Synovial chondromatosis of the acromioclavicular joint

A 53-year-old woman presented with swelling of 3 years duration on the right anterior chest wall. A radiograph showed coarse calcifications around the subclavicular region and erosion of the ipsilateral acromioclavicular joint. Computed tomography also showed calcifications in soft tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumor around the clavicle extending to the anterior aspect of chest wall, which had low signal intensity on T1-weighted imaging and high signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging. The histologic findings were of a hyaline cartilage-like mass consisting of mature chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix. The histologic diagnosis of synovial chondromatosis was made. The present case is unusual in respect of the location and size of the tumor.     

Prevalence of concomitant intraarticular lesions in patients treated operatively for high-grade acromioclavicular joint separations

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of concomitant intraarticular lesions to the glenohumeral joint or to surrounding soft tissue structures with non-randomized prospective case series. High-grade acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocations result from direct or indirect force impact to the shoulder girdle. Fourty consecutive patients (2 female, 38 male) with high-grade acromioclavicular joint dislocations (Rockwood III: n = 3; IV: n = 3; V: n = 34) who underwent diagnostic arthroscopy at the time of acromioclavicular joint repair were evaluated. Associated pathologic lesions were documented and treated by an all-arthroscopic approach. As a result, traumatic intraarticular lesions were found in 15% (n = 6/40) of cases. Two patients had an isolated partial tear of the subscapularis tendon. One patient had a combined tear of the subscapularis and supraspinatus tendon (PASTA type lesion). Two patients showed a type II SLAP-lesion and one patient had a type VI SLAP-lesion. Arthroscopic treatment included rotator cuff reconstruction in two cases and debridement of the partially torn tendon in one case. Two patients underwent an arthroscopic SLAP-repair and in one patient a debridement of a labral flap tear was performed. Acromioclavicular joint reconstruction was achieved via an open technique using suture anchors in 14 cases and via an all-arthroscopic approach using a double Tight-rope technique in 26 cases. To conclude, in number of cases, high-grade AC-separations may be associated with traumatic concomitant glenohumeral pathologies resulting from the same trauma impact to the shoulder girdle. A combined or an all-arthroscopic approach allows to accurately diagnose and treat associated intraarticular pathologies.     

The acromioclavicular joint: normal variation and the diagnosis of dislocation

Acromioclavicular separation is a common traumatic injury. Diagnosis rests on clinical and radiographic findings. However, normal variation in the alignment of the acromioclavicular joint may make the roentgen diagnosis more difficult. We stress the variations of normal alignment at the acromioclavicular joint and offer suggestions for avoiding pitfalls in this clinical situation.     

Radiological evaluation of the acromioclavicular joint

X-ray measurement of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint may cause difficulties because of different projections and the lack of a reproducible measurement. In order to find the ideal measurement to estimate the state of the AC joint, 28 healthy adult volunteers were X-rayed. The least vulnerable measurement for errors in projection was the distance between the coracoid process and the upper part of the clavicle. The effect of stress was evaluated; the range of normal AC joint laxity was determined as 3 mm.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位的短期疗效观察

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板(Clavicular Hook Plate,CHP)治疗肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法 2005年6月～2008年12月,应用CHP治疗69例TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位患者。结果术后69例患者获得随访,随访时间平均18个月。按肩锁关节脱位评分系统,优56例,良12例,差1例,优良率98.5%。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位,符合生物力学要求,操作简单,关节功能恢复快。     

Angled oblique sagittal MR imaging of rotator cuff tears: comparison with standard oblique sagittal images

Objective. To compare the accuracy for diagnosing rotator cuff tears of oblique coronal images supplemented with standard oblique sagittal images versus thinner-section angled oblique sagittal images. Design and patients. The study included 75 consecutive patients who had a shoulder MR scan followed by arthroscopy. MR images included oblique coronal, oblique sagittal (4 mm thick, 1 mm interslice gap), and angled oblique sagittal (3 mm/0.2 mm) images perpendicular to the lateral cuff. A musculoskeletal staff radiologist and fellow separately evaluated the cuff for tears on the oblique coronal images supplemented with either the oblique sagittal or the angled sagittal images. Results. For distinguishing a cuff tear from no tear, the staff radiologist had an accuracy of 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.67, 0.85) with the standard sagittal set, and 0.88 (0.80, 0.95) with the angled set (P=0.04). There was a nonsignificant improvement in accuracy for the fellow, calculated as 0.73 (0.63, 0.83) on the standard sagittal set and 0.76 (0.67, 0.85) on the angled set. Both readers also improved their diagnostic accuracy for partial-thickness tears with the angled set, although the improvement was statistically significant only for the staff radiologist. Conclusion. There is a slight improvement in accuracy for diagnosing rotator cuff tears, particularly partial-thickness tears, for the more experienced radiologist using thinner-section angled oblique sagittal images. These images may be useful as a supplemental sequence in patients where it is important to identify partial-thickness tears accurately. Received: 7 August 2000 Revision requested: 13 October 2000 Revision received: 27 November 2000 Accepted: 12 December 2000     

