Intracranial tuberculoma in children: a new look at an old problem

Intracranial tuberculoma has become a rare cause of space-occupying intracranial lesions in childhood, but it must still be considered in the differential diagnosis. Tuberculosis remains a significant disease in developing countries and in the United States, and tuberculoma is a well known presentation of childhood tuberculosis. This diagnosis must be considered especially in persons traveling or living in developing countries and in immigrants from third-world areas. We report three cases of tuberculoma in children seen during one year at our institutions to illustrate the need for continued suspicion. We summarize the clinical presentation and current treatment recommendations and review the available literature.     

Tuberculosis diagnosed by PCR analysis of synovial fluid

Tuberculosis is a leading cause of mortality due to an infectious agent worldwide. It often affects multiple organs by hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but knee-joint involvement is extremely rare, comprising approximately 0.1% of all forms of tuberculosis. We present a case of tuberculous pleuritis with knee-joint involvement. Cytological and biochemical analysis of the pleural fluid and a biopsy specimen of the cervical lymph node indicated tuberculosis, but a definitive diagnosis was not given. A confirmed diagnosis was finally obtained through PCR analysis of the synovial fluid. Tuberculosis should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with persistent pain and swelling of the knee. PCR analysis of the synovial fluid is a quick and useful method for the diagnosis.     

原发性食管结核误诊为食管癌1例分析并文献复习

目的：探讨食管结核诊断和治疗的临床特点。方法：报告1例食管结核并复习相关文献。结果：报告1例食管结核，男性，48岁，表现为吞咽困难和胸骨后疼痛，初步诊断为食管癌，行外科手术治疗。病变组织和淋巴结病检显示上皮细胞和郎格汉氏细胞增生，伴有干酪样坏死，无恶变。术后给予抗结核治疗，病愈，无并发症，随访6个月无复发。结论：临床医生应充分认识这一疾病的特点，并在食管病变中认真加以鉴别。     

Primary bone anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUNDPrimary bone lymphoma (PBL) is an uncommon extranodal disease that represents approximately 1%-3% of lymphomas. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an extremely rare type of PBL. The aim of this report is describe the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of primary bone ALK-positive ALCL.CASE SUMMARYA 66-year-old man presented to our hospital with neck and shoulder pain and intermittent fever that lasted for 1 mo. After extensive evaluation, positron emission tomography-computed tomography (CT) examination showed multiple osteolytic bone lesions without other sites lesions. CT-guided biopsy of the T10 vertebral body was performed, and the pathology results showed that neoplastic cells were positive for ALK-1, CD30, and CD3. A diagnosis of primary bone ALK positive ALCL was ultimately made. The patient was in partial response after four cycle soft cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy, and we planned to repeat the biopsy and radiological examination after completion of the fifth cycle of therapy.CONCLUSIONPrimary bone ALK positive ALCL is a rare disease and physicians should keep in mind that ALCL can present with isolated osseous involvement without nodal involvement, and lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of primary bone lesions.     

Craniovertebral junction tuberculosis: a case report and review of the literature

Craniovertebral junction tuberculosis (CVJ TB) is a rare disease, potentially causing significant neurological deficits and even death. We report on a 80-year-old woman presenting with CVJ TB without pulmonary involvement. The diagnosis was made by biopsy of the cervical lymph node showing granulomatous caseation necrosis. Despite extensive erosion of the clivus, C1, and C2, and spinal cord compression, the patient was effectively managed with antituberculous drug therapy and conservative neck stabilization. Neck pain resulting from cervical spondylosis is common in elderly people. However, even if there is no obvious pulmonary involvement, CVJ TB should be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially in patients with painful neck stiffness. The most useful method available for evaluating this region is a combination of CT scan and MRI study. CVJ TB can be managed conservatively, except for a selected few cases, regardless of the extent of bony destruction.     

Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma(nasal type) presenting as a perianal abscess: A case report

BACKGROUND Extranodal natural killer(NK) T-cell lymphoma(ENKTL), nasal type is a rare subtype of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by vascular damage and necrosis. The lesions usually present in the nasal cavity and adjacent tissues, however, the disease originates from the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract in 25% of cases. Since rectal involvement in ENKTL is rare, rectal symptoms in the course of ENKTL are often misdiagnosed and considered to be related to benign diseases such as rectal fistula or perianal abscess.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 24-year-old Han Chinese female who initially presented with a perianal abscess that was subsequently diagnosed as nasal type ENKTL.Due to typical perianal pain, perianal abscess was diagnosed and surgical incision and drainage were performed. After recurrent, severe anal hemorrhages leading to hypovolemic shock and multiple surgeries, a diagnosis of ENKTL was made. The patient's condition gradually deteriorated, and she died shortly after initiation of chemotherapy.CONCLUSION Systemic and neoplastic diseases should be included in the differential diagnosis of any potentially benign perianal abscess complicated with recurrent hemorrhages.     

Analysis of colonoscopic findings in the differential diagnosis between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease are chronic inflammatory bowel disorders that are difficult to differentiate from one another. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of various colonoscopic findings in the differential diagnosis between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Colonoscopic findings on initial work-up were prospectively recorded in patients with an initial diagnosis of either intestinal tuberculosis or Crohn's disease. These findings were analyzed after a final diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis (n = 44) or Crohn's disease (n = 44) had been made after follow-up. RESULTS: Four parameters (anorectal lesions, longitudinal ulcers, aphthous ulcers, and cobblestone appearance) were significantly more common in patients with Crohn's disease than in patients with intestinal tuberculosis. Four other parameters (involvement of fewer than four segments, a patulous ileocecal valve, transverse ulcers, and scars or pseudopolyps) were observed more frequently in patients with intestinal tuberculosis than in patients with Crohn's disease. We hypothesized that a diagnosis of Crohn's disease could be made when the number of parameters characteristic of Crohn's disease was higher than the number of parameters characteristic of intestinal tuberculosis, and vice versa. Making these assumptions, we calculated that the diagnosis of either intestinal tuberculosis or Crohn's disease would have been made made correctly in 77 of our 88 patients (87.5 %), incorrectly in seven patients (8.0 %), and would not have been made in four patients (4.5 %). CONCLUSIONS: A systematic analysis of colonoscopic findings is very useful in the differential diagnosis between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease.     

结外Rosai-Dorfman病3例临床病理分析

目的探讨原发性淋巴结外Rosai-Dorfman病的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法分析3例结外Rosai-Dorfman病的临床特点,并行HE和免疫组化染色观察。结果3例中男性2例,女性1例,年龄13~63岁,均为多发性,病变位于中枢神经系统、涎腺及皮肤。光镜下增生的组织细胞与浸润的淋巴细胞、浆细胞形成浅、深相间的结构特点,特征性的组织细胞体积巨大、胞质丰富,内见形态完整的淋巴细胞、浆细胞及中性粒细胞等,组织细胞表达S-100、CD68和Mac387。结论结外Rosai-Dorfman病是一种少见的组织细胞增生性病变,有特定的病理学特征,系统累及可能性较小,预后较好。组织学上应与Langerhans细胞组织细胞增生症、慢性炎症等病变鉴别。     

Endobronchial tuberculosis manifested as obstructive airway disease in a 4-month-old infant

Tuberculosis is becoming a more prominent pediatric disease, but there are few recent reports of endobronchial involvement. We have presented the case of a 4-month-old infant with symptomatic obstructive airway disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Endobronchial tuberculosis usually follows 2 to 3 months of antituberculous therapy. This case is especially unusual because the endobronchial disease developed before diagnosis or therapy. Endobronchial tuberculosis should be considered in any patient with symptoms or roentgenographic findings of obstructive airway disease. Bronchoscopy is the best technique for diagnosis and follow-up of endobronchial tuberculosis.     

Pulmonary amyloidosis mimicking prostate cancer metastasis

Localized nodular pulmonary amyloidosis is rare. However, the disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple lung nodules.     

