骨髓间质干细胞体外分化为成骨细胞的实验研究

建立猪骨髓间质干细胞 (mesenchymalstemcells ,MSCs)体外分离培养方法。对猪MSCs体外分化为成骨细胞的能力进行研究。抽取猪骨髓 ,体外培养MSCs。取第二代MSCs ,以含有不同浓度的抗坏血酸、β -磷酸甘油、地塞米松及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子等条件培养基进行成骨细胞诱导分化。通过细胞形态变化 ,碱性磷酸酶染色及钙盐沉积对成骨细胞进行鉴定。结果表明MSC细胞形态由长梭形向多边形转变 ,ALP染色阳性 ,VonKossa染色阳性 ,经体外诱导分化后呈典型的成骨细胞样改变。猪骨髓MSCs可在体外长期、稳定培养 ,具有向成骨细胞分化的潜能 ,可以为骨组织工程研究提供较理想的细胞来源和动物模型。     

人脐静脉来源的间质干细胞体外分离扩增及多向分化的研究

目的： 探讨人脐静脉来源的间质干细胞(MSCs) 的体外分离、纯化、扩增和多向分化条件。 方法： 无菌条件下取正常人脐静脉,1%胶原酶Ⅱ消化脐静脉细胞，以IMDM作为培养基进行培养和纯化细胞，瑞氏染色和电镜观察形态；FACS检测其免疫表型和细胞周期；体外诱导成骨细胞、脂肪细胞分化，von Kossa染色、油红O染色和RT-PCR检测骨钙蛋白、脂蛋白脂酶mRNA的表达以检测细胞向成骨、成脂肪细胞分化情况。 结果： 脐静脉来源的细胞呈纤维样贴壁生长，瑞氏染色和电镜观察具有MSCs特征；FACS检测结果显示, 表达MSCs相关的抗原CD29、CD44、CD105，而CD31、CD13、CD34、CD45、HLA-DR为阴性；体外诱导成骨细胞、脂肪细胞分化成功。 结论： 人脐静脉来源的MSCs的细胞形态、生长特性、免疫表型、多向分化能力与骨髓来源的MSCs相似，可作为满足实验和临床需要的MSCs来源。     

绿色荧光蛋白小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养及成骨诱导

目的分离培养绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)并成骨诱导分化。方法密度梯度离心法分离GFP小鼠MSCs，体外传代扩增，条件培养基成骨方向诱导，利用荧光显微镜、HE染色、细胞化学和免疫组织化学方法进行观察。结果MSCs在传代和诱导分化过程中稳定表达GFP，经成骨方向诱导10d后，出现大量碱性磷酸酶和骨钙素染色阳性细胞。结论成功分离了GFP小鼠MSCs，并体外向成骨方向诱导分化。     

Isolation,culture and osteogenic induction of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞具有多向分化潜能,且可大量体外扩增培养,是重要的组织工程种子细胞。但尚无统一的体外培养及定向诱导方法。 目的：探讨体外定向诱导兔骨髓间充质干细胞分化为成骨细胞的可行性。 方法：应用密度梯度离心法从兔四肢骨中分离纯化间充质干细胞,应用密度为1.073 g/mL的Percoll分离液,3 000 r/min×30 min离心,区别于相关报道的Ficoll分离液,2 000-2 500 r/min×(20-30) min离心以及全骨髓培养法体外扩增至第3代,分别在普通培养基(对照组)和成骨诱导培养基(实验组)中培养。 结果与结论：成功获得大量高纯度骨髓间充质干细胞。经成骨诱导后,实验组骨钙素含量明显高于对照组(P < 0.05)。实验组碱性磷酸酶和钙结节染色阳性,对照组均阴性。结果表明使用密度梯度离心法可成功建立兔骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养体系,骨髓间充质干细胞可定向诱导为成骨细胞。     

2％成人AB型血清扩增的骨髓间充质干细胞的分化潜能研究

寻找一种合适的、可以替代胎牛血清、用以扩增骨髓间充质干细胞的产品,并研究其扩增产品的多向分化潜能.采用贴壁筛选法分离培养成人骨髓间充质干细胞,并利用不同代次的扩增细胞在诱导体系中向成骨细胞、成脂细胞诱导分化.分别采用Vonkossa、碱性磷酸酶染色观察成骨情况,采用油红O染色观察成脂情况.在用2％成人血清配置的完全培养基中,不同代次的成人骨髓间充质干细胞仍旧具有成骨、成脂分化潜能.研究表明,该方法所扩增的成人骨髓间充质干细胞具有成骨、成脂分化潜能,有可能成为理想的体外扩增成人骨髓间充质干细胞的方法.其扩增产品有可能用于骨的组织工程修复.     

