb1对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流和瞬时外向钾电流的调控作用

目的 研究参松养心胶囊的药物单体-人参皂苷Rb1对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流(Ica,L)和瞬时外向钾电流(Ito)的调控作用.方法 Langendroff灌流装置、胶原酶和蛋白酶混合急性分离大鼠心室肌细胞,用含40μmol/L的人参皂苷Rb1的细胞外液灌流心室肌细胞,每个细胞采用给药前后自身对照,标准的全细胞膜片钳技术记录Ica,L,Ito,所有数据均在细胞破膜后20min内完成,观察人参皂苷Rb1对Ica,L和Ito通道电流的影响.结果 40 μmol/L的人参皂苷Rb1对Ica,L和Ito均有抑制作用.在-10mV测试电压下,40 μmol/L的人参皂苷Rb1可使Ica,L的最大激活峰值电流密度从(- 11.423±-3.125)pA/pF下降至(-5.786±-2.976)pA/pF,抑制率为49.34％±9.78％(n=7,p＜0.05),电流密度-电压(I-V)曲线上移,但不改变激括电位、峰电位、反转电位以及曲线的形状;在+60mV测试电压下,40μ mol/L的人参皂苷Rb1 可使Itof的最大激活峰值电位从 35.342±3.126pA/pF下降至26.783±4.153pA/pF,抑制率为24.21％±8.35％ (n=8,p ＜0.05),I-V曲线下移.两通道电流经Boltemann方程拟合的稳态激活曲线给药前后无明显影响,但药物可使稳态失活增快以及失活后恢复减慢(n=7,p＜ 0.05),且人参皂苷Rb1主要抑制Ito的快速电流成分Itof(峰电位),对慢电流成分Itos(维持电位)无明显影响.结论 人参皂苷Rb1对Ica,L和Ito通道的电流有显著抑制作用,但不改变Ica,L的通道动力学.     

氧化苦参碱对豚鼠心室肌细胞膜L-型钙通道的影响

研究氧化苦参碱 (Oxy)对豚鼠心室肌细胞膜L 型钙通道的影响 ,探讨Oxy在离子通道水平的药理作用机制。用急性酶解法分离豚鼠心室肌细胞 ,应用膜片钳全细胞记录技术 ,观察不同浓度的Oxy对L 型钙通道的影响。结果 :用 0 .0 1 ,0 .1 ,1 ,1 0 μmol/L可浓度依赖性地增加L 型钙电流 (ICa L)。在 0 .1 μmol/L时 ,给药后电流密度增加约 31 %(P <0 .0 1 ) ,可使心肌细胞钙电流 电压曲线下移 ,但激活电位、峰电位及反转电位无改变 ;Oxy使激活曲线向负电位方向变化 ,半数激活电压增加 ;对失活曲线无明显影响 ,未改变ICa L失活特性。结论 :Oxy可浓度依赖性和电压依赖性地增加心肌细胞膜L 型钙通道电流     

缬草单萜氧化物对兔单个心室肌细胞L-型钙电流的影响

利用全细胞膜片钳记录技术研究30μg/L和100μg/L缬草单萜氧化物(VMO)对兔单个心室肌细胞L型钙电流(ICaL)和动作电位的影响。结果:30μg/L和100μg/L的VMO使兔心室肌细胞ICaL峰值由6.04±0.59pA/pF分别减至3.99±0.31pA/pF和2.31±0.24pA/pF(n=8,P<0.01);VMO使ICaL的电流电压曲线上移,但不改变其激活电位、电位峰值和反转电位;VMO还使钙电流失活曲线左移。30μg/LVMO可使动作电位时程(APD)明显缩短,APD50和APD90分别缩短了50.3%和29.6%(n=16,P<0.05),而静息电位和动作电位幅值无明显改变。结论:VMO对LCaL具有浓度依赖性阻滞作用。这可能是其对心血管作用的重要机制之一。     

大蒜素对兔心房肌细胞超速激活延迟整流钾电流的作用

目的 研究大蒜素对兔单个心房肌细胞超速激活的延迟整流钾电流（IKUr）的作用,探讨其抗房性心律失常的机制。方法 采用双酶法分离兔单个心房肌细胞,应用细胞外局部灌流法给药,采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录电流,以观察大蒜素对IKUr的作用。结果 大蒜素200μmol/L对正常兔心房肌细胞IKUr有显著的抑制效应,使IKUr峰值由（14.5±3.2）pA/pF降至（7.9±1.2）pA/pF (P＜0.01,n＝15）。大蒜素可使IKUr的电流-电压曲线降低,且随着除极化电位的增加,作用更加明显,提示其作用具有电压依赖性。同时,发现大蒜素对IKUr的抑制效应存在浓度依赖性,半数抑制浓度（IC50）为149.6μmol/L。门控动力学机制研究发现,大蒜素可以使通道激活曲线右移,延迟激活;使通道稳态失活左移,加速失活;使通道失活后恢复时间延长,减缓通道失活后的再次激活。从不同环节减少IKUr通道的开放,降低电流密度。结论 大蒜素抑制心房肌细胞膜上IKUr,这可能是其治疗房性心律失常的细胞电生理基础。     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子对HL-1细胞T型钙电流的调控