Synovial recesses of the knee: MR imaging review of anatomical and pathological features

The knee joint is a complex anatomical structure playing host to a wide variety of pathological processes. Knowledge of the anatomy of the synovial recesses and plicae relating to the knee is important, as the appearance of pathology in these unusual locations may, even for commonly encountered conditions, lead to diagnostic uncertainty. This review article discusses the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomy of the knee joint with an emphasis on the synovial recesses and plicae. The MRI appearance of a variety of synovial and osteochondral diseases that may involve these sites is illustrated.     

肩关节肱二头肌肌腱损伤的MRI表现

目的:探讨MRI对肩关节肱二头肌长头肌腱损伤的诊断价值。方法:收集2006年1月～2010年8月共12例肩关节肱二头肌长头肌腱损伤的病例资料,回顾性分析患者的肩关节MR扫描图像,所有病例均经肩关节手术证实。结果:①12例肱二头肌长头肌腱断裂,其中部分撕裂4例,表现为肱二头肌长头腱增粗,T2W上可见局部高信号影,肌腱连续性存在;完全撕裂8例,表现为横断面上,结节间沟内未见肱二头肌长头腱显示,斜冠状面可见撕裂肌腱近端或远端呈波浪状。肱二头肌长头肌腱半脱位1例,表现为横断面上,肱二头肌长头肌腱向内侧移位,位于肱骨小结节前方;脱位2例,表现为横断面示空置的结节间沟,肱二头肌长头腱向内侧移位、位于肩胛下肌腱前方;②肱二头肌长头腱损伤伴随腱鞘积液2例,表现为横断面上肌腱被液性高信号影所环绕;伴随肩关节腔内积液12例;③12例肱骨结节间沟宽度≥8mm;深度<3mm、结节间沟变浅3例;3例内壁角<30°;④合并肩袖损伤7例,其中冈上肌腱撕裂5例,冈下肌腱撕裂1例,肩胛下肌肌腱撕裂1例;合并喙肱韧带损伤11例。出现肩峰撞击综合征10例。结论:MRI能够准确的诊断肩关节肱二头肌长头肌腱损伤,从而有助于临床手术方案的制定。     

Dynamic MR imaging and stress testing in glenohumeral instability: comparison with normal shoulders and clinical/surgical findings

Our objectives were to test the hypotheses that: 1) during shoulder motion, glenohumeral alignment differs between asymptomatic shoulders and those with symptomatic instability; 2) during magnetic resonance (MR)-monitored physical exam or stress testing, glenohumeral alignment differs between asymptomatic shoulders and those with instability; and 3) glenohumeral translation during MR stress testing correlates with findings of shoulder instability by clinical exam and exam under anesthesia (EUA). Using an open-configuration 0.5 T MR imaging (MRI) system, we studied symptomatic shoulders in 11 subjects and compared them to their contralateral asymptomatic shoulders. Each shoulder was studied during abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation to determine the humeral head position on the glenoid. An examiner also performed the MR stress test on each shoulder by applying manual force on the humeral head during imaging. All shoulders were assigned an instability grade from the MR stress test, and this grade was correlated with: 1) clinical exam grade assigned during preoperative assessment by an orthopedic surgeon and 2) intraoperative instability grade by EUA immediately preceding arthroscopy. With dynamic abduction and internal/external rotation, the humeral head remained centered on the glenoid in 9 of 11 shoulders, but in two subjects there were dramatic demonstrations of subluxation. With stress testing, a trend toward more joint laxity was demonstrated in symptomatic than in asymptomatic joints (P = 0.11). MR grading of instability correlated directly with clinical grading in six cases and underestimated the degree of instability relative to clinical exam in the other cases. MR instability grading systematically underestimated instability compared with EUA in 7 of the 10 cases that underwent surgical repair. We concluded that dynamic MR evaluation of glenohumeral alignment did not demonstrate abnormalities in symptomatic shoulders in 8 of 10 patients, whereas 2 patients showed dramatic findings of subluxation. Manual stress testing during dynamic MR examination showed a strong correlation with clinical instability grading. Dynamic shoulder MR examination during stress testing could, with further validation, become a useful adjunct to shoulder instability evaluations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:748-756.     

