兰州市大气污染变化规律对健身人群的启示

[目的]探讨大气污染对运动人群健康的影响,为广大兰州市民健身提供参考。[方法]通过文献资料分析了兰州市大气污染中SO2、NO2和TSP的现状和变化规律,从运动生理学的角度讨论了大气污染对运动人群健康的影响。[结果]兰州市大气1～3、11和12月是SO2和NO2两种污染物的浓度相对较高,2000年和2004年SO2和NO2分别为0.058mg/m3和0.058mg/m3与0.73mg/m3和0.047mg/m3。TSP的浓度两年均较高,保持在0.38mg/m3以上,均值为0.711mg/m3和0.650mg/m3。[结论]兰州市空气中的SO2、NO2和TSP浓度变化与季节有关,冬春采暖期SO2、NO2浓度较高,TSP浓度全年偏,高春季最高。市民冬春季节选择小强度运动健身。     

武汉市机动车保有量及相关因素对空气质量的影响

[目的]研究武汉市机动车保有量及相关因素的变化情况，探索该市空气污染状况、变化趋势及影响空气质量的重要因素。[方法]收集武汉市1986-1995年间空气质量监测及城市建设方面的资料，利用简单相关、主成分回归、灰色关联分析进行统计处理。[结果]武汉市1986～1995年空气中主要的污染物为总悬浮颗粒物（TSP），浓度范围在0．211-0．356mg／m^3，超标率为40％。二氧化硫（SO2）和氮氧化物（NOx）均未超标，符合国家空气质量二级标准。NOx浓度呈现上升趋势。主成分回归分析结果显示机动车保有量对NOx的浓度影响最大。灰色关联分析显示机动车保有量与TSP、SO2、N0x浓度的灰色关联度系数分别为：0．6237、0．6235、0．7224，关联度排序为：NOx〉TSP〉SO2。[结论J城市NOx浓度呈现上升趋势，机动车保有量增长是主要影响因素之一。尾气污染成为城市亟待解决的重大环境问题。     

大气污染物对大鼠肺细胞毒性及病理学研究

目的探讨大气污染物对大鼠肺细胞毒性及病理学改变.方法 80只Wistar大鼠(体重180～220g)随机分为4组,即对照组和实验组(低、中、高剂量组),分别进行总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和SO2、NO2染毒.TSP染尘采用气管注入法,实验组分别注入TSP(7.5,15,30mg)生理盐水混悬液1ml,对照组注入1ml生理盐水.染尘后第2d,实验组静式吸入含SO2和NO2的空气混合气,SO2的浓度分别为8,16,32mg/m^3;NO2浓度分别为5,10,20mg/m^3,对照组吸入一般空气.连续染毒7d后,计数支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中WBC总数、嗜酸细胞(Eos)数及细胞分类,电镜下观察肺组织超微结构变化.结果高剂量组WBC总数显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);随着剂量的增加,肺泡壁增厚明显,高剂量组出现肺间质结缔组织增生、泡壁不光滑及肺泡融合.结论大气污染物可导致肺组织发生急性炎症,呼吸面积极度变小,并有早期硬化改变.     

空气污染物对老年慢性阻塞性肺病患者健康的影响

目的研究空气污染物对老年慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者健康的影响,探讨健康效应的指示性指标。方法在某社区选取28名COPD老年患者进行为期6周的固定群组追踪研究,测定肺功能[FEV1/FVC(第1秒用力呼气流量占用力肺活量比值)、最大呼气流速(PEF)值]、呼出气一氧化氮(Fe NO)值,同时连续采集该社区空气污染浓度,分析空气污染物产生的健康影响。结果研究期间,空气中的主要污染物为PM10、PM2.5、NO2和SO2。线性混合效应模型分析得到,PM2.5浓度与Fe NO对数值呈正相关,与PEF值呈负相关的指标是PM10浓度(r=0.02,sx=0.01)、SO2浓度(r=-0.08,sx0.03),SO2浓度与FEV1/FVC值呈负相关。结论研究社区的空气污染情况符合机动车尾气污染特征。其中颗粒物和SO2产生较明显的健康影响,而Fe NO、PEF和FEV1/FVC是较为敏感的呼吸道健康状况指标。     

