辅助生殖技术治疗后自然流产相关因素分析

目的 探讨辅助生殖技术（ART）治疗后自然流产的发生率及相关因素。方法 2003-01—2005-12对湘雅医院生殖医学中心接受ART治疗后的临床妊娠590例进行分析，了解体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF—ET）、单精子卵浆内显微注射（ICSI）、冻融胚胎移植（FET）的自然流产情况，比较未流产及流产组的既往自然流产史及多胎妊娠率，比较早期流产与晚期流产患者多胎妊娠率及行IVF前宫腔操作次数。结果 ART治疗后自然流产率为12．20％，IVF、ICSI及FET的自然流产率比较差异无显著意义（P〉0．05），而流产组有既往自然流产史者明显高于未流产组，流产组的多胎妊娠率低于未流产组，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；晚期流产组多胎妊娠率及行IVF前宫腔操作次数明显高于早期流产组，差异有显著性（P〈0、01）。结论 行ART治疗的不孕患者如有多次宫腔操作史，后天性的宫颈管机械损伤不容忽视；当伴多胎妊娠时应考虑孕3～4个月行宫颈环扎术。     

The 2004 Italian legislation on the application of assisted reproductive technology: epilogue

Objective

To evaluate how the unique Italian fertility regulations (≤3 inseminated oocytes/cycle, transfer of all embryos, prohibition of embryo cryopreservation) affected outcomes of ART.

Study design

Case–control study from the Center of Reproductive Medicine, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy. We compared outcomes of ART patients between five years before (n = 1791) and five years after (n = 2474) the implementation of the law.

Results

The mean embryo transfer (ET) rate was 3.1 ± 2.1 and 1.7 ± 1.1 before and after the law. Significantly more ICSI procedures were performed in women above 35 years old during the post-law period. The ET rate was higher before (88.6%) than after (80.5%) the law (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6, 2.2) especially in women >37 years undergoing ICSI (88.2 vs. 76.1%; OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3, 4.2). The clinical pregnancy rates were practically unchanged but the proportion of triplet births significantly decreased after the law (10.3 vs. 4.1%, OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.4, 5.0).

Conclusion

In contrast to interim analyses, we found that the statutory obligation to transfer all available embryos produced from up to three inseminated oocytes reduced the ET rates, especially in older women, and decreased the triplet births rate.     

Clinical strategies to avoid multiple pregnancies in assisted reproduction

Multiple pregnancies following assisted reproductive techniques (ART) became an epidemic in the early nineties. Since then, most European countries have tried to apply restrictive policies to avoid multiples and high order multiples as far as possible. Those pregnancies may cause severe consequences to both the fetuses and mother. Economic, social and ethical dilemmas are also avoidable if caution is exercised when using ART to achieve those pregnancies. When restrictive policies are used in ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization, the results show a clear reduction in the number of MP maintaining satisfactory rates.     

Congenital malformations in infants conceived following assisted reproductive technology in comparison with spontaneously conceived infants

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the risk for congenital malformations diagnosed at birth following assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments compared with live births conceived spontaneously.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study including 9042 live births following ART and 213?288 spontaneously conceived (SC) live births during the period 1997–2004.The cohort was linked to the national live birth registry to determine the outcome of the pregnancies including congenital malformations.

Results: An increased adjusted risk for all congenital malformations was observed in ART compared with SC infants [2.4% versus 1.9%; OR_adj?=?1.45; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.68]. The increased risk was observed in singleton births [2.4% versus 1.8%; OR_adj?=?1.41; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.71] but not in the ART conceived multiple births [2.5% versus 2.6%.; OR_adj?=?1.15; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.46]. Significantly increased adjusted risks for nervous, circulatory, digestive and genital system malformations were evident in the ART singleton group compared to SC infants. In addition, increased risks were also observed in separate comparisons of IVF births versus SC [OR_adj?=?1.28; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.63] and ICSI births versus SC [OR_adj?=?1.56; 95% CI: 1.31, 1.84]. Data regarding pregnancy termination or congenital malformation diagnosed later in life were not included.

Conclusion: Infants born following ART were at significantly increased risk for congenital malformations compared to live birth conceived spontaneously.     

体外受精—胚胎移植120个妊娠周期中移植胚胎形态学分析

目的为体外受精和胚胎移植临床中选择移植胚胎提供参考指标。方法回顾性分析在本中心行IVF-ET治疗并在取卵后第2天移植胚胎的120个妊娠周期共453个移植胚胎的资料。结果120个治疗周期中单胎75例,双胎33例,3胎10例,4胎以及5胎各1例。4细胞期胚胎所占的比例从单胎的47.3％增至双胎的53.2％和3胎的72.5％,妊娠胎数随移植胚胎中≥4细胞期胚胎的增多而明显增加(χ2=10.813,P＜0.05)。结论形态学可以作为选择移植胚胎的参考指标之一,但如何在保证妊娠率的同时减少移植胚胎的数目而降低多胎妊娠率还需进一步的前瞻性研究。     

Joseph Price oration. The multiple gestation epidemic: the role of the assisted reproductive technologies

Human IVF has transformed so many lives, but there has been one major drawback--namely the so-called epidemic of multiple gestations.     

