从肺结核菌阳患病率变化看贵阳市结核病流行状况

目的 分析比较1987－1998年贵阳市两次结核病流行病学调查菌阳患病率的变化。方法 分析1987－1998年贵阳市两次结核病流行病学抽样调查患病率部分资料。结果 贵阳市1987与1998年比较,结核病的菌阳患病率下降了39．7％。结论 通过对贵阳市两次流调结核病菌阳患病率资料,表明贵阳市结核病流行状况呈下降趋势。     

辽宁省第四次结核病流行病学抽样调查报告

目的　评价1991-2000年全省结核病防治规划和世行贷款辽宁结核病控制项目实施效果,掌握结核病流行状况。方法 本次流调方法与全国第四次流调方法基本一致,采用分层整群等比例随机抽样方法。结果 全省活动性、涂阳、菌阳肺结核患病率和结核病死亡率分别为130.8/10万、56.3/10万、66.3/10万和2.9/10万。结论 全省活动性肺结核患病率和死亡率下降显著,涂阳和菌阳患病率呈下降趋势,但下降速度缓慢。     

1998年内蒙古自治区结核病流行病学抽样调查结果分析

目的　了解全区的结核病疫情动态,评价防治措施的效果,为制定全区 2001— 2010年结核病防治规划提供科学依据。方法 参照《1990年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查实施细则》在全区采取分层、整群、等比例方法随机抽取 30个调查点。结果 实检人数为 53826人,占应检人数的97.1%,活动性肺结核患病率为 687.40 /10万,涂阳肺结核患病率为 161.63/10万,菌阳肺结核患病率为 183.93/10万,与 1990年比年递降率分别为 2.6%,7.3%和 6.9%。结论 全区的结核病疫情仍十分严重,疫情下降缓慢。     

福建省畲族人群结核病疫情调查分析

目的　调查福建省畲族人群结核病流行状况。方法 参照全国第四次结核病流调方案与实施细则进行。结果 6个调查点活动性肺结核患病率429.0/10万,涂阳患病率237.3/10万,菌阳患病率248.6/10万,分别是同年福建7个结核病调查点的1.8倍,2.5倍,1.9倍。调查发现21例涂阳病例中已知11例只有3例已经登记管理,仅占27.3%,复治与慢性排菌病人占52.4%,儿童卡痕率为63.9%。结论 畲族人群肺结核流行状况严重,防治工作滞后。     

广东省结核病疫情流行状况分析

目的　通过分析广东省结核病疫情,探讨广东省结核病控制的进一步措施。方法 利用1979年、1990年和2000年3次结核病流调资料和世行贷款结控项目资料分析广东省结核病疫情流行状况及趋势。结果 3次结核病流调患病率分别为862.87/10万、493.43/10万、351.74/10万,涂阳患病率分别为232.89/10万、111.84/10万、106.75/10万。1992年实施世界银行贷款结核病控制项目以来,结核病新登记率和涂阳新登记率逐年提高。治疗满疗程的涂阳病人治愈率逐年提高,达到85%以上。结论 广东省结核病疫情呈下降趋势。随着现代结核病控制策略的应用,采用DOTS策略,抓好流动人口的结核病发现和管理,控制耐药病例的产生,才能有效地控制结核病疫情的流行。     

贵阳市1998年结核病流行病学抽样调查结果及分析

目的　调查结核病疫情,分析疫情变化及流行趋势,考核防治效果,为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法 采取随机整群分层抽样方法抽取30个调查点,组织专业队伍进行调查,通过结素试验、X线及痰结核菌检查发现肺结核病人。结果 调查40166人,发现活动性肺结核160例,患病率398.3/10万。结论 贵阳市结核病疫情较高,且有上升趋势,农村疫情明显高于城市,城区疫情较10年前有所下降。     

青岛市2000/2001年结核病流行病学抽样调查报告

目的　了解青岛市结核病疫情及各市区防治现状 ,为改进防治措施 ,制定防治规划 ,提供科学依据。方法 采取整群不等比随机抽样方法 ,全市调查 9个点 ,按照“第四次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查工作手册”要求进行。结果 实检人口 14355人 ,占应检人口的 97.2%;活动性肺结核患病率为 202.02/10万 ,涂阳肺结核患病率为 27.86/10万 ,较 1990年活动性肺结核患病率 242.03/10万、涂阳肺结核患病率 30.02/10万年递减率分别为 1.8%、0.8%。结论 青岛市结核病疫情仍较严重。防痨科普知识宣传、DOTS策略、重点人群普查、经费投入、卡介苗接种质量等防治措施有待加强。     

克拉玛依市区1995～1998年肺结核登记病例分析

目的　评价世界银行贷款结核病控制项目成效。方法 根据克拉玛依市区1995～1998年结核病登记报表分析结核病人登记及治疗效果。结果 克拉玛依市区1995～1998年新登记病人中涂阳病人百分比呈下降趋势。外来人口病例逐年上升,少数民族发病人逐年增加,1998年已占总登记病人数的63.5%。结论 克拉玛依市区实施世行贷款结核病控制项目效果显著。     