济南市典型空气污染物与慢性阻塞性肺炎的 相关性研究

摘要:目的　研究典型空气污染物（SO2、NO2、CO、PM10、O3）与慢性阻塞性肺炎的相关性,为疾病预防和污染治理提供依据。方法　依托于地理信息系统操作平台,通过遥感影像反演结果与地面实测浓度的插值,得到研究区内5种污染物浓度的分布趋势;利用统计学原理,求平均、数理统计、建立回归分析等,得到最适宜于研究两者之间关系的模型;利用SPSS,分别以5种污染物月平均浓度为自变量,以每月的慢性阻塞性肺炎患者数量为因变量,进行相关性分析、建立散点图和函数模型,并比较各自参数。结果　各污染物浓度分布与患者分布情况趋于一致:浓度高的区域,患者分布密集;SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、O3浓度与患者数量的相关性因子分别为0.681、0.576、0.755、0.611、0.519。结论　空气污染越严重,即污染物浓度越高,病患分布越为密集;PM10浓度与病患数量之间函数模型的相关性因子最大,两者相关性最强。     

某港口工业区建设及部分投产期间大气质量调查与评价

目的了解某港口工业区建设及部分投产期间的大气质量,为保证该工业区的可持续发展提供科学依据。方法于2010年3月20—26日,选择钢厂、电厂、矿石码头、原油码头、煤炭码头、散杂货码头、备用地为采样点,以二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)为主要监测指标,采集各区大气样品进行测定,通过计算污染物分指数和大气质量综合指数等指标对各功能区和工业区大气质量进行评价。结果电厂大气SO2浓度最高,钢厂大气NO2和PM10浓度最高,散杂货码头TSP浓度最高,其中TSP浓度对工业区大气质量影响最大,各功能区以及整个工业区空气中各项污染物浓度均未超标。结论该港口工业区建设及部分投产期间的大气质量属于Ⅰ级(空气质量清洁)和Ⅱ级(空气质量尚清洁)。     

北京市大气污染与城区居民死亡率关系的时间序列分析

为定量评价北京市大气污染对居民每日疾病死亡率的影响 ,运用时间 -序列分析方法 ,控制了流感、季节等混杂因素的影响后 ,对北京市主要大气污染物CO、SO2 、NOX、TSP、PM10 与居民相应疾病死亡率的相关关系进行了定量评价。以呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病、冠心病、慢性阻塞性肺病和消化系统肿瘤疾病死亡人数分别为因变量 ,大气污染物浓度和平均温度、湿度为自变量 ,进行了泊松回归分析。单变量分析结果表明 ,除TSP对冠心病死亡率的影响无显著意义外 ,大气中CO、SO2 、NOX 、TSP浓度与呼吸系统、心脑血管疾病、慢性阻塞性肺病和冠心病死亡率之间的正相关关系均有显著意义 ,而多因素泊松回归得到的暴露 -反应关系模型显示 ,SO2 浓度每提高 10 0 μg m3,呼吸系统、循环系统、冠心病和慢性阻塞性肺病疾病死亡率分别增加 4 2 1%、3 97%、10 68%和 19 2 2 % ;总悬浮颗粒物每增加 10 0 μg m3 ,呼吸系统疾病死亡率增加 3 19% ,循环系统死亡率增加 0 62 %。提示大气污染物浓度的升高会引起相应疾病死亡率的增加     