目的 观察巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF）对心房肌细胞T型钙电流（T-type calcium channel current,ICa,T）的调控.方法 使用全细胞膜片钳和分子生物分析方法检测心房肌细胞ICa,T的表达.结果 在体外培养的心房肌细胞株（HL-1细胞）中,小鼠重组MIF（20、40 nmol/L,24 h）可明显抑制ICa,T的峰值电流,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义[峰值内向电流：（-17.5±2.9）pA/pF vs.（-27.9±3.4） pA/pF,P＜0.05;（-11.3±1.7）pA/pF vs.（-27.9±3.4）pA/pF,P＜0.01];并可损伤电压依赖的ICa,T激活,使T型钙通道α1G和α1H亚单位mRNA表达下调.而Src非特异性抑制剂genistein和特异性抑制剂PP1可逆转40 nmol/L MIF所致的ICa,T下调[genistein：（-11.3±1.7）pA/pF vs.（-16.1±0.8）,P＜0.05;PPI：（-11.3±1.7）pA/pFvs.（-19.0±3.2）pA/pF,P＜0.05].结论 MIF可能通过影响ICa,T参与心房颤动的病理过程,Src可能参与该信号转导途径.     

兔急性心肌梗死后梗死周边带心肌细胞L-型钙通道的变化

探讨L型钙通道在急性心肌梗死 (AMI)后室性心律失常发生中的作用及其机制。方法 :以开胸冠状动脉结扎法制备兔AMI模型 ,1周后处死动物分离心室肌细胞 ,采用全细胞膜片钳记录技术观察梗死周边缺血带心外膜心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流 (ICa L)的变化 ,以正常心肌ICa L为对照。结果 :AMI 1周时兔梗死周边区心室肌细胞L型钙电流受到抑制 ,其电流峰值由正常状态下的 - 5 .58± 1 .53pA/pF(对照组 ,n =1 0 )降至 - 3 .52± 0 .93pA/pF(AMI组 ,n=6) ,最大峰电流下降 2 9.1 % ,P <0 .0 5 ,I V曲线上移 ;其失活曲线左移 ,半数最大失活电位由 - 1 3 .1± 4 .2mV左移至 - 2 5 .9± 7.0mV ,P <0 .0 5 ,失活速度加快。结论 :AMI后 1周梗死周边带心外膜心室肌细胞L型钙通道受抑制 ,可能为AMI后室性心律失常发生的机制之一。     

心肌去乙酰化酶SIRT3对缺血/再灌注小鼠心律失常的影响

目的:探讨心肌线粒体去乙酰化酶SIRT3对急性缺血再灌注(I/R)所致心律失常的影响。方法:以24只SIRT3基因敲除型小鼠为实验对象，用24只野生型小鼠为对照，两种小鼠均随机各分为对照组、假手术组、I/R模型组及I/R+烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD+）治疗组，每组6只小鼠(n=6)。采用冠脉左前降支结扎缺血30 min再灌注2 h建立在体大鼠急性心肌I/R模型，于术中监测心电指标。取心肌组织检测SIRT3、锰超氧化物歧化酶（MnSOD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase）蛋白的表达和心肌内氧自由基(ROS)的水平。结果:与野生型对照小鼠相比，SIRT3基因敲除型小鼠心肌中SIRT3、MnSOD和Catalase蛋白表达的水平显著降低。心律失常评分的结果显示，SIRT3基因敲除型小鼠的假手术组即可观察到心律失常。SIRT3基因敲除可导致小鼠心肌I/R所致心律失常显著加重（与野生型模型组相比，P<0.05）。心肌I/R后，SIRT3基因敲除型小鼠心肌中ROS的增加程度明显高于野生型模型组小鼠（P<0.05）。预先采用NAD+治疗，可显著提高野生型I/R小鼠心肌SIRT3的活性（与野生型小鼠模型组相比，P<0.05），显著增加心肌MnSOD的活性，进而有效地抑制I/R小鼠心肌中ROS的水平，有效缓解I/R所致心律失常（与野生型小鼠模型组相比，均P<0.05）。但是，SIRT3基因敲除后，NAD+治疗引起的上述心肌保护作用基本消失。结论:心肌中SIRT3表达的降低可能是加重心肌I/R过程中氧化应激损伤并促发心律失常的重要机制。SIRT3正常活性的维持有助于对抗心肌I/R损伤(MIRI)的发生。     

