集落刺激因子的生物功能

正常人体中,只有骨髓中存在多能干细胞,它能产生血液循环中所有的成熟红细胞,中性粒细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞,单核细胞,淋巴细胞及血小板。这些成熟细胞的寿命较短,它们持续不断的更替有赖于多能干细胞的大量增殖。血细胞的产生受到复杂而严密的调控,保证健康状态的血细胞水平维持稳定,并在受到外伤或感染时能迅速变化。每个成年人每日大约更新１２００亿个粒细胞,若感染时,其产生数量最少增加十倍。 １９６６年, Ｂｒａｄｌｙ, Ｍｅｔａｃａｆｆ和Ｉｃｈｉｋａｗａ等建立了一种细胞培养系统,允许粒细胞和单核细胞的…     

Urinary bladder carcinoma producing granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF): A case report with immunohistochemistry

A rare case of urinary bladder carcinoma with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) production was reported. In an 83-year-old female, marked neutrophilia in the peripheral blood decreased from 132,500/mm³ to 3,300/mm³ after tumour resection. The tumour was a transitional cell carcinoma. The serum G-CSF level reduced from 238 pg/ml pre-operatively to normal (60 pg/ml) after the operation. Immunohistochemical investigation of the resected tumour with monoclonal antibody specific for G-CSF revealed positive staining in the carcinoma cells, confirming G-CSF secretion.     

Agranulocytosis induced by antithyroid therapy: effects of treatment with granulocyte colony stimulating factor

A 26-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with high fever, severe tonsillitis, and gastroenteritis. Because of Graves' disease she had been treated with methimazole for 18 months. Leukopenia and agranulocytosis in combination with a typical bone marrow, exhibiting a complete arrest of myelopoiesis at the stage of promyelocytes led to the diagnosis of an antithyroid therapy induced agranulocytosis. After 1 week of antibiotic treatment without changes in neutrophil counts, granulocyte colony stimulating factor treatment at a dose of 300 g/day subcutaneously was started. Twenty-four hours after the first administration the neutrophil counts began to rise, to 4389/l, with a maximum after the third administration and stabilizing at normal levels within 10 days. Since agranulocytosis is considered to be a severe and fatal complication of methimazole therapy, treatment with granulocyte colony stimulating factor seems to be useful for this life-threatening condition.Abbreviations ANC absolute neutrophil count - G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor - GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor     

白介素-1和粒细胞集落刺激因子对胎膜早破合并羊膜腔感染预测的意义

目的评价白介素-1(IL-1)和粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)在预测无症状胎膜早破合并羊膜腔感染中的作用。方法检测72例无症状胎膜早破患者(研究组)血清白介素-1和粒细胞集落刺激因子含量,并与同期72例正常妊娠(对照组)比较。结果研究组血清白介素-1和粒细胞集落刺激因子含量均高于对照组,差异有显著性(152.37±37.86 pg/ml vs 80.52±29.90 pg/ml,109.28±51.67 vs 80.51±23.39,P<0.05)。结论研究组血清白介素-1和粒细胞集落刺激因子含量均较对照组升高,白介素-1和粒细胞集落刺激因子可作为无症状胎膜早破合并羊膜腔感染的预测因子。     

Treatment with granulocyte colony stimulating factor is associated with improvement in endothelial function

Primary objective: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used for the mobilization of bone marrow and endothelial progenitor cells, though G-CSF-induced inflammation may cause endothelial dysfunction. We examined the effects of G-CSF on endothelium, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines namely interleukin 10 (IL-10).

Research design: We studied 60 women with breast cancer, who were randomized to either subcutaneous G-CSF (5 μg/kg), o.d. for 5 days after adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 40) or placebo (n = 20).

Experimental interventions: We measured flow-mediated dilatation (FMD%) of the brachial artery by ultrasonography, CRP, TNF-α, IL-10 and the ratio TNF-α/ IL-10 blood levels before, 2-h and 5-days after the G-CSF or placebo treatment.

Main outcomes and results: There was a greater increase of FMD, IL-10 and reduction of TNF-α/ IL-10, 2 h and 5 days after the G-CSF treatment compared to placebo. Although, CRP and TNF-α were higher, TNF-α/IL-10 was lower at the end of G-CSF treatment compared to placebo. Improvement of FMD was related to changes of IL-10 and TNF-α/IL-10.

Conclusions: Treatment with G-CSF improves endothelial function in vivo, possibly by shifting the balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.     

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury by down-modulating inflammatory responses in neonatal rats

Purpose

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been known to increase neutrophil production and have anti-inflammatory properties, but the effect of G-CSF on pulmonary system is in controversy. We investigated whether G-CSF treatment could attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung injury, and whether this protective effect is mediated by the down-modulation of inflammatory responses in a neonatal rat model.