广州市交通警察执勤期间大气污染物区域暴露特征初探

[目的]通过监测广州市内外勤交警执勤区域大气污染物浓度,初步研究内外勤交警执勤期间大气污染物的暴露特征和水平,为机动车尾气高暴露人群的生物效应评价技术研究提供现场调查数据。[方法]应用电子分析仪监测广州市内外勤交警执勤区域及内勤交警工作的岑村交警大楼的二氧化氮（NO2）、一氧化碳（CO）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、二氧化硫（SO2）等污染物的浓度,计算相关空气质量评价指数。[结果]外勤交警执勤期间暴露的NO2、CO、PM10、SO2的平均浓度分别为（0.34±0.17）、（1.93±2.97）、（0.10±0.05）、（0.49±1.54）mg/m3,大气质量为Ⅴ级,属重污染,NO2和SO2为主要污染物;内勤交警执勤期间暴露的NO2、CO、PM10、SO2的平均浓度分别为（0.08±0.05）、（0.22±0.26）、（0.05±0.05）、（0.02±0.02）mg/m3,大气污染物浓度低于外勤交警（P〈0.01）,大气质量为Ⅱ级,尚清洁,NO2和PM10为主要污染物。[结论]广州市外勤交警执勤期间暴露的主要气态污染物浓度超标,其中以NO2的超标情况最严重,属中重度污染,符合混合型污染的特征;内勤交警大气污染物的暴露浓度低于外勤交警。     

兰州市2000和2004年大气污染物中SO2、NO2和TSP浓度变化对健康人群的影响

目的探讨大气污染对健康人群的影响，为广大兰州市民认识环境与健康提供参考。方法通过文献资料分析兰州市大气污染中SO2、NO2和TSP的现状和变化规律，从生理学的角度讨论大气污染对健康人群的影响。结果兰州市大气1～3月、11和12月SO2和NO2 2种污染物的浓度相对较高，TSP的浓度全年均较高。兰州市大气污染情况正在逐年好转，采暖期大气污染仍十分严重。结论兰州市大气污染严重危害着健康人群，尤其采暖期污染对学龄儿童、体弱者和老年人呼吸系统功能的影响。     

吉林市大气污染物浓度分布规律

目的了解吉林市大气污染状况和大气污染物浓度分布规律。方法以吉林市环境保护监测站2001—2005年空气质量自动监测数据为基础,分析吉林市大气中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、SO2、NO2浓度、降尘(DF)、硫酸盐化速率随每日各时刻、季节、年际,在不同功能区的变化规律。结果冬季和夏季吉林市大气SO2和NO2日浓度变化呈双峰曲线,在7:00—8:00和19:00—21:00出现高值区。大气SO2、NO2、PM10、硫酸盐化速率等冬季污染比较严重,春、秋次之,夏季相对较轻。2001—2005年,SO2、NO2、TSP等浓度的日均值范围分别为0.021～0.045、0.027～0.046、0.300～0.470mg/m3,基本呈逐年下降趋势。空气污染物的浓度依功能区不同而异,工业区的污染状况最严重。结论吉林市大气污染仍属于煤烟型污染,大气污染物的浓度具有明显的时空分布规律。     

交通警察工作岗位环境污染物及健康状况调查

目的 了解城市交通路口交通警察工作环境质量及健康状况。方法 选择H市区四个具有代表性的交通警察执勤路口和某大学校园内作为环境空气中有害污染物采样点，测定大气环境中二氧化硫(SO2)、氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、铅(Pb)及粉尘浓度，并对86名执勤交通警察和79名对照人员进行健康调查。结果执勤点路口空气中N0l、C0含量及粉尘浓度均超过国家大气质量卫生标准，SO2和Pb的含量尚在容许范围以内。交通警察自觉症状多为神经衰弱症候群和慢性呼吸道刺激症状，体征以慢性腰痛、下肢静脉曲张等多见，其发生率显著高于对照人群。结论H市部分交通路口大气环境中NOx、CO及粉尘浓度均较严重超标，可能是执勤交通警察健康的重要影响因素。     

