不同社交地位小学生的自我意识与社交焦虑的特点及关系

目的:考察不同社交地位小学生自我意识水平和社交焦虑的特点及关系。方法:采用社会测量法、问卷法对272名3~5年级的小学生的社交地位、自我意识和社交焦虑进行评定。结果:(1)3~5年级小学生的自我意识水平有显著的性别、社交地位差异。女生的自我意识水平(58.0±10.7)显著高于男生(53.4±11.3)(t=-3.49,P<0.01),受欢迎组的自我意识水平(59.2±11.1)显著高于被拒绝组(51.2±12.3)和被忽视组(54.2±11.0)(P<0.05)。(2)受欢迎组儿童的社交焦虑水平(6.4±3.2)高于被拒绝组儿童的社交焦虑水平(4.8±3.5,P<0.05)。(3)综合模型中,社会喜好是通过社交自我知觉的中介作用与社交焦虑产生联系,不存在直接效应。结论:小学生的社交地位与其自我意识水平和社交焦虑水平存在一定关联性;社交自我知觉在社交地位和社交焦虑之间起到中介作用。     

不同社交地位初中生的社交焦虑特点

目的:探讨不同社交地位初中生社交焦虑的特点.方法:采用量表法和同伴提名法对347名初中生进行了调查,以收集他们的社交焦虑和社交地位方面的数据.结果:修订后的"儿童社交焦虑量表"有良好的信效度,可以作为测量青少年被试的有效工具;总体上看,社交地位对社交焦虑水平有影响,被拒绝组比受欢迎组和普通组体验到更高的社交焦虑;被拒绝的青少年更担心来自于别人的否定评价,这种焦虑主要是"指向外部的";而被忽视的青少年的焦虑表现是社交回避与苦恼,这种焦虑主要是"指向内部的".结论:不同社交地位青少年的社交焦虑有显著差异.     

不同社交地位藏族高中生社交焦虑的特点

本研究采用修订后的《青少年社交焦虑量表》,通过问卷调查法和同伴提名法对349名处于不同社交地位藏族高中生社交焦虑的特点进行了调查和分析。结果表明：修订后的《青少年社交焦虑量表》有良好的信效度,可以作为测量青少年被试的有效工具;总体上看,社交地位对社交焦虑水平有影响,被拒绝组比受欢迎组、有争议组和普通组体验到更高的社交焦虑;被拒绝的青少年更担心来自于熟悉同伴的拒绝和否定评价,这种焦虑主要是“指向外部的”;而被忽视的青少年的焦虑表现是陌生情境下的社交回避与苦恼,这种焦虑主要是“指向内部的”;受欢迎的青少年的焦虑表现是陌生情境下,面对陌生人对自己社交交往要求“完美主义”的倾向。     

不同社交地位幼儿的人际认知问题解决技能训练

目的:探讨不同社交地位幼儿人际认知问题解决技能训练的效果.方法:本研究以幼儿园中班和大班共253名幼儿为被试,分别采用个别访谈法和同伴提名法测查幼儿的人际认知问题解决技能、幼儿的社交地位与同伴关系.结果:①训练后,训练组幼儿总体的人际认知问题解决技能显著高于对照组;②训练后,训练组的一般幼儿、被忽视幼儿和被拒绝幼儿的人际认知问题解决技能显著高于训练前;③训练后,只有训练组被忽视幼儿的同伴接纳水平显著高于训练前.结论:训练能够有效地提高幼儿的人际认知问题解决技能,但不同社交地位幼儿的人际认知问题解决技能的改善程度不同;训练后只有训练组被忽视幼儿的同伴接纳水平有显著提高.     

社会排斥与个体助人意愿:归属感需求的调节作用

目的:从个人(归属感需求)与情境(社会排斥的两种类型:社会拒绝与社会忽视)交互的视角,探讨个体遭遇社会排斥后的助人意愿,并解释以往研究结果不一致的原因。方法:研究一运用社会排斥的回忆范式,将被试分为控制组、被忽视组和被拒绝组,通过情境问卷测查其助人意愿;研究二进一步测查被试的归属感需求,并测查被试遭忽视与拒绝后的助人行为意愿。结果:研究一发现相较于被忽视和控制组被试,被拒绝的被试表现出更低的助人意愿。研究二验证了研究一的结果,并发现归属感需求在感知到的社会拒绝水平与助人意愿的关系中有显著调节作用。具体而言,相较于归属感需求较高的个体,归属感需求较低的个体感受到高社会拒绝时,助人意愿下降更为显著。结论:遭受社会拒绝比遭受社会忽视使人表现出更低的助人意愿,且归属感需求在社会拒绝与助人意愿的关系中有显著调节作用。     

3～6岁幼儿社交地位与问题行为的关系

目的:探讨3～6岁幼儿社交地位特点及与其问题行为的关系。方法:采用社会测量法和问卷法对100名3～6岁幼儿的社交地位与问题行为进行评定。结果:3～6岁幼儿的社交地位已经可以明确区分出受欢迎型、受拒绝型、一般型、矛盾型四种类型,27%的幼儿社交地位还不确定;受欢迎型幼儿的品行问题得分(0.34±0.26)显著低于受拒绝型(0.91±0.55)和其它型幼儿,受拒绝型幼儿的多动指数得分(1.07±0.52)显著高于受欢迎型幼儿(0.51±0.38),不同社交地位幼儿在多动行为和不注意.被动方面上的得分没有显著差异。结论:3～6岁幼儿社交地位的社交地位具有初步的典型性;在幼儿阶段也同样存在着社交地位与问题行为之间的关联性。     