多胎减胎后单胎分娩与单胎妊娠分娩比较分析

目的探讨体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)助孕单胎分娩者中,孕早期多胎妊娠自然减胎及手术减胎对围产期母儿结局的影响。方法回顾性分析3 376例行IVF助孕治疗,新鲜或冷冻胚胎移植后单胎分娩者的临床资料,根据孕早期宫内孕囊数分组:A组(多胎妊娠,455例),其中A1组(手术减胎,34例),A2组(自然减胎,421例);B组(单胎妊娠,2 921例);分年龄进行组间临床基本资料,出生低体质量儿率、新生儿畸形率、妊娠期并发症等围产期母婴结局的比较。结果 (1)35岁的患者中,A组比B组不孕时间短、移植胚胎数多和优质胚胎数多;(2)囊胚移植比例、冷冻胚胎移植比例A、B组间均无统计学差异;(3)A1组和A2组出生低体质量儿率、出生极低体质量儿率、胎儿畸形率均显著高于B组(P0.05),但A1、A2组间无统计学差异(P0.05),A2组早产率明显增加,与B组有统计学差异(P0.01)。结论多胎妊娠即使减胎后单胎分娩,其新生儿低体质量及畸形风险仍高于单胎妊娠分娩者,35岁、不孕时间短者,建议选择性单优质胚胎移植,以降低多胎妊娠。     

Prevention of multiple pregnancies by restricting the number of transferred embryos: randomized control study

Introduction The high incidence of multiple pregnancies is a major concern in the treatment of infertility by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Risks and costs are associated with multiple pregnancies and it is important to find a way to decrease multiple pregnancies. The standard protocol for IVF includes the transfer of two or three embryos.Methods In this study, we compared the rate of single and multiple pregnancies between patients who received two and three embryos. One hundred and sixty-nine patients were randomly divided into two groups, with 106 cycles of IVF each. Group 1 received two embryos, and group 2 three.Results Group 1 had total 40 (37.8%) pregnancies, while group 2 had 29 (27.4%). The number of ongoing pregnancies was 33 (31.1%) in group 1 and 26 (24.5%) in group 2. The number of baby-take-home was 32 (30.1%) in group 1 and 26 (24.5%) in group 2. These results show that there was no significant difference between the two groups in both the total and ongoing pregnancies. On the other hand, the number of twin pregnancies was 6 (15.0%) in group 1 and 12 (41.4%) in group 2, showing a significant difference. Group 1 had no triplet pregnancies, while Group 2 had two.Conclusion We conclude that the transfer of two embryos reduces the incidence of multiple pregnancies while maintaining an acceptable rate of pregnancy in IVF.     

Five cases of dizygotic triplet pregnancy following assisted reproductive techniques

Of 816 patients who became clinically pregnant by assisted reproductive techniques between September 2000 and August 2004, we experienced 10 cases (1.2%) of monozygotic twinning, and in five of these 10 cases, implantation of another embryo resulted in dizygotic triplets. Here, we report these five cases of dizygotic triplets. Fresh embryo transfer was performed in all five cases. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection or assisted hatching was not carried out in these cases. Blastocyst transfer was performed in three cases. Three embryos were transferred in case 1 (40-year-old female). While only two embryos were transferred in the other four cases so as to avoid triplet pregnancy, triplet pregnancies were confirmed. Triplet pregnancy was maintained in three cases, but in the other two cases, monochorionic twinning resulted in miscarriage during the first trimester. For the three patients who delivered the triplets, while the postnatal growth has been normal for all nine babies, the mothers were hospitalized for a long period of time, and an emergency cesarean section was performed on two patients. Because triplet pregnancy could not be completely prevented even when only two embryos were transferred, physicians should be sure to obtain informed consent in similar cases. (Reprod Med Biol 2005; 4 : 59–64)     

Multiple births following in vitro fertilization treatment: redefining success

The focus of this article is to review the definition of success following in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Pregnancy rates after IVF have been increasing, but the problem of multiple births with its associated morbidity and mortality has been considerable. This has led to rethinking of assisted reproductive technology (ART) success not only in terms of live birth rates, but also in terms of reduction of multiple births to singleton babies. Single embryo transfer using blastocysts and such other measures are being encouraged. Financial factors and patient satisfaction are key issues. IVF success is thus being redefined.     