脊柱结核的CT、MRI影像学特征（附34例分析）

目的探讨脊柱结核的CT、MRI影像学特征。方法回顾性分析经临床或病理证实的34例脊柱结核病人资料，CT20例，MRI24例，其中10例病人进行了MRI、CT两项影像学检查，结果相互比较。结果脊柱结核CT表现为骨质破坏、椎旁脓肿形成、椎管受累等；MRI表现为骨质破坏、椎间盘破坏、椎旁脓肿形成、椎管受累、韧带下播散等。结论脊柱结核病变具有多样性，CT和MRI影像学各有特征，CT在显示死骨、钙化等方面具有优势，而MRI在显示韧带下播散，硬膜及脊髓侵犯等方面具有优势，两者综合分析有助于脊柱结核的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

以进食梗阻为主要症状的后纵膈淋巴结结核1例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨后纵膈淋巴结结核并食管受累的临床特点和诊治方法,减少临床误诊误治.方法 报告1例以进食梗阻为首发症状的单发于后纵膈食管旁淋巴结结核病例,复习文献资料,总结诊治经验,探讨其临床特点和诊治方法.结果 后纵膈淋巴结结核累及食管临床罕见.在进行了包括CT增强、食道造影、腔内超声(EUS)以及结核相关检查等在内全面辅助检查后,仍不能明确纵膈肿块起源和病变性质.最后结合CT影像特点和PPD试验结果进行试验性抗痨治疗后确立诊断.结论 以食管压迫为主要症状的后纵膈淋巴结结核十分为罕见,在临床上极易误诊、误治.提高认识、综合分析和评价检查结果,是做出正确诊断和治疗的关键.     

Primary tuberculous liver abscess: a case report and review of the literature

A 48-year-old diabetic man was admitted to our hospital with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, weight loss, night sweats, fatigue, and anorexia. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen revealed multiple hemangiomas and a hypodense mass lesion in the posterior segment of the right hepatic lobe. Histopathologic examination of the specimens obtained by ultrasonography-guided percutaneous needle biopsy revealed caseating granulomas with epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells. Systemic antituberculous therapy led to improvement of the lesion in the liver without necessitating surgery or percutaneous drainage. Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic mass lesions, especially in the presence of immune-compromised states. Ruling out tuberculosis may avoid delay in initiation of specific therapy in some cases. A greater awareness of this rare clinical entity may prevent needless surgical interventions.     

Multifocal skeletal tuberculosis

Multifocal skeletal tuberculosis is defined as osteoarticular lesions that occur simultaneously at two or more locations. We present radiologic findings in two cases of multifocal osteoarticular tuberculosis. Differential diagnoses of such lesions, based on different radiologic modalities, can include metastatic disease, eosinophilic granuloma, or lymphoma. Since tuberculosis can be present in multiple sites, especially in patients from areas where tuberculosis is endemic, it is essential to avoid a delay in diagnosis.     

Surgical treatment of gastric outlet obstruction due to gastroduodenal tuberculosis

Gastroduodenal tuberculosis is a very rare location of abdominal tuberculosis; it is usually secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis and is often associated with HIV infection. We report a case of a 45-year-old woman with no HIV infection and no evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, with a history of duodenal ulcer treated for several months, who presented at the emergency department with severe gastric outlet obstruction of recent onset caused by ulcerohypertrophic antroduodenal tuberculosis. The lesion was misdiagnosed at endoscopy as a malignancy, although histological examination of biopsies showed only chronic inflammation. The diagnosis was established at surgery, when a frozen section of an enlarged lymph node showed the presence of giant cells and caseating granuloma. The treatment was gastric resection with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal anastomosis. In this patient the rare gastroduodenal location of tuberculosis occurred as primary disease in the absence of other organ involvement.     