心肌去乙酰化酶SIR33对缺血／再灌注小鼠心律失常的影响

目的探讨心肌线粒体去乙酰化酶SIRT3对急性缺血再灌注（I／R）所致心律失常的影响。方法：以24只SIRT3基因敲除型小鼠为实验对象,用24只野生型小鼠为对照,两种小鼠均随机各分为对照组、假手术组、I／R模型组及I／R＋烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD＋）治疗组,每组6只小鼠（rt=6）。采用冠脉左前降支结扎缺血30 min再灌注2 h建立在体大鼠急性心肌I／R模型,于术中监测心电指标。取心肌组织检测SIRT3、锰超氧化物歧化酶（MnSOD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase）蛋白的表达和心肌内氧自由基（ROS）的水平。结果：与野生型对照小鼠相比,SIRT3基因敲除型小鼠心肌中SIRT3、MnSOD和Catalase蛋白表达的水平显著降低。心律失常评分的结果显示,SIRT3基因敲除型小鼠的假手术组即可观察到心律失常。SIR13基因敲除可导致小鼠心肌I／R所致心律失常显著加重（与野生型模型组相比,P〈0-05）。心肌I／R后,SIRT3基因敲除型小鼠心肌中ROS的增加程度明显高于野生型模型组小鼠（P〈0-05）。预先采用NAD＋治疗,可显著提高野生型I／R小鼠心肌SIRT3的活性（与野生型小鼠模型组相比,P〈0-05）,显著增加心肌MnSOD的活性,进而有效地抑制I／R小鼠心肌中ROS的水平,有效缓解I／R所致心律失常（与野生型小鼠模型组相比,均P〈0-05）。但是,SIR73基因敲除后,NAD＋治疗引起的上述心肌保护作用基本消失。结论：心肌中SIRT3表达的降低可能是加重心肌I／R过程中氧化应激损伤并促发心律失常的重要机制。SIRT3正常活性的维持有助于对抗心肌I／R损伤（MIRI）的发生。     

Cardio-protective effects of pentraxin 3 produced from bone marrow-derived cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury

BackgroundInflammation is one of major mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), produced in response to inflammatory signals, acts as a humoral arm of the innate immunity. Here we investigated the role of PTX3 produced from bone marrow-derived cells in myocardial I/R injury using PTX3-deficient (PTX3KO) mice.Methods and resultsPTX3KO mice and wild-type littermate (WT) mice were lethally irradiated and injected with bone marrow (BM) cells, generating four types of mice (WT^WT-BM, WT^PTX3KO-BM, PTX3KO^WT-BM and PTX3KO^PTX3KO-BM). Six weeks after BM transplantation, the myocardial I/R procedure (45 min of left descending coronary artery ligation followed by 48 h of reperfusion) was performed. Infarct size was greater in WT and PTX3KO mice with BM from PTX3KO donor (WT^PTX3KO-BM and PTX3KO^PTX3KO-BM) compared with WT and PTX3KO mice with BM from WT donor (WT^WT-BM and PTX3KO^WT-BM). Localization of PTX3 was observed in neutrophils and macrophages in WT and PTX3KO mice with BM from WT donor (WT^WT-BM and PTX3KO^WT-BM), while only in endothelial cells in WT mice with BM from PTX3KO donor (WT^PTX3KO-BM). Infiltration of neutrophils and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at ischemic border zones were greater in PTX3KO mice with BM from PTX3KO donor (PTX3KO^PTX3KO-BM) than PTX3KO mice with BM from WT donor (PTX3KO^WT-BM). Plasma levels and cardiac expressions of interleukin-6 were higher in PTX3KO mice with BM from PTX3KO donor (PTX3KO^PTX3KO-BM) than PTX3KO mice with BM from WT donor (PTX3KO^WT-BM). However, no significant differences in infarct size, infiltration of neutrophils, generation of ROS and plasma and cardiac levels of interleukin-6 were observed between WT and PTX3KO mice with BM from WT donor and between WT and PTX3KO mice with BM from PTX3KO donor. These results indicated that the lack of PTX3 produced from BM-derived cells, and not from cardiac resident cells, exacerbated myocardial injury after I/R.ConclusionPTX3 produced from bone marrow-derived cells plays a crucial role in cardiac protection against myocardial I/R injury by attenuating infiltration of neutrophils, generation of ROS and inflammatory cytokine.     