锁骨钩钢板固定治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位

目的 探讨AO锁骨钩钢板（chavicular hook-plate,CHP）治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法 45例患者资料来源于北京首都医科大学附属朝阳医院骨科（24例）和北京潞河医院骨科（21例）。均为Allman Ⅲ度肩锁关节完全性脱位，应用CHP固定治疗。所有病例均直接修复断裂的肩锁韧带，其中19例直接修复断裂的喙锁韧带，26例用喙肩韧带代替重建无法直接修复的喙锁韧带。结果 获随访41例，随访时间3－47个月，平均26个月。术后15－20d，肩关节活动基本正常。患者恢复工作和体力劳动为术后2－4个月，平均3个月。取出CHP时间为3－10个月，平均5个月。无钢板断裂、螺钉松动和再脱位。按Karlsson疗效价标准，优占80.5%(33/41)，良占14.6%(6/41)，差占4.9%(6/41)，差占4.9%（2／41）。优良率达95.1%（39／41）。结论 CHP治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位，可早期活动肩关节，关节功能恢复快，疗效满意。     

肩关节损伤的MR影像诊断

目的 探讨常规MRI和MR间接关节造影对肩关节损伤的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析经关节镜证实的90例肩关节损伤患者肩关节常规MRI和MR问接关节造影表现,其中肩袖病变组57例、盂肱关节不稳组33例.对常规MRI和MR间接关节造影诊断结果进行Fisher确切概率法比较.结果 (1)肩袖病变组中MR间接关节造影37例,显示部分撕裂10例,1例漏诊;显示完全撕裂17例,2例误诊,7例肩袖无撕裂.MR间接关节造影显示部分撕裂的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为90.9%(10/11)、92.3%(24/26)、91.9%(34/37);显示完全撕裂的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为89.5%(17/19)、94.4%(17/18)、91.9%(34/37).MR间接关节造影诊断肩袖部分及完全撕裂的敏感度及准确度均高于常规MRI(P<0.05).(2)盂肱关节不稳组中,盂唇损伤26例,Hill-sachs病变27例、反Hill-sachs病变2例、骨陛Bankart损伤7例、关节囊损伤18例.间接关节造影20例,显示盂唇损伤14例,1例漏诊,5例正常.MR间接关节造影显示盂唇损伤的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为93.3%(14/15)、100.0%(5/5)、95.0%(19/20).前者诊断盂唇损伤的敏感度及准确度明显高于常规MRI(P<0.05).结论 MR检查特别是MR间接关节造影能够准确显示肩关节常见病变及相关组织的病理发展过程,为临床诊断及治疗提供影像学依据.     

Diminished space in the acromioclavicular joint in forced arm adduction as a radiographic sign of degeneration and osteoarthrosis

The purpose of this study was to examine the acromioclavicular joint by radiography under forced arm adduction to demonstrate diminished joint space as a sign of cartilage degeneration and osteoarthrosis. A total of 192 right and left joints were investigated in 96 healthy working men. There were three main results from the manoeuvre: in 135 of the 192 joints the space was reduced, in 33 joints it was unchanged, and in 24 joints the joint space was increased. In 43 joints (22% of the total) a marked reduction of the joint space to 1 mm or less occurred during the manoeuvre; in the remaining 92 joints with space reduction the reduction was less pronounced. A narrow acromioclavicular joint space during forced adduction of the arm indicates cartilage thinning and may be interpreted as a sign of osteoarthrosis.     