Materials and Methods

Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats (Orient Co., Seoul, Korea) were subjected to 14 days of hyperoxia (90% oxygen) beginning within 10 h after birth. G-CSF (20 µg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally on the fourth, fifth, and sixth postnatal days.

Results

This treatment significantly improved hyperoxia-induced reduction in body weight gain and lung pathology such as increased mean linear intercept, mean alveolar volume, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling positive cells. Hyperoxia-induced activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, which is responsible for superoxide anion production, as evidenced by upregulation and membrane translocation of p67^phox was significantly attenuated after G-CSF treatment, as were inflammatory responses such as increased myeloperoxidase activity and mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-β. However, the attenuation of other proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 was not significant.

Conclusion

In sum, G-CSF treatment significantly attenuated hyperoxia-induced lung injury by down-modulating the inflammatory responses in neonatal rats.     

Effect of macrophage colony stimulating factor overexpression on oxidative injury/resistance of RAW264.7 cells

Oxidative injury to monocytes/macrophages is considered one of the key factors in atherogenesis. Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) also plays an important role in the stages of atherosclerosis. Some researchers showed that M-CSF accelerated pathological changes in the early stages of atherosclerosis. However, other reports suggested that exogenous M-CSF could prevent the progress of atherosclerosis. To further investigate the role of M-CSF in atherogenesis and to elucidate the effect of M-CSF on the oxidative injury to monocytes/macrophages, RAW264.7 cell lines overexpressing M-CSF were established by applying the lipofectin transfection method. The oxidative injurious effect of tert-butylhydroperoxide on the established cell lines was investigated. Two M-CSF-transfected RAW264.7 cell lines secreted large amounts of M-CSF. Compared with the non-transfected RAW264.7 cells, M-CSF-overexpressing RAW264.7 cells were more vulnerable to oxidative injury. We conclude that M-CSF could aggravate the oxidative injury due to macrophages in some situations. Received: 21 August 2002 / Accepted: 12 March 2003 Correspondence to Z.-J. Pang     

Ethnic differences in plasma levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Ethnic neutropenia is common in people of African descent. As interleukin-8 (IL-8) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) bind to receptors on neutrophils, ethnic differences in neutrophil counts are hypothesized to result in different plasma levels of these cytokines. A prospective study was conducted in 72 healthy young volunteers. Neutrophil counts were 60% higher in Caucasians (P<0.00001). Average IL-8 and G-CSF levels were about 50% and 70% higher in African volunteers compared with Caucasian volunteers (P=0.0008 and P=0.00005, respectively). Additionally, oxidative burst capacity in stimulated neutrophils was significantly lower in volunteers of African descent (P=0.03 between both groups). In sum, lower neutrophil counts are associated with higher levels of IL-8 and G-CSF in Africans.     

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) but not granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces plasma membrane expression of proteinase 3 (PR3) on neutrophils in vitro

The theoretical risk of triggering vasculitis resulting from administration of G-CSF and GM-CSF to patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV), such as Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), who develop agranulocytosis due to cytotoxic therapy, is unknown. Since there is strong evidence that activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) induced by binding of ANCA to PR3 or myeloperoxidase (MPO) expressed on their plasma membrane is involved in the pathogenesis of systemic vasculitides (SV), we studied the surface expression of PR3 and MPO on PMN from healthy donors in response to G-CSF and GM-CSF in vitro by flow cytometric analysis. Increasing doses of G-CSF did not alter PR3 expression on either untreated or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-primed donor PMN significantly. In contrast, GM-CSF significantly increased PR3 membrane expression on both intact PMN and neutrophils primed with TNF-alpha. MPO expression was not significantly altered by either G-CSF or GM-CSF. In summary, these data demonstrate that GM-CSF, but not G-CSF, induces plasma membrane expression of PR3 on PMN in vitro. Since in AAV accessibility of the antigen (PR3 or MPO) to the antibody (ANCA) on the plasma membrane of PMN is thought to be essential for neutrophil activation by ANCA, the results of the present study suggest that administration of GM-CSF to patients with WG with neutropenia implies a definite theoretical risk of deterioration of vasculitis via this mechanism.     

粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子治疗肺泡蛋白沉积症1例

收集1例肺泡蛋白沉积症(pulmonary alveolar proteinosis,PAP)患者临床资料并相关文献复习.患者因气短4个月,加重1个月入院,行纤维支气管镜活检.经过碘酸雪夫(Periodic acid-Schiff,PAS)染色阳性明确诊断为PAP,在经2次全肺灌洗治疗,病情反复后给予皮下注射粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子,病情得到改善,提示对特发性PAP患者皮下注射粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子是一种可行的治疗方法.     

