参麦对休克复苏时肠黏膜内一氧化氮、丙二醛及钙含量的影响

目的 :观察参麦注射液 (简称参麦 )对休克复苏期间肠黏膜内一氧化氮 (NO)、丙二醛 (MDA)及钙 (Ca2 + )含量的影响 ,探讨其肠黏膜保护作用机制。方法 :采用Lamson兔休克肠缺血再灌注模型 ,2 1只家兔随机分为对照组 (A组 )、单纯复苏组 (B组 )和参麦治疗组 (C组 )。C组于复苏同时首剂静注参麦 2 .1mg/kg ,随后持续泵入 7.5ml/kg·h ,直至观察结束。分别于放血前 (N)、休克 1h(S1)、再灌注 1h(R1)和 3h(R3 )观察参麦对乙状结肠黏膜内pH(pHi)及R3 时回肠黏膜NO、MDA及Ca2 + 含量的影响。结果 :C肠黏膜NO、MDA及Ca2 + 显著低于B组 (均为P <0 .0 5 ) ,其中Ca2 + 与A组无显著性差异 ,而NO及MDA含量高于A组 ,R1和R3 时肠 pHi明显高于B组 ;B组肠黏膜NO、MDA及Ca2 + 含量明显高于A组和C组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,R1～R3 期间肠 pHi持续低水平。结论 :参麦减轻肠黏膜再灌注损伤与其改善黏膜灌注及氧合、抑制NO的产生或释放、降低氧自由基水平和防止钙超载有关。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对失血性休克大鼠肠黏膜的保护作用

目的拟用失血性休克模型来研究盐酸戊乙奎醚是否对肠黏膜缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。方法将雄性SD大鼠随机分为四组(n=8):对照组、休克组、小剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(0.15 mg/kg)和大剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(0.30mg/kg)。盐酸戊乙奎醚或等量生理盐水在休克前30 min通过尾静脉注入大鼠体内。除对照组外,其他三组经15 min股动脉缓慢放血使大鼠平均动脉压达(40±5)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)诱发失血性休克,通过放血或输血维持大鼠休克状态60 min。休克结束30 min内输注大鼠自身血液和林格液(32 mL/kg)进行复苏。复苏4 h之后检测肠黏膜pH(pHi)、一氧化氮(NO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙戊二醛(MDA)及钙离子(Ca2+)的含量,并观察肠黏膜组织病理学改变。结果与休克组比较,大剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组NO、MDA及Ca2+的含量显著降低;而SOD活性和pHi增高。与此相应的是肠黏膜细胞凋亡及组织病理学评分降低。结论大剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚对失血性休克大鼠肠黏膜具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制细胞死亡和保存细胞抗氧化功能相关。     

动静脉血气分析在重症胰腺炎患者早期预后判断中的临床价值

目的：研究动静脉血气分析在重症胰腺炎(SAP)患者早期预后判断中的临床价值。方法选取2012年9月至2014年9月收入我院ICU的SAP患者64例,以患者ICU住院10 d为终点事件,根据预后情况将所有患者分为存活组(好转或病情未恶化)及死亡组(患者死亡),其中,存活组36例,死亡组28例。所有患者进行常规ICU治疗,发病48 h内进行血气分析和电解质检查,并与APACHEⅡ评分结果比较。结果发病48 h内血气测定结果表明,存活组和死亡组的动脉血pH-静脉血pH (A-VpH)[(0.022±0.09) vs (0.031±0.015)]、动脉血CO2分压-静脉血CO2分压(A-VPCO2)[(8.68±1.35) vs (11.48±4.56)]比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),动静脉血pH [(7.35±0.06) vs (7.36±0.05)]及血PO2水平[(95.3±8.9) mmHg vs (95.9±9.1) mmHg]比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与存活组比较,死亡组血动静脉PCO2[动脉：(35.3±3.0) mmHg vs (29.9±3.0) mmHg、静脉：(35.3±3.0) mmHg vs (29.9±3.0) mmHg]、血HCO3-[动脉：(23.8±1.2) mmol/L vs (20.2±1.9) mmol/L、静脉：(17.5±1.0) mmol/L vs (19.3±1.2) mmol/L]、血Lac水平[动脉：(2.7±0.9) mmol/L vs (4.1±1.7) mmol/L、静脉：(1.7±0.6) mmol/L vs (1.8±0.4) mmol/L]、血BE水平[动脉：(-1.7±1.2) mmol/L vs (-4.3±1.6) mmol/L、静脉：(1.9±1.2) mmol/L vs (2.1±0.9) mmol/L]比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。发病48 h内电解质测定结果表明,存活组和死亡组的K+[(3.71±0.69) mmol/L vs (3.79±0.70) mmol/L]、Na+[(135.60±7.88) mmol/L vs (134.32±7.94) mmol/L]、Cl-[(100.85±20.73) mmol/L vs (98.49±24.3) mmol/L]水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组Ca2+水平均减少,与死亡组比较,存活组Ca2+显著降低[(1.47±0.50) mmol/L vs (1.22±0.38) mmol/L],差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。为进一步明确PCO2、血HCO3-、血BE对SAP患者预后的判断价值,ROC曲线统计PCO2、血HCO3-、血BE对SAP的预后的诊断正确率,得血BE及APACHEⅡ评分的ROC曲线面积最大,表明其诊断正确率最高。结论早期进行SAP患者的血气分析检测有利于及早判断预后,进行合理治疗。年龄越大,血BE结果负值越大的患者,其预后可能也差。     