MR imaging of the normal sacroiliac joint with correlation to histology

Objective The microscopic study of the various components of joints provide a proper basis for understanding the nature of pathologic lesions to which they are subject and their imaging appearances. This study was designed to correlate MR imaging with a systematic histological study of the normal sacroiliac joint (SIJ), which to our knowledge is not available in the literature.Design and patients Five male cadavers, aged 20 to 45 years, and seven male and seven female volunteers, aged 23 to 44 years, were investigated with oblique transaxial and coronal MR imaging of the SIJs. A variety of sequences including pre- and post-contrast T1 fat-saturated studies in the volunteers were used. Cryosectioning was performed in six SIJs of the five cadavers and compared with the MR images for the microscopic joint anatomy and assessed for the presence of abnormalities resembling those associated with sacroiliitis.Results Throughout the SIJ, the hyaline cartilage of the sacral bone and the proximal third of the hyaline iliac cartilage was strongly attached to the surrounding stabilizing ligaments, forming wide margins of fibrocartilage. In the distal one-third of the joint only, the margins of the iliac joint facet resemble that of a synovial joint, which include an inner capsule with synovial cells. The MR anatomy of the ventral and dorsal aspects of the SIJ was only adequately visualized at oblique transaxial MR imaging. No contrast enhancement occurred in the synovial tissue or in the cartilaginous joint space. The dorsal transition between the proximal 2/3 and distal 1/3 of the cartilaginous joint was at microscopy rich in anatomical and histological variants, including osseous clefts, cartilage and subchondral defects, and vascular connective tissue in the bone marrow. These were all recognized at oblique transaxial MR imaging and in coronal MR sectioning may resemble abnormalities. Otherwise, no erosions, bone marrow abnormalities, bone sclerosis or abnormal contrast enhancement occurred in the normal joints.Conclusions The SIJ should be classified anatomically as a symphysis with some characteristics of a synovial joint being confined to the distal cartilaginous portion at the iliac side. Coronal MR imaging does not allow assessment of normal anatomy, variants or abnormalities of the ventral and dorsal margins of the cartilaginous SIJ.     

喙突移位手术治疗肩锁关节全脱位的生物力学测试和治疗机理分析

目的：评价和经验证喙突移位手术治疗肩锁关节脱位的效果。方法：总结３２例肩锁关节全脱位患者的临床治疗效果。并在力学试验机上进行家兔肌肉牵伸时生物力学测试。结果：临床治疗３２例,随访１￣１５年（平均６．８年）,效果优２４例（７５％）,良８例（２５％）,无神经血管损伤等并发症发生。结论：喙突移位手术是治疗肩锁关节脱位的一种安全、简单,可靠,合理的手术方法。     

A concise evidence-based physical examination for diagnosis of acromioclavicular joint pathology: a systematic review

Objectives: The clinical examination of the shoulder joint is an undervalued diagnostic tool for evaluating acromioclavicular (AC) joint pathology. Applying evidence-based clinical tests enables providers to make an accurate diagnosis and minimize costly imaging procedures and potential delays in care. The purpose of this study was to create a decision tree analysis enabling simple and accurate diagnosis of AC joint pathology.

Methods: A systematic review of the Medline, Ovid and Cochrane Review databases was performed to identify level one and two diagnostic studies evaluating clinical tests for AC joint pathology. Individual test characteristics were combined in series and in parallel to improve sensitivities and specificities. A secondary analysis utilized subjective pre-test probabilities to create a clinical decision tree algorithm with post-test probabilities.

Results: The optimal special test combination to screen and confirm AC joint pathology combined Paxinos sign and O’Brien’s Test, with a specificity of 95.8% when performed in series; whereas, Paxinos sign and Hawkins-Kennedy Test demonstrated a sensitivity of 93.7% when performed in parallel. Paxinos sign and O’Brien’s Test demonstrated the greatest positive likelihood ratio (2.71); whereas, Paxinos sign and Hawkins-Kennedy Test reported the lowest negative likelihood ratio (0.35).

Conclusion: No combination of special tests performed in series or in parallel creates more than a small impact on post-test probabilities to screen or confirm AC joint pathology. Paxinos sign and O’Brien’s Test is the only special test combination that has a small and sometimes important impact when used both in series and in parallel. Physical examination testing is not beneficial for diagnosis of AC joint pathology when pretest probability is unequivocal. In these instances, it is of benefit to proceed with procedural tests to evaluate AC joint pathology. Ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injections are diagnostic and therapeutic. An ultrasound-guided AC joint corticosteroid injection may be an appropriate new standard for treatment and surgical decision-making.

Level of Evidence: II – Systematic Review.     

CT and MR imaging findings of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: correlation with pathologic findings

The aim of this study was to evaluate CT and MRI findings in xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and to correlate the imaging findings with various pathologic parameters. The study included 13 patients with histopathologically confirmed XGC. The CT (n=13) and MRI (n=5) obtained in these patients were evaluated retrospectively. On CT, low-attenuation areas in the wall of XGC correlated with foam and inflammatory cells or necrosis and/or abscess in XGC. Areas of iso- to slightly high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, showing slight enhancement at early phase and strong enhancement at last phase on dynamic study, corresponded with areas of abundant xanthogranulomas. Areas with very high signal intensity on T2-weighted images without enhancement corresponded with necrosis and/or abscesses. Luminal surface enhancement (LSE) of gallbladder wall represented preservation of the epithelial layer. The early-enhanced areas of the liver bed on dynamic CT and MR images corresponded with accumulation of inflammatory cells and abundant fibrosis. Our results indicate that CT and MRI findings correlate well with the histopathologic findings of XGC.     