Air pollution and daily mortality in Turin, 1991-1996

A time series study was carried out to assess the relationship between the air pollutants measured by the air quality monitoring network and daily mortality in Turin, Italy. We used TSP, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO concentrations measured from 1-1-1991 to 31-12-1996 at three stations of the city network, chosen to represent different, typical circumstances of exposure to air pollution in the town. The analysis was performed by robust Poisson regression model including loss smoothing functions to allow for long-time trend, seasons, temperature and relative humidity. Dummy variables for the days of the week and holidays were also included. The relative risk of death for a unit increase in the pollutant concentration either during the same day (lag 0) in the previous ones (lag up to 5) was computed. The unit increase was 50 micrograms/m3 for TSP, SO2, NO2, O3, and 2 mg/m3 for CO. The average daily number of deaths for natural causes was 21. The relative risks for total mortality were 1.04 for TSP (lag 1), 1.10 for SO2 (lag 2), 1.06 for NO2 (lag 1), 1.01 for O3 (lag 0), 1.03 for CO (lag 1). The relative risks were 1.05 for TSP (lag 0), 1.12 for SO2 (lag 2), 1.07 for NO2 (lag 1), 1.03 for O3 (lag 0), 1.03 for CO (lag 1) for cardiovascular mortality, and 1.08 for TSP (lag 2), 1.20 for SO2 (lag 2), 1.12 for NO2 (lag 2), 1.03 for O3 (lag 2), 1.05 for CO (lag 2) for respiratory mortality.     

Asthma and low level air pollution in Helsinki

The effects of relatively low levels of air pollution and weather conditions on the number of patients who had asthma attacks and who were admitted to a hospital were studied in Helsinki during a 3-y period. The number of admissions increased during cold weather (n = 4,209), especially among persons who were of working age but not among children. Even after standardization for temperature, all admissions, including emergency ward admissions, were significantly correlated with ambient air concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and total suspended particulates (TSP). Regression analysis revealed that NO and O3 were most strongly associated with asthma problems. Effects of air pollutants and cold were maximal if they occurred on the same day, except for O3, which had a more pronounced effect after a 1-d lag. The associations between pollutants, low temperature, and admissions were most significant among adults of working age, followed by the elderly. Among children, only O3 and NO were significantly correlated with admissions. Levels of pollutants were fairly low, the long-term mean being 19.2 micrograms/m3 for SO2, 38.6 micrograms/m3 for NO2, 22.0 micrograms/m3 or O3, and 1.3 mg/m3 for CO. In contrast, the mean concentration of TSP was high (76.3 micrograms/m3), and the mean temperature was low (+ 4.7 degrees C). These results suggest that concentrations of pollutants lower than those given as guidelines in many countries may increase the incidence of asthma attacks.     

空气污染对儿童部分免疫及肺通气功能的多因素分析

目的：探讨空气污染儿童健康影响，方法：根据1988－1998年大气污染物[SO2,NOx,总悬浮颗粒（TSP），CO]监测资料，选择唐山市工业区（污染区）和相对清洁区（对照组）7－15岁学龄儿童656人和712人进行局部非特异免疫功能[唾液溶菌酶和分泌型免疫球蛋白A（SIgA)]和肺功能（肺活性（VC），用力肺活量（FVC），1s用力呼气容积（FEV），25％，50％和75％用力肺活量呼气流速（V25,V50和V75)最大通气量（MVV）进行检测并开展问卷调查，结果：污染区大气SO2，NOx和TSP均显著高于对照区（P＜0．05或P＜0．01），多因素分析显示，除SIgA外其他指标均与生理因素有关，其中主要与年龄呈正相关（t=5.130-9.698,P=0.0001)，唾液溶菌酶、SIgA,VC,FVC,MVV,V25,V50和V75，主要与空气NOx可SO2浓度显负相关（P＝0．0005－0．0086），结论：空气污染尤其室外空气污染可导致儿童局部非特异免疫功能及肺通气功能降低。     

Air quality in postunification Erfurt, East Germany: associating changes in pollutant concentrations with changes in emissions