大承气汤对失血性休克大鼠再灌注肠组织iNOS-NO-ONOO~-通路的影响

目的 观察失血性休克再灌注大鼠肠组织诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO-)体内生成标志物硝基酪氨酸(NT)的表达,探讨中药大承气汤对失血性休克大鼠肠组织损伤的防治作用及其可能机制.方法 SD大鼠24只,雌雄各半,体重180～200 g.实验随机分为3组(每组8只):正常组(仅手术,不放血)、模型组(模型+生理盐水1 mL/100 g体重灌胃)、大承气汤组(模型+大承气汤灌胃含生药2.0 g/mL,1 mL/100 g体重).大承气汤、生理盐水在实验前连续灌胃,2次/d,连续2 d,各组动物术前禁食24 h.复制重度失血性休克及复苏动物模型,造模完成后观察各组动物肠黏膜病理学变化,免疫组化法检测肠黏膜组织iNOS与NT的表达与分布.应用ImageJ软件对免疫组化显色结果进行拍照、灰度分析.结果 病理检查结果显示:正常组肠黏膜正常,模型组肠黏膜损伤最重,大承气汤组肠黏膜损伤明显减轻;模型组小肠黏膜组织iNOS阳性细胞平均灰度值及NT阳性细胞平均灰度值均高于大承气汤组(P<0.01).结论 (1)失血性休克再灌注后,肠组织iNOS-NO-ONOO-通路表达上调.(2)大承气汤能减轻大鼠失血性休克再灌注肠黏膜损害,其机制可能与抑制肠黏膜组织iNOS-NO-ONOO-通路激活有关.     

红花对兔肠缺血再灌注损伤后微循环改善作用的研究

目的探讨红花对兔肠缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)时微循环的改善作用.方法将30只日本大耳兔随机分为假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)和缺血再灌注+红花注射液组(SI组).制作在体兔IRI模型.观察和记录各组动物肠系膜微循环变化,包括微动脉管径(AD)、微静脉管径(VD)、微动脉流速(AFV)、微静脉流速(VFV)和白细胞黏附数,电镜下观察肠黏膜超微结构改变.结果 IR组肠系膜微动、静脉管径缩小,血流速度减慢,多数肠黏膜微结构破坏严重.SI组微动、静脉管径及血流速度明显改善,肠黏膜超微结构异常改变不同程度减轻.结论在兔肠IRI发生后使用红花注射液能有效改善肠系膜的微循环,从而对肠黏膜起到良好的保护作用.     

限制性液体复苏产兔失血性休克对肠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的应用产兔非控制性失血性休克模型,探讨限制性液体复苏对产兔肠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 24只产后6 h的新西兰大白兔被随机分成4组,假休克组(P组)、休克未处理组(P0组)、传统液体复苏组(PNL组)、限制性液体复苏组(PLH组),建立未控制重度失血性休克模型,分别于休克30 min后接受不同的液体复苏方案,于休克后90 min接受手术止血和输血输液治疗。在实验结束后处死产兔,观察不同液体复苏方式对小肠组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及肠粘膜形态损伤等情况。结果失血性休克时缺血再灌注损伤导致肠粘膜损伤加重、肠组织SOD活性降低及MDA含量上升,限制性输液能显著改善上述改变。结论限制性液体复苏较充分快速液体复苏显著缓解了肠组织缺血再灌注损伤。     