Variants of the superior labrum and labro-bicipital complex: a comparative study of shoulder specimens using MR arthrography, multi-slice CT arthrography and anatomical dissection

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anatomical variability of the superior labrum and to compare the value of MR arthrography and multi-slice CT arthrography in the diagnosis of variants of the labro-bicipital complex. Forty-three human shoulder specimens (age range and mean age at death, 61–89 years and 78.3 years) were examined with the use of MR arthrography and multi-slice CT arthrography prior to joint exploration and macroscopic inspection of the superior labrum and labro-bicipital complex. Two radiologists evaluated MR and CT arthrograms, and the results were compared with macroscopic assessments. Anatomical dissection of all shoulder specimens revealed a sublabral recess in 32/43 (74%) cases. The attachment of the superior labrum was categorised as type 1 in ten (23%) cases, as type 2 in eight (19%), as type 3 in ten (23%), and as type 4 in 14 (33%) cases. One superior labrum showed detachment consistent with a superior labral anteroposterior (SLAP) type 3 lesion. On MR arthrography and CT arthrography the attachment of the superior labrum was categorised in concordance with macroscopic assessments in 79% and 84% of cases, respectively. The anteroposterior extension of sublabral recesses was accurately determined with MR and CT arthrography in 59% and 81% of cases, respectively. The attachment of the superior labrum shows considerable variability. Thus, exact depiction of variants is essential in order to avoid the false positive diagnosis of a superior labral tear (SLAP or Andrews lesion). Both, MR arthrography and multi-slice CT arthrography were effective in the detection and classification of sublabral recesses.     

膝关节生长软骨的MR表现特征与微细解剖结构的研究

目的 :明确正常生长软骨的MR信号特征与细微解剖结构的相关性。方法 :用 1.5TGE全身MR仪对 12例出生 2周的乳猪的双膝关节骨骺进行扫描 ,扫描范围包括二次骨化中心的骨质、二次骨化中心周围的骺软骨、生长板软骨、干骺端。将MR所显示的各层细微解剖结构的信号特征、厚度与相应组织学构造和各层的厚度进行相关性比较对照。结果 :MRI显示了二次骨化中心骨髓和干骺端之间的 5种不同的微解剖结构 :①二次骨化中心的临时钙化带 ;②二次骨化中心的生长板 ;③骨骺软骨 ;④生长板 ;⑤临时钙化带。在SET1WI和T2 WI像上 ,各层不同信号区域的厚度与相对应的微细解剖结构的厚度具有良好的相关性 (r =0 .91)。结论 :MRI能够鉴别骨骺和生长板软骨 ,且与其组织学结构有良好的相关性。     

肩锁钩板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折38例

目的 评价肩锁钩板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的疗效,分析其并发症发生原因及对策.方法 2003年9月-2007年4月,手术治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折38例,其中肩锁关节脱位17例,锁骨远端骨折21例,行切开复位、肩锁钩板内固定.术后早期肩关节被动锻炼.结果 完整随访27例,时间3～37个月,平均21个月.骨折全部愈合.术后6～8个月取出内固定,采用Karlsson分级标准进行疗效评定:A级22例,B级4例,C级1例.1例钩板远端钩钩入肩峰,3例肩关节外展<90°,取出内固定后症状缓解.结论 肩锁钩板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折疗效肯定.术中操作得当,适当早期锻炼,早期取出内固定对功能改善有一定意义.     

低场磁共振成像对膝关节外伤的诊断敏感性

目的探讨低场强（0．35T）磁共振成像对膝关节外伤的诊断敏感性，并与X线平片及常规CT检查结果比较。方法64例有膝关节外伤史及相应临床表现的患者，于外伤后1d至3个月内均经自旋回波（SE）和快速自旋回波（FSE）磁共振成像，21例又经X线平片检查，10例又经常规CT检查。对所有患者的MRI表现进行了分析，并与X线及CT所见进行了对比。结果在接受X线平片检查的21例中，各种异常见于15例，其诊断敏感性为72％。在常规cT检查的10例中，骨折、隐匿性骨折及半月板损伤分别见于2，3和1例，其诊断敏感性为60％。在MRI检查的64例中，骨挫伤见于40例（66处），合关骨折及隐匿性骨折23处，合并韧带损伤31例，合并半月板损伤23例，仅2例未见异常。MRI诊断膝关节外伤的敏感性为97％。结论MRI对膝关节外伤的诊断敏感性显著高于X线平片或常规CT。合理选用磁共振扫描序列与参数，能够准确地诊断膝关节外伤。