Pregnancy outcome in spontaneous twins versus twins who were conceived through in vitro fertilization

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare maternal and neonatal complications in spontaneous versus in vitro fertilization twins. STUDY DESIGN: Twin gestations that were delivered from 1995 to 2000 were reviewed. Cases consisted of 56 in vitro fertilization twins, each of which was matched to two control mothers by age and parity. They were compared regarding various maternal and neonatal complications. RESULTS: In vitro fertilization twins were more likely to have preterm labor compared with control twins, with no difference in the incidences of pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, placenta previa, or preterm premature rupture of membranes between the two groups. The cesarean delivery rate was significantly higher in cases of twins who were conceived by in vitro fertilization (76.8% vs 58.0%, P=.026), despite a similar rate of elective cesarean delivery and the incidence of nonvertex twin A in both groups. The preterm delivery rate was significantly higher (67.9% vs 41.1%, P=.002) and the gestational age was significantly lower (35+/-3 weeks vs 36+/-3 weeks, P=.043) in cases compared with control subjects. Both twins were, on the average, 230 g lighter in the in vitro fertilization group compared with the control group. However, intrauterine growth restriction was more frequent in the control group (36.6% vs 25%, P=.044). There was a significantly higher incidence of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, respiratory distress syndrome, a need for mechanical ventilation, and pneumothorax in cases compared with control subjects. CONCLUSION: When compared with spontaneous twins, in vitro fertilization twins are more likely to be delivered by cesarean delivery and to have a higher incidence of preterm birth and prematurity-related respiratory complications with a longer nursery stay.     

Early fetal reduction to twin versus prophylactic cervical cerclage for triplet pregnancies conceived with assisted reproductive techniques

Objective

To compare the obstetric outcomes of triplet gestations managed by early fetal reduction to twins with those managed by prophylactic cervical cerclage in women conceived with assisted reproductive techniques (ART).

拟行辅助生殖技术夫妇染色体核型分析

目的:分析拟行辅助生殖技术夫妇的染色体核型异常情况并探讨行染色体检查的必要性,为此类患者遗传咨询及辅助生殖技术的选择提供依据。方法:收集天津医科大学总医院近15年拟行IVF/ICSI-ET并行染色体核型分析的2621例患者,其中男性患者1365例,女性患者1256例。女性患者中无流产史573例,1次流产史446例,≥2次流产史237例。采用染色体G显带技术进行核型分析。结果:2621例患者中发现染色体异常71例,异常率为2.71%,其中男性35例(2.56%),女性36例(2.87%),染色体多态性率为4.85%。女性患者中有流产史组的染色体异常率与无流产史组比较,差异无统计学意义。结论:拟行辅助生殖技术人群中染色体异常率较高,建议行辅助生殖技术前常规行染色体检查。     

Influence of advanced age on the blastocyst development rate and pregnancy rate in assisted reproductive technology

Objective: To evaluate the percentage of blastocysts developing, the pregnancy rate, the implantation rate, and the abortion rate in women >40 years of age using a cell-free culture system for the development of viable human blastocysts.

Design: Retrospective clinical study.

Setting: Private IVF units.

Patient(s): Two hundred ninety-three cycles in patients undergoing IVF treatment for infertility. Sixty-two cycles were in patients ≥40 years of age, and 231 cycles were in patients <40 years of age.

Intervention(s): Pronucleate oocytes obtained from IVF were cultured in vitro for 5–6 days. One to four embryos were transferred.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Blastocyst development rate, pregnancy rate, implantation rate, and abortion rate.

Result(s): From 293 cycles, 3,115 pronucleate oocytes were cultured, producing 1,175 blastocysts. In the women >40 years of age, the blastocyst development rate was 22.2%, and in the younger group, the rate was 40.5%. The pregnancy rate and implantation rate in the ≥40-year age group were 21.1% and 8.9%, respectively; corresponding rates in the younger group were 44.6% and 19.9%. The abortion rate was increased for the ≥40-year age group (25% versus 13.3%).

Conclusion(s): Success rates for the development of viable human blastocysts, pregnancy, and implantation decline significantly in women ≥40 years old.     

Cost analysis of singleton versus twin pregnancies after in vitro fertilization

OBJECTIVE: To determine the difference in costs between singleton and twin pregnancies after IVF treatment from pregnancy to 6 weeks after delivery from a health care perspective. DESIGN: Retrospective cost analysis. SETTING: IVF department at the University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands. PATIENT(S): A representative sample of singleton and twin pregnancies after IVF treatment between 1995 and 2001 at the University Medical Center Nijmegen. INTERVENTION(S): IVF with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection and with or without cryopreservation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Medical costs per singleton and twin pregnancy after IVF. RESULT(S): In patients pregnant with twins, the incidence of hospital antenatal care, complicated vaginal deliveries, and cesarean sections was higher and was associated with more frequent and longer maternal and neonatal hospital admissions. Maternal and neonatal hospital admissions were the major cost drivers. The medical cost per twin pregnancy was found to be more than five times higher than per singleton pregnancy, 13,469 and 2,550, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The medical cost per twin pregnancy was more than 10,000 higher than per singleton pregnancy. A reduction in the number of twin pregnancies by elective single ET will save substantial amounts of money. This money might be used for the additional IVF cycles that will probably be needed to achieve similar success rates between single ET and two-embryo transfer.