大承气汤对失血性休克再灌注肠组织iNOS-NO-ONOO-通路影响的实验研究

[摘要] 目的 观察失血性休克再灌注大鼠肠组织诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO-)体内生成标志物硝基酪氨酸(NT)的表达,探讨中药大承气汤对失血性休克大鼠肠组织损伤的防治作用及其可能机制。方法 SD大鼠24只,雌雄各半,体重180～200 g。实验随机分为3组（每组8只）：正常组（仅手术,不放血）、模型组（模型＋生理盐水1mL/100g体重灌胃）、大承气汤组（模型+大承气汤灌胃含生药2.0 g/mL,1 mL/100 g体重）。大承气汤、生理盐水在实验前连续灌胃,2次∕d,连续2 d,各组动物术前禁食24 h。复制重度失血性休克及复苏动物模型,造模完成后观察各组动物肠黏膜病理学变化,免疫组化法检测肠黏膜组织iNOS与NT的表达与分布。应用ImageJ软件对免疫组化显色结果进行拍照、灰度分析。结果 病理检查结果显示：正常组肠黏膜正常,模型组肠黏膜损伤最重,大承气汤组肠黏膜损伤明显减轻;模型组小肠黏膜组织iNOS阳性细胞平均灰度值及NT阳性细胞平均灰度值均高于大承气汤组 (P<0．01)。结论 ⑴失血性休克再灌注后,肠组织iNOS-NO-ONOO-通路表达上调。⑵大承气汤能减轻大鼠失血性休克再灌注肠黏膜损害,其机制可能与抑制肠黏膜组织iNOS-NO-ONOO-通路激活有关。     

疏血通对兔股动脉血栓远端血清乳酸代谢影响

目的:观察疏血通对兔股动脉血栓远端血清乳酸代谢的影响。方法:建立兔股动脉血栓模型;分组:动脉组30只,生理盐水250 m L+疏血通10 m L,30 m L/h静脉滴注;对照组30只,生理盐水250 m L,30 m L/h静脉滴注;血气分析检测乳酸值。结果:实验组乳酸值(2.2±0.19)mmol/L显著低于对照组乳酸值(7.6±0.55)mmol/L(P0.05)。结论:疏血通可以显著减低兔股动脉血栓远端血清乳酸代谢。     

大鼠全肝血流阻断再灌注对肠黏膜屏障的影响

目的：研究大鼠全肝血流阻断再灌注对肠黏膜屏障的影响。方法：60只SD大鼠,随机分成假手术组(A组)和全肝血流阻断再灌注处理组(B组),每组30只。采用阻断肝门及肝上、肝下下腔静脉20min复制大鼠全肝血流阻断再灌注模型,分别观察全肝血流阻断再灌注末(T0)、再灌注4 h (T1)肠道肉眼变化,检测T0、T1门静脉血血气、门静脉血D-乳酸、TNF-α含量,观察小肠黏膜光镜及电镜下组织结构及再灌注48 h大鼠生存率变化。结果：B组T0门静脉血PCO2明显升高,PO2,pH,HCO-3明显下降(P<0.05);T0,T1门静脉血D-乳酸,TNF-α及肠黏膜MDA含量明显升高(P<0.05),B组肠黏膜光镜及电镜下存在明显组织学损害,48h生存率明显低于A组(P<0.05)。结论：大鼠全肝血流阻断再灌注处理可导致肠黏膜屏障损害。     

失血性休克及肠系膜上静脉阻断对兔小肠黏膜结构和屏障功能的影响

目的本实验观察失血性休克、静脉阻断及开放后缺血一再灌注多重损伤对小肠黏膜结构和屏障功能的影响。方法日本大白兔20只随机分为实验组和对照组,在各个时间段取肠系膜静脉血检测血浆内毒素及丙二醛水平,取末端回肠检测小肠黏膜厚度和绒毛高度。结果实验组在休克1h后和再灌注1h后血浆内毒素及丙二醛水平均明显升高（P〈0．01）;实验组小肠黏膜厚度和绒毛高度明显下降（P〈0.01）。结论在经历失血性休克、肠系膜上静脉阻断及再灌注损伤多重打击下,小肠黏膜结构和屏障功能遭受了严重破坏,进而引起细菌移位和内毒素血症,对机体造成不利影响。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.