关系攻击行为对儿童心理社会适应的影响

目的:探讨关系攻击行为对儿童心理社会适应的影响.方法:采用班级戏剧问卷、儿童孤独量表、同伴提名、朋友提名对549名儿童进行测查.结果:①女孩的关系攻击水平高于男孩.②关系攻击与受欺侮、退缩、被拒绝显著正相关,与孤独感、朋友数量相关不显著.③分层回归分析显示,在控制了外部攻击的影响后,关系攻击仍能正向预测受欺侮、退缩、被拒绝.结论:关系攻击行为能够有效预测儿童的心理社会适应.     

拒绝上学住院儿童的临床分析及个性特征初探

目的 :探讨拒绝上学住院儿童的临床特点 ,诊断及个性特征。方法 :对 4 4名因拒绝上学而入院的儿童进行临床分析 ,采用韦氏智测及艾森克个性问卷对研究组及正常对照组分别进行测试。结果 :因拒绝上学而入院的儿童中有 50 %被诊断为精神分裂症 ,36 4 %被诊断为情绪障碍 ,4 5%被诊断为情感性精神障碍 ,9 1 %被诊断为品行障碍。 2 5%有家族精神病史 ,59 9%的儿童在其拒绝上学前有一定诱因。拒绝上学儿童拒绝上学时常伴有躯体症状 ( 54% ) ,情绪反应 ( 77 3% ) ,拒绝上学可发生于各智商段边缘智力及以下者显著多于对照组儿童。拒绝上学儿童与正常对照组艾森克个性问卷有显著差异 (P <0 0 5)。结论 :熟悉拒绝上学儿童的临床特点及个性特征 ,有助于家长、教师及临床工作者对拒绝上学儿童进行早期预防 ,早期发现及综合治疗     

父母温暖和拒绝与学龄儿童违纪行为的关系:冷漠无情特质的调节作用

目的:探讨父母温暖、拒绝与学龄儿童违纪行为间的关系是否会受到儿童冷漠无情特质的调节。方法:采用儿童教养行为问卷、儿童行为核查表以及冷漠无情特质问卷对284名学龄儿童及其父母进行测查。结果:(1)父亲和母亲温暖均与儿童违纪行为显著负相关,父亲和母亲拒绝均与儿童违纪行为显著正相关。(2)父亲和母亲温暖均能够显著负向预测高冷漠无情特质儿童的违纪行为,但是不能预测低冷漠无情特质儿童的违纪行为。(3)父亲和母亲拒绝均能够显著正向预测高冷漠无情特质儿童的违纪行为,然而对低冷漠无情特质儿童违纪行为的预测作用不显著。结论:提高父母的温暖水平,降低父母的拒绝水平可能是减少高冷漠无情特质儿童违纪行为的有效途径。     

不同攻击受害类型农村儿童的社交行为和同伴关系

目的：比较不同攻击受害类型农村儿童的同伴关系、退缩和社交焦虑之间的差异。方法：用同伴提名问卷等对774名农村儿童进行测试并分类比较。结果：攻击性受害、普通受害和普通攻击儿童占总样本的比例分别为4．2％、10．5％和8．5％，各类别男女生和年级分布差异显著，与正常对照儿童相比，攻击性受害儿童的退缩、同伴拒绝高，同样接受低，普通受害儿童的退缩、社交焦虑、同伴拒绝高。结论：攻击性受害儿童的同伴关系最差，有显著的退缩表现，普通受害儿童有最多的退缩和社交焦虑问题。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Cerebellar noradrenergic systems in aging: studies in situ and in in oculo grafts

Age-related changes in noradrenergic function in the rat cerebellum were examined using electrophysiological and electrochemical techniques. Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats showed subsensitivity to norepinephrine (NE) locally applied onto cerebellar Purkinje neurons. The modulatory actions of NE on Purkinje cell-evoked activity was also examined. In young rats NE preferentially inhibits spontaneous activity more than evoked excitations when compared to control. These modulatory actions of NE are not seen in senescent Fischer 344 rats. The intrinsic vs. extrinsic influences determining the loss of efficacy to NE were examined using three groups of rats with in oculo cerebellar grafts. The first group had young grafts grown in young hosts and these grafts showed a potent response to perfused NE. The second group, old grafts in old hosts, showed a diminished responsiveness to NE with respect to the first group. The third group consisted of young grafts in old hosts. These grafts demonstrated a responsiveness to NE that was indistinguishable from those in the first group. The integrity of the presynaptic NE fibers was examined in the grafts using electrochemical techniques. No difference in the release of NE was observed in the old grafts. Taken together, these results suggest a loss of postsynaptic NE function that is intrinsically determined. The change in NE modulation could influence information processing within the aged cerebellar cortex. This deficit could underlie behavioral changes seen in senescence.