Neutrophil apoptosis: impact of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor on cell survival and viability in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients

Introduction

Altered neutrophil apoptosis might be responsible for recurrent bacterial infections encountered in hemodialysis (HD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This work was designed to assess the neutrophil apoptotic activity and the impact of implementation of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as a survival factor, on neutrophil apoptosis among these patients.

Material and methods

Twenty-five patients on regular HD along with 34 CKD patients on conservative treatment, as well as 15 healthy controls, were investigated for apoptotic rate via assessment of neutrophil expression of Annexin-V by flow cytometry, before and after 20 h culture in absence and presence of GM-CSF. Neutrophil viability was determined using light microscopy. The preservation of neutrophil activation in these patients was analyzed by flow cytometric CD18 neutrophil expression. Chronic inflammatory state was evaluated by estimating C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1). Obtained data were statistically analyzed.

Results

Compared to controls, both HD and CKD groups had a significant increase of Annexin-V and CD18 expression and significant decrease in neutrophil viability. Culture of their neutrophils with GM-CSF showed significant decrease of apoptosis accompanied by improvement of neutrophil viability compared to their cultured cells without GM-CSF. These patients also showed significant elevation of CRP and sICAM-1.

Conclusions

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor demonstrated an evident impact on improving in vitro neutrophil survival and viability in HD and CKD patients. Therefore, this may represent promising preventive and/or therapeutic strategies against infection frequently observed in these patients and causing morbidity and mortality.     

Granulocyte colony stimulation factor (G-CSF) suppresses interleukin (IL)-12 and/or IL-2 induced interferon (IFN)-gamma production and cytotoxicity of decidual mononuclear cells

PROBLEM: The placenta is one of the few non-hematopoietic tissues to express granulocyte colony stimulation factor (G-CSF). Placental G-CSF production is considered to be one of the major causes of granulocytosis during pregnancy although its physiological role in pregnancy has not yet been examined. METHOD OF STUDY: The effects of G-CSF on interleukin (IL)-2 and/or IL-12 induced interferon (IFN)-gamma production of magnetic cell sorting (MACS) sorted decidual lymphocytes was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming cell assay (ELISPOT). The effect of G-CSF on cytotoxicity of decidual lymphocytes against the choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 was examined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. RESULTS: As previously reported by us, IL-2 and/or IL-12 activated decidual mononuclear cells were capable of killing choriocarcinoma cells. We observed that G-CSF abolished IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity of decidual mononuclear cells and MACS sorted CD56+ cells. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to its well-known trophic effects on hematopoiesis, our results suggest about new roles of G-CSF in reproductive immunology.     

Dexamethasone enhances macrophage colony stimulating factor- and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor-stimulated proliferation of bone marrow-derived macrophages

Glucocorticoids are effective repressors of the immune system. We have examined the effect of glucocorticoids on the proliferation of murine macrophages. Dexamethasone by itself did not affect proliferation of differentiated or undifferentiated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) and elicited peritoneal macrophages. However, dexamethasone enhanced the proliferation induced by macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) of these cells. The effect of dexamethasone was not restricted to M-CSF-dependent proliferation. Similarly, dexamethasone enhanced granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)- dependent proliferation of BMM. In agreement, macrophages transfected with the glucocorticoid receptor showed an enhancement of M-CSF- dependent proliferation. The enhancement of proliferation by dexamethasone or the glucocorticoid receptor was abolished by RU 486, an antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor. Moreover, the addition of antibodies against M-CSF inhibits the effect of dexamethasone, suggesting that dexamethasone increases the autocrine production of M- CSF. This only occurs when M-CSF or GM-CSF, which induce M-CSF, are present in the media. In tissues, dexamethasone may enhance macrophage proliferation and contribute to the resolution of the inflammatory states.      

粒细胞集落刺激因子在非小细胞肺癌组织中的表达及其临床病理意义

目的 观察粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中的表达并探讨其临床病理意义.方法 收集解放军总医院2001 - 2010年伴有大量粒细胞浸润的NSCLC 53例,同时选用无粒细胞浸润的NSCLC 61例作对照,共114例.观察癌组织中粒细胞浸润情况,同时用免疫组织化学(EnVision法)检测癌组织中G-CSF的表达情况.对G-CSF表达情况及其与NSCLC临床病理特征的关系进行统计学分析,并随访全部患者,分析G-CSF表达对预后的影响.结果 114例NSCLC中55例癌细胞表达G-CSF.其中大细胞癌41例(41/54,75.9％),腺癌9例(9/30,30.0％),鳞状细胞癌5例(5/30,16.7％).G-CSF表达与癌组织中粒细胞浸润、组织学类型、坏死、肿瘤分级、局部淋巴结转移和远处转移、复发密切相关(P＜0.01),而与原发肿瘤大小无密切关联(P＞0.05);表达阳性者发生坏死、淋巴结转移、远处转移复发的相对危险度分别是阴性者的5.57、6.28和5.24倍(P＜0.05).阳性者与阴性者中位生存期分别为42和62个月,5年生存率分别为0和12.1％,生存期间的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 部分NSCLC能产生G-CSF,且以大细胞癌最常见.产生G-CSF的NSCLC组织分化差,异型性明显,恶性度高;易发生广泛坏死,常伴有粒细胞浸润;易发生淋巴结转移、远处转移和复发;生存率低,预后差.     