毛囊培养上清液诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化的研究

目的探讨毛囊培养上清液诱导体外培养的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)向毛囊干细胞横向分化的潜能。方法采用完全贴壁法分离培养大鼠MSCs,取第3代MSCs,用免疫细胞化学染色技术鉴定CD44和CD29。用毛囊培养上清液为条件培养液诱导MSCs,倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态学变化,对诱导后的细胞进行角蛋白15的免疫细胞化学染色和免疫荧光细胞化学染色,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进一步鉴定诱导后细胞角蛋白15的表达。结果体外培养的MSCs,CD44、CD29表达阳性。经毛囊上清液诱导后,免疫细胞化学、免疫荧光细胞化学染色鉴定,部分细胞角蛋白15表达阳性;同时RT-PCR也检测到keratin 15 mRNA的表达。结论体外培养的骨髓间充质干细胞经毛囊培养上清液诱导可以分化为毛囊干细胞样的细胞。     

人脂肪源干细胞分离培养及向成骨细胞的诱导分化

背景：脂肪源干细胞可分泌众多的免疫调节因子,不引起T细胞的细胞毒作用,并可通过调整T淋巴细胞的种类和数量。 目的：探讨人脂肪源干细胞在体外分离培养扩增的方法及向成骨细胞诱导分化的能力。 方法：以0.1%的Ⅰ型胶原酶通过组织消化的方法分离人脂肪组织中的干细胞,体外扩增培养至第2代后检测其表面抗原的表达,并在成骨诱导液中促进其向成骨细胞的分化,通过碱性磷酸酶染色、茜素红染色及对碱性磷酸酶的RT-PCR检测来明确其分化能力。 结果与结论：体外分离培养的脂肪源干细胞生长稳定,扩增速度快。流式细胞仪检测结果显示其高表达干细胞相关抗原。向成骨细胞诱导后经免疫组化染色可见矿化结节形成,RT-PCR检测发现碱性磷酸酶表达阳性。提示脂肪源干细胞在体外分离培养方法简单,扩增速度快,并具有定向分化的能力,是可靠的组织修复和细胞治疗的种子细胞来源。     

成人骨髓基质干细胞体外成骨细胞分化诱导

建立成人骨髓基质干细胞分离、扩增,以及诱导和分化为成骨细胞的体外培养方法,为骨组织工程选择理想的种子细胞来源.抽取健康成人骨髓组织,用Percoll分离液分离出骨髓中的单个核细胞,在含体积分数为10%小牛血清的高糖DMEM培养液中,置于37℃、含体积分数为5%的CO2湿化空气孵箱中培养,通过传代培养扩增骨髓基质干细胞,传三代时改用含地塞米松、β-甘油磷酸和维生素C的条件培养基培养,用倒置显微镜、HE染色观察增殖和分化情况,并测定碱性磷酸酶活性和钙结节形成能力.采用本法在体外培养的成骨细胞生长良好,表现出与典型的成骨细胞相似的形态特征和生物学特性.本研究所建立的成人骨髓基质干细胞分离、扩增,以及诱导和分化为成骨细胞的体外培养方法稳定和实用,可作为骨组织工程种子细胞来源的常规方法之一.     

人骨髓间质干细胞体外扩增和向内皮细胞定向诱导分化的研究

目的：体外分离、扩增成人骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs）和向内皮细胞（ECs）定向诱导分化，开辟心血管组织工程种子细胞的新来源。 方法： 采用Percoll(1 073 g/L)从正常成人骨髓中分离出MSCs，纯化和扩增后流式细胞仪鉴定其纯度；用血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)诱导MSCs向ECs分化，Ⅷ因子(vWF)免疫组化和透射电镜(TEM)鉴定细胞性质。 结果： 5.0×105个MSCs在体外扩增15代后，获得8.0×1012个MSCs，扩增了约1.6×107倍；MSCs在加入VEGF诱导培养大约14-21 d，80%-90%的诱导细胞对Ⅷ因子相关抗原呈阳性反应；TEM可观察到胞浆内有Weible-palade小体，证实为ECs。 结论： 成人骨髓MSCs在体外具有定向诱导分化为ECs的潜能，这为心脏组织工程瓣体外构建, 尤其是在小儿先天性心脏病组织工程研究中种子细胞的来源提供了可能性。     

隐丹参酮诱导猴骨髓间质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞

目的： 体外培养猴骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs）并定向诱导分化为神经元样细胞。 方法： 体外分离培养猴MSCs，流式细胞仪检测其表面标志，用含隐丹参酮的无血清L-DMEM诱导MSCs分化为神经元样细胞，免疫细胞化学检测单克隆抗体特异性神经元烯醇化酶（NSE）、神经丝蛋白（NF）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的表达。 结果： 体外培养的猴MSCs表达CD29、CD44、CD105、CD166，并且具有正常的二倍体核型，不随传代而发生改变。bFGF预诱导24 h 后，隐丹参酮可以将MSCs诱导为神经元样细胞，免疫细胞化学显示NSE、NF表达阳性，阳性率分别为68.3％±3.5％、70.3％±1.5％，而GFAP表达阴性。 结论： 隐丹参酮可以在体外将猴MSCs诱导分化为神经元样细胞。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.