HPLC法测定VE霜的含量

目的用HPLC法测定VE霜的含量.方法将VE霜制成供试品溶液,经C18色谱柱,以甲醇为流动相,用紫外检测器在285nm处检测.结果 VE可与霜剂基质中的成分很好地分离,VE的线性范围为0.2～1.0mg/ml,平均回收率为98.82%,RSD为1.92%.结论所建立的方法准确、可靠,适用于VE霜的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定VE霜的含量

目的：用HPLC法测定VE霜的含量。方法：将VE霜制成供试品溶液，经C18色谱柱，以甲醇为流动相，用紫外检测器在285nm处检测。结果：VE可与霜剂基质中的成分很好地分离，VE的线性范围为0.2-1.0mg/ml，平均回收率为98.82％，RSD为1.92％。结论：所建立的方法准确、可靠，适用于VE霜的含量测定。     

合霜的制备及临床应用

目的:研究合霜的制备方法及质量标准,并观察其临床疗效.方法:采用紫外分光光度法测定合霜中氯霉素的含量.用合霜治疗850例患者,并进行临床观察.结果:氯霉素的平均回收率为99.42%,RSD=0.60%,临床总有效率为99.4%.结论:合霜处方合理、制备工艺简单、质量控制方法可靠、临床疗效确切.     

高剪切技术工艺参数对维生素E颗粒形成的影响

目的研究高剪切制粒技术在油性药物维生素(vitam in E,VE)制粒过程中的主要影响因素。方法以颗粒粒径、分布及各粒径范围内VE含量分布的相对标准偏差(RSD/%)为指标,对高剪切制粒中黏合剂用量,搅拌桨转速及捏合时间的3因素2水平进行完全析因设计实验。结果3个因素均为影响制备VE颗粒过程和最终产品质量的关键性参数,而且搅拌桨转速和捏合时间之间对VE的含量均匀度有非常显著的交互作用。结论控制高剪切制粒过程的技术参数,可以改善油性药物(VE)颗粒的含量均匀度。     

三阶导数法测定派瑞松霜中硝酸益康唑的含量

目的 　建立派瑞松霜中硝酸益康唑的含量测定方法。 方法 　采用三阶导数光谱法于 2 3 1nm,2 3 7nm等波长处测定派瑞松的含量。结果　派瑞松霜中硝酸益康唑的线性范围为 2～ 2 3 μg·m L- 1 ( r=0 .9999,n=5 ) ,平均回收率 99.0 2 % ( RSD=0 .47% ,n=6)。结论 　本方法简便、准确、快速 ,可用于产品质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方氢醌霜中氢醌的含量

目的 :建立测定复方氢醌霜中氢醌含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法 :采用KromasilC18 柱 ,以甲醇 -水 (30∶70)为流动相 ,检测波长293nm。结果 :在2 5～60μg/ml范围内 ,氢醌的峰面积与浓度呈现良好线性关系 ;方法平均回收率为99 9 % ,RSD=0 73 %。结论 :本方法可用于测定复方氢醌霜中氢醌的含量。     

积雪苷霜软膏质量标准研究

目的:建立积雪苷霜软膏的质量控制方法。方法:用TLC法鉴别制剂中的羟基积雪草苷、积雪草苷,用HPLC法测定制剂中积雪草苷的含量。结果:鉴别方法专属性强,含量测定方法积雪草苷的平均回收率为97.97%,RSD为1.1%。结论:所建方法为制剂质量标准的制订提供了实验依据。     

氯霉素锌霜的制备与质量控制

目的介绍氯霉素锌霜的制备及质量控制标准和稳定性。方法用乳化法制备氯霉素锌霜,采用紫外分光光度法在（278±1）nm波长处测定氯霉素含量,用络合滴定法测定氧化锌的含量。结果氯霉素锌霜中氯霉素的平均含量为98．69％;氧化锌的平均含量为99．03％。结论该制剂制备工艺合理,含量测定方法简便,制剂质量稳定,值得医院推广使用。     

0.25%盐酸阿莫罗芬霜治疗体股癣和足癣随机单盲对照多中心临床试验

目的评价0.25%盐酸阿莫罗芬霜治疗体股癣和足癣的临床疗效及安全性。方法用随机单盲阳性药对照平行分组多中心临床试验,以1%联苯苄唑霜作对照,每天外用0.25%盐酸阿莫罗芬霜1次,疗程体股癣2周,足癣4周;停药后随访2周。结果在停药后2周,0.25%盐酸阿莫罗芬霜治疗体股癣和足癣的综合疗效、临床疗效、真菌学疗效和安全性评价与1%联苯苄唑霜比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论0.25%盐酸阿莫罗芬霜治疗体股癣和足癣安全、有效。     

紫外分光光度法测定酞霜中水杨酸苯酯的含量

目的：建立测定钛霜中水杨酸苯酯含量的方法。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定水杨酸苯酯的含量。结果测定的线性范围为5～30μg/ml（R=0.9999）;方法的平均回收率为101.04%,RSD=0.51%。结论紫外分光光度法用于测定钛霜中水杨酸苯酯的含量,方法可靠,简便易行。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.