Relationship of granulocyte colony stimulating factor with other acute phase reactants in man

The non-specific acute phase response in mice is associated with increased resistance to bacterial infection, which is critically mediated by granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), but the behaviour of G-CSF in the human acute phase response is not known. Cardiothoracic surgery is a powerful acute phase stimulus and we show here that this procedure caused increased production of G-CSF, in addition to increases in the circulating concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and the acute phase plasma proteins C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA). Values of G-CSF correlated positively with IL-6 concentrations and circulating neutrophil counts, but not with CRP values. These results confirm that G-CSF is a physiological component of the acute phase response in humans that shares some of the same regulatory controls as IL-6, but its downstream effects are on neutrophils, not hepatic acute phase protein synthesis. Our observations are compatible with a protective role against bacterial infection for G-CSF in the human acute phase response, and support investigation of the prophylactic use of G-CSF in at-risk patients.     

Haematological response of dogs to canine recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rcG-CSF)

Three beagle dogs were given 5 g canine recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rcG-CSF)/kg/day for 42 days. One day after the first dose the neutrophil count exceeded the pretreatment counts by 3- to 4-fold. A steady and rapid increase occurred during days 1 to 12. In two of the dogs the counts continued to increase, but at a slower rate, from day 14 to 28. The neutrophil count in the third dog decreased steadily from day 14 to 28, although the count remained above those of the presample period and exceeded the reference range for dogs established at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis. After day 28 that dog had a rapid increase in neutrophil count that reached similar numbers to the other two dogs at 34 days. At no time was a significant left shift found, although an occasional band neutrophil was observed. In addition, a moderate increase in lymphocyte and monocyte counts were found. The degree of these increases was much less than that of the neutrophils. The leukocyte counts decreased rapidly after the last dose, and 10 days later the counts were similar to those of the pretrial period.Concomitant with the marked neutrophilia, bone marrows showed myeloid hyperplasia. The myeloid: erythroid ratios increased from 1.03–1.65 to 2.77–7.03, and the marrow cellularity increased from approximately 30%–50% to about 85%–100%. Clinical evaluation and serum chemistry panels revealed no adverse affects. We conclude that rcG-CSF effectively sustains an increased neutrophil count without producing significant adverse effects.     

Effects of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) on anti-fungal activity of mononuclear phagocytes against Trichosporon asahii

Trichosporon asahii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Little is known about the mechanisms of host defence against T. asahii. We investigated the fungicidal activity of human peripheral blood monocytes and murine peritoneal macrophages against T. asahii isolates, and the effects of M-CSF on the anti-fungal activity of mononuclear phagocytes. We also established a neutropenic mouse model of disseminated trichosporonosis with T. asahii. M-CSF enhanced the phagocytic fungicidal activity of mononuclear cells, and infected mice treated with human M-CSF at 10 x 106 U/kg showed a significant improvement in survival rate, with fewer fungal colony counts in the lung compared with control mice. Mice treated with human M-CSF showed higher concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the lung and plasma compared with control mice. The survival rate was significantly reduced in mice treated with anti-mouse TNF-alpha. Our results showed that M-CSF enhanced the fungicidal activity of mononuclear phagocytes partly by production of TNF-alpha, and suggest that the administration of M-CSF to patients with disseminated trichosporonosis may be a useful adjunct to conventional anti-microbial therapy and prophylaxis.     

Lung squamous cell carcinoma producing both parathyroid hormone-related peptide and granulocyte colony stimulating factor

An autopsy case of a 61 year old male with primary squamous call carcinoma of the lung with associated marked leukocytosls and hypercalcemla Is reported. High levels of serum parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) were detected. The tumor cells distinctly showed positive cytoplasmic knmunoreactions with anti-PTHrP and anti-GCSF antibodies. Marked granulocytosls and thin bony trabeculae lacking osteoblasts were observed in the vertebral bone. Calcium deposits were found In the proximal tubules of the kidneys. Infarcts were seen as a result of fibrin thrombosis of the splenic artery. The tumor was successfully transplanted into nude mice in which the high levels of serum PTHrP and GCSF were reproduced. These results indicate that the tumor simultaneously produced both PTHrP and GCSF causing the paraneoplastic syndromes of hypercalcemia and ieukocytosis.