Improved myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor-alpha

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using TNF-alpha knockout (KO) mice. BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial I/R injury by promoting leukocyte infiltration of the myocardium. However, the precise role of TNF-alpha in I/R injury is still unknown. METHODS: The hearts in TNF-alpha KO and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed by left lateral thoracotomy, and the left coronary artery was occluded for 30 min then reperfused for 120 min. RESULTS: The infarct size in TNF-alpha KO mice was significantly reduced compared with WT mice. The frequency of arrhythmia was decreased, and cardiac function during reperfusion was significantly improved in TNF-alpha KO mice compared with WT mice. The activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), the expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules and the infiltration of leukocytes were also significantly reduced in TNF-alpha KO mice, compared with WT mice. These findings provide evidence that TNF-alpha aggravates I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha exacerbates myocardial I/R injury at an early stage of reperfusion by activating NF-kappaB, thereby inducing chemokines and adhesion molecules and facilitating leukocyte infiltration.     

激活乙醛脱氢酶2抑制糖尿病小鼠心肌羰基应激和缺血/再灌注损伤

目的:观察乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)激动剂Alda-1对Ⅰ型糖尿病(DM)小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的影响,探讨羰基应激在DM心脏缺血性损伤易感性增高中的作用。方法:以C57BL/6雄性小鼠为实验对象,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)制备Ⅰ型DM小鼠模型。将正常C57BL/6小鼠(20只)和DM小鼠(20只)随机分为I/R组和I/R+Alda-1治疗组,每组10只。采用冠状动脉左前降支结扎缺血30 min再灌注4 h建立在体小鼠急性心肌I/R模型,于再灌注前5 min经静脉以2 ml/(kg·h)速度分别输注生理盐水(NS)或Alda-1(16 mg/kg)并持续到再灌注结束。再灌注结束后取血检测血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平,取心肌组织检测ALDH2活性、心肌内活性氧簇(ROS)水平,蛋白羰基化程度和心肌梗死(MI)面积。结果:检测心肌ALDH2活性显示,DM小鼠心肌ALDH2活性较对照组显著降低。与对照组相比,DM小鼠心肌I/R损伤显著加重,表现为MI面积增大,血清LDH水平显著增加(均P0.05)。再灌注期Alda-1治疗可有效提高DM小鼠I/R心肌ALDH2活性(P0.05),并显著抑制DM小鼠的上述心肌I/R损伤(均P0.05)。DM组I/R心肌中蛋白质羰基化程度和ROS生成较对照组I/R心肌显著增加(均P0.05)。Alda-1治疗可有效改善DM小鼠I/R心肌中的蛋白质羰基化和ROS水平。结论:激活心肌ALDH2可显著改善DM小鼠心肌抗I/R损伤能力,其机制可能与减轻DM小鼠在I/R过程中导致的蛋白质氧化损伤有关。     

下调NAD（P）H氧化酶4加重缺氧复氧心肌细胞损伤：线粒体SIRT3信号的关键作用

目的明确内源性NAD（P）H氧化酶4（Nox4）在心肌细胞缺氧／复氧（H／R）损伤中的作用并探讨其可能的机制。方法：以H,C2心肌细胞系为研究对象,建立H／R模型,将细胞分为对照组、NC-siRNA组、Nox4-siRNA组、H／R组、H／R＋NC-siRNA组和H／R＋Nox4-siRNA组。采用RNAi方法下调Nox4的表达,MTT比色法测定相对存活率、荧光素酶化学发光法测量ATP水平,MitoSOX荧光探针检测线粒体ROS,比色法测定NAD＋／NADH的比值,Western blot法测定Nox4和SIRT3表达水平。结果：与对照组相比,H／R组H。c,心肌细胞中Nox4蛋白的水平明显增加（P〈0．05）,相对存活率、ATP的水平明显降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,而线粒体ROS生成明显增加（P〈0．01）,同时NAD＋／NADH的比值明显增加、SIRT3表达量明显降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。与H／R组相比,H／R＋Nox4-siRNA组Nox4蛋白水平显著降低（P〈0．05）,相对存活率、ATP的水平进一步降低、线粒体ROS生成进一步增加（P〈0．05）,同时,NAD＋／NADH的比值明显降低（P〈0．01）、SIRT3蛋白水平进一步降低（P〈0．05）。结论：下调Nox4可加重H／R诱导的心肌细胞损伤和氧化应激,抑制线粒体能量生成,其心肌细胞保护机制可能是通过上调NAD＋／NADH的比值,增加SIRT3的表达而发挥作用。     

CXCR6 deficiency ameliorated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting infiltration of monocytes and IFN-γ-dependent autophagy

Background

Emerging evidence shows that the chemokine CXCL16 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial remodeling and development of heart failure following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. CXCR6, the receptor for CXCL16, is also critically involved. However, the underlying mechanism remained uncertain, and the aim of this research was to investigate this mechanism in CXCR6 knockout (KO) mice.