胰腺结核误诊为胰腺囊腺癌1例分析并文献复习

目的：通过报道1例胰腺结核,结合文献复习,总结胰腺结核的临床特点,以提高胰腺结核的认识和诊断水平。方法：分析1例胰腺结核患者的临床资料、诊断过程并复习文献。结果：胰腺结核非常罕见,多数情况下被误诊为胰腺占位性病变,有少数患者可以在术前通过经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ER-CP）或超声内镜引导下细针穿刺（ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology,FNAC）获得确诊,但绝大部分患者通常是在开腹手术时通过组织活检获得确诊。结论：胰腺结核是一种罕见疾病,对于年轻的梗阻性黄疸患者应高度怀疑胰腺结核的可能,必要时可以术前行B超引导下包块穿刺活检或术中冰冻活检获得明确诊断。     

Degos病误诊2例分析并文献复习

目的:探讨Degos病的病因、发病机制、治疗,分析误诊的原因。方法:报告2例Degos病,分析其临床和病理特点。结果:临床上皮肤病变合并系统损害的患者要考虑Degos病。结论:提高对本病的认识可减少误诊。     

Kikuchi淋巴结炎60例病理形态变化规律及鉴别诊断

目的　探讨Kikuchi淋巴结炎病理形态变化规律及与非霍奇金淋巴瘤 (包括NK T细胞淋巴瘤 )、不典型分枝杆菌结核、猫抓病鉴别的诊断。方法　应用组织病理学、免疫组化、结核杆菌DNA、巢式聚合酶链反应 (N PCR)技术观察 6 0例Kikuchi淋巴结炎活检标本的病理形态学特征。结果　Kikuchi淋巴结炎 95 %的病例同时可见增生(PT)、坏死 (NT)及黄色瘤 (XT) 3型改变 ,其中PT为主占 5 6 % ,NT占 39% ,XT占 5 % ;受损区域可见到组织细胞、巨噬细胞、浆样单核细胞、免疫母细胞、小淋巴细胞 5种类型细胞 ;组织细胞每例可见 ,常共同表达CD6 8、MAC387及髓过氧化物酶 (MPO) 3种抗原 ;PT期抗体Ki 6 7强 ( ) ,NT灶内细胞FAS( ) ;PCR检测发现 10 6 0 (16 7% )结核杆菌阳性 ,在 10例阳性中仅有 6例抗BCG(antimycobacteriumbovis) ( )。结论　Kikuchi淋巴结炎病变特征复杂 ,以组织细胞为主体的多细胞组成 ,以凋亡坏死为主 ,存在PT→NT→XT病变发展规律 ;针对组织细胞进行免疫酶标及巨噬细胞结核杆菌DNA检测有助于诊断及鉴别诊断     

Sternal tuberculosis presenting as multiple cutaneous sinuses

Isolated involvement of the sternum with tuberculosis is rare. Only a few cases of sternal tuberculosis have been reported in literature. Tubercular sternal osteomyelitis presenting as multiple cutaneous sinuses over the anterior chest wall is extremely rare. We present a patient with sternal tuberculosis presenting as multiple cutaneous sinuses over the anterior chest wall. Standard antitubercular chemotherapy resulted in complete recovery.     

近年喉结核的临床病理特征

目的探讨近年喉结核的临床病理特征。方法回顾性分析48例喉结核患者的临床病理资料。结果患者以男性多见,男女之比为2.2∶1,中位年龄46.5岁。患者均因喉部症状就诊,声嘶为最常见症状,肺部症状及全身症状少。发病部位以声带最常见(64.6%),其次是会厌(31.3%)和室带(25.0%)。肉眼病变以肥厚性或外生性为主,溃疡性病变多发生在会厌和杓区。组织学病变以增生为主型多见(87.5%),坏死为主型及混合型少见。多数标本含菌量较少,菌体多分布于肉芽肿的类上皮细胞及多核巨细胞的胞质内。结论近年喉结核临床表现多不典型,其感染途径可能已发生改变。临床医师对非特异性喉部病变进行诊断时应考虑到喉结核的可能性,显微镜下应注意该病与喉部其他肉芽肿性疾病的鉴别。