The unification of East and West Germany in 1990 resulted in sharp decreases in emissions of major air pollutants. This change in air quality has provided an opportunity for a natural experiment to evaluate the health impacts of air pollution. We evaluated airborne particle size distribution and gaseous co-pollutant data collected in Erfurt, Germany, throughout the 1990s and assessed the extent to which the observed changes are associated with changes in the two major emission sources: coal burning for power production and residential heating, and motor vehicles. Continuous data for sulfur dioxide, total suspended particulates (TSP), nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and meteorologic parameters were available for 1990-1999, and size-selective particle number and mass concentration measurements were made during winters of 1991 and 1998. We used hourly profiles of pollutants and linear regression analyses, stratified by year, weekday/weekend, and hour, using NO and SO(2) as markers of traffic- and heating-related combustion sources, respectively, to study the patterns of various particle size fractions. Supplementary data on traffic and heating-related sources were gathered to support hypotheses linking these sources with observed changes in ambient air pollution levels. Substantially decreased (19-91%) concentrations were observed for all pollutants, with the exception of particles in the 0.01-0.03 microm size range (representing the smallest ultrafine particles that were measured). The number concentration for these particles increased by 115% between 1991 and 1998. The ratio of these ultrafine particles to TSP also increased by more than 500%, indicating a dramatic change in the size distribution of airborne particles. Analysis of hourly concentration patterns indicated that in 1991, concentrations of SO(2) and larger particle sizes were related to residential heating with coal. These peaks were no longer evident in 1998 due to decreases in coal consumption and consequent decreased emissions of SO(2) and larger particles. These decreases in coal combustion and the decreased concentrations of SO(2) and particles of larger size classes may have led to decreased particle scavenging and may be partially responsible for the observed increases in ultrafine particles. Traffic-related changes, such as increased numbers of trucks and increased use of diesel vehicles in Erfurt, were also associated with increased number concentrations of ultrafine particles. Morning particle peaks of all sizes were associated with NO and CO (markers for traffic) in both the 1991 and 1998 periods. There were significant differences in the ultrafine particle levels for morning hours between 1991 and 1998, suggesting that traffic was the cause of this increase.     

居室使用煤气前后空气污染的变化

太原市不同居室类型冬季燃煤时室内污染物浓度较高。改用煤气后，ＮＯｘ升高１．４～５倍，ＳＯ２降低０．６倍，ＴＳＰ降低了２倍，Ｂ（ａ）Ｐ降低了０．３～０．７倍，ＣＯ变化不大。     

Air pollutant exposure and inhaled dose during urban commuting: a comparison between cycling and motorized modes

Active commuting has great health, environment, economic, and social benefits. However, cyclists are at risk for exposure to vehicle-related air pollutants due to their proximity to vehicle traffic and elevated respiratory rates. Consequently, more information on differences in inhaled doses between different transport modes is needed. The aim of this study is to assess and map the exposure of travelers to air pollutants using different transportation modes and to consider minute ventilation variablity and travel duration for the calculation of inhaled dose. Particulate matter (PM10, PM4, PM2.5 and PM1), CO, volatile organic compound (VOC), CO₂, and O₃ were measured between December 2013 and March 2014 in a total of 75 travels performed by bus, metro, car, bicycle, and motorcycle at five periods of the day (8, 11, 14, 17:30, and 21 h). Results showed that car drivers and bus passengers in urban streets may be exposed to higher pollutant levels than cyclists traveling in the same streets. However, this enhanced air pollution exposure is compensated by the higher ventilation rates of cyclists, which presented the highest inhaled doses. To reduce exposure concentrations, spatial and temporal separation of cyclists from motorized vehicle traffic should be achieved with separated bicycle facilities, low volume routes, and off-peak travel.     

石油液化气燃烧对室内空气污染的研究

为探讨以石油液化气为燃料的大庆地区室内空气污染情况，以氮氧化物、一氧化碳及二氧化硫为检测指标，对该地区室内空气污染现状及其污染物的浓度变化规律进行了研究。     

Acute effects of air pollution in Rome

Two time-series studies, aimed at evaluating the acute health effect of air pollution among Rome inhabitants, were carried out. In the first study the correlation between daily mortality (1992 to 1995) and daily concentrations of five air pollutants (particles, SO2, NO2, CO, O3) was analyzed. In the second study the association between daily levels of the same pollutants and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular disease (1995-97) was evaluated. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the association between pollutant levels and health effect variables; the models included smooth functions of day of study, mean temperature, mean humidity and indicator variables for day of the week and holidays. Daily total mortality was associated with particle average concentration on that day and with NO2 levels of one or two days before. Hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease were positively correlated to particles, SO2, NO2, e CO. Hospital admissions for respiratory disease were associated with NO2 and CO levels of the same day and of two days before among children (0-14 years) and among adults (15-64 years). Increments of ozone were associated with increments of total respiratory and of acute respiratory diseases in children (0-14 years).