Methods and results

CXCR6 KO mice and wild type (WT) mice had no overt phenotype at baseline in the absence of injury, but difference was shown in response to I/R induction. Compared with WT mice, CXCR6 KO mice exhibited a lower infarction size (31.86 ± 1.808% vs. 43.09 ± 1.519%), and better cardiac function (measured by LVEF, LVFS, + dp/dt, LVEDP, and LVSP) following I/R. Moreover, cardiac levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ-dependent autophagy were found to be significantly attenuated in CXCR6 KO mice. Further data showed that cardiac-enhanced IFN-γ secretion was not induced by cardiomyocytes, but by infiltrated monocytes in the myocardium in response to I/R injury. In vivo injection of IFN-γ and in vitro co-cultured cardiomyocytes with CD11b + monocytes confirmed IFN-γ activated autophagic response, and induced cardiac dysfunction in a paracrine manner.

Conclusions

The study suggested that since disruption of the CXCL16/CXCR6 signaling cascade had a cardio-protective effect against I/R injury, the underlying mechanism might be that I/R triggered the infiltration of monocytes into the myocardium, and induced cardiac autophagy through CXCL16/CXCR6-dependent paracrine secretion of IFN-γ.     

Mitochondria to nucleus translocation of AIF in mice lacking Hsp70 during ischemia/reperfusion

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) has been shown to have an anti-apoptotic function, but its mechanism is not clear in heart. In this study, we examined the effect of Hsp70 deletion on AIF-induced apoptosis during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in vivo. Although Hsp70 KO and WT mice demonstrated similar amounts of AIF released from mitochondria after I/R surgery, Hsp70 KO mice showed a significantly greater increase in apoptosis, larger infarct size, and decreased cardiac output. There was also a significant fourfold increase in the nuclear accumulation of AIF in Hsp70 KO mice compared with WT mice. Treatment with 4-AN (4-amino-1,8-napthalimide, 3 mg/kg), a potent inhibitor of PARP-1, which is a critical regulator of AIF-induced apoptosis, significantly blocked the release of AIF from mitochondria and the translocation of AIF into the nuclei after I/R in both WT and Hsp70 KO mice. In addition, 4-AN treatment resulted in a significant inhibition of apoptosis, a reduction of infarct size, and attenuated cardiac dysfunction in both WT and Hsp70 KO mice after I/R. The anti-apoptotic function of Hsp70 occurs through the inhibition of AIF-induced apoptosis by blocking the mitochondria to nucleus translocation of AIF. PARP-1 inhibition improves cardiac function by blocking AIF-induced apoptosis.     

心肌缺血/再灌损伤时TXNIP表达水平升高并增加心肌自噬

目的 探讨心肌缺血/再灌注（MI/R）时硫氧还蛋白相互结合蛋白（TXNIP）表达及对心肌细胞自噬水平的影响。 方法 构建TXNIP敲除鼠及TXNIP过表达小鼠,制作上述小鼠MI/R模型,观察MI/R后心肌TXNIP表达水平是否与心肌损伤及自噬有关。 结果 与假手术组（Sham）小鼠相比,小鼠心肌TXNIP表达水平在缺血及再灌注损伤过程中持续升高（P<0.01）。在小鼠MI/R后,心脏超声证实与野生型（WT）小鼠相比,TXNIP过表达小鼠LVEF（%）值更低（P<0.05）;伊文氏蓝/TTC染色同样证实TXNIP过表达小鼠心肌梗死面积更大（P<0.05）。而TXNIP敲除鼠MI/R后心脏LVEF（%）值（P<0.05）及心肌梗死面积（P<0.05）均较WT小鼠显著减轻。通过免疫印迹（LC3Ⅱ/LC3I及P62表达）及电子显微镜观察自噬小体检测发现,相比WT小鼠,TXNIP敲除小鼠心肌自噬程度更轻（P<0.05）,TXNIP过表达小鼠则心肌自噬程度更重（P<0.05）。 结论 上述结果证实了在MI/R后TXNIP升高导致心脏功能的降低,心肌梗死面积的增加及心肌细胞自噬的增多。