哮喘与肺结核的关系探讨

目的　探讨哮喘与肺结核关系。方法 在河南省结核病流行病学调查的同时进行河南省哮喘流行病学调查。结果 肺结核病人的哮喘患病率为2.3%,非肺结核组的哮喘患病率为1.0%;肺结核病人中的哮喘患病率是非肺结核组的2倍。哮喘病人中的肺结核患病率为1.2%,非哮喘组的肺结核患病率为0.5%;哮喘病人的肺结核患病率为非哮喘的2倍多。结论 肺结核易并发哮喘,哮喘亦易并发肺结核,二者互为促发因素。     

新疆维吾尔自治区第四次结核病流行病学抽样调查报告

目的　了解新疆全区的结核病疫情动态,评价防治措施的效果,为制定2001—20 10年结核病控制规划提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样,对样本人群应用痰检、X线和PPD试验等检查手段,筛选活动性肺结核患者。结果 2000年全区活动性肺结核患病率为463.65/10万,菌阳患病率为252.23/10万,涂阳患病率为159.50/10万,较1990年分别下降了42.7%、23.3%和33.8%,年均递降率分别为5.4%、2.6%、4.1%。结核病死亡率为38.10/10万,肺结核死亡率为34.64/10万,分别较1990年下降33.3%和37.5%。结核病疫情南疆高于北疆,农村高于城市,少数民族高于汉族。结论 新疆自治区的结核病疫情仍很严重,今后应当继续加大结核病控制工作的力度,继续采取以控制传染源为核心的现代结核病控制策略,以少数民族地区和农村为工作重点,在大力加强化疗管理,提高结核病的治愈率的同时,提高结核病患者发现率。     

第四次流调中采纳的两项提高涂阳病人发现措施的结果分析

目的　评价第四次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查采纳的2项提高涂阳病人发现措施的效果。方法 对流调实验对象的检查结果进行分析。结果 第四次流调检查方法中由于增加了2项措施,与传统流调方法相比,多检出11.8%的涂阳病人,其中44.7%归因于有肺结核可疑症状者查痰这一措施,55.3%归因于多查的第三个痰标本。多检出的涂阳病人中,83.0%为肺结核可疑症状者,17.0%为非肺结核可疑症状者。结论 肺结核可疑症状者是病人发现工作的重点对象。     

山西省乡镇查痰点工作开展情况调查分析

目的分析山西省乡镇查痰点2005年设立以来的工作开展情况以及在肺结核患者发现中的作用,为制定山西省今后结核病防治工作计划,尤其是乡镇查痰点工作计划提供依据。方法收集2005—2008年山西省乡镇查痰点设立、工作开展、经费使用等情况,并加以分析。结果 2005—2008年山西省乡镇查痰点设立484个,到2008年底309个开展工作;2005—2008年,乡镇查痰点涂阳检出率为4.6%;发现的涂阳患者数占全省涂阳患者数的1.1%;乡镇查痰点痰检标本经县级复核后,阳性、阴性符合率分别为73%和91%。结论山西省乡镇查痰点设立后在患者发现方面起到了一定的作用,但效果并不理想。因此需要调整留下的查痰点应从乡级人员培训、明确乡镇查痰点职责、经费使用等方面加强监管,真正发挥乡镇查痰点的作用。     

新疆维吾尔自治区综合医疗机构痰检质控工作评价

目的分析新疆维吾尔自治区综合医疗机构痰检质控工作情况,探讨提高痰检质量的有效措施。方法根据自治区疾病预防控制中心结核病控制中心对全区综合医疗机构的督导记录和痰涂片复检质控结果、进行综合分析和评价。结果2007年53家基层综合医疗机构,共登记可疑肺结核症状者21313例,查痰6989例发现涂阳肺结核403例,涂阳检出率5.8％。未查痰病人转至结防机构查痰5972例,发现涂阳肺结核2030例,涂阳检出率34.0％。涂阴病人转至结防机构再查痰3940例,涂阳肺结核893例,涂阳检出率22.7％。结防机构查痰29048例,涂阳9896例,涂阳检出率34.1％,与综合医疗机构比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论加强综合医疗机构与结防机构的合作。对综合医疗机构痰涂片检查人员进行业务培训及复训,提高痰检质控质量,保证检出率,以达到提高涂阳病例发现的目的。     

Efficiency of a third serial sputum smear examination in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Moldova and Uganda.

SETTING: Twenty-four and 30 tuberculosis (TB) microscopy laboratories in Moldova and Uganda, respectively. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the workload required to identify one additional case of TB with a third serial sputum smear examination. METHODS: Retrospective laboratory register study to determine the prevalence and the incremental yield of TB cases from a third serial sputum smear examination among suspects in Moldova and Uganda, with the reciprocal of the product of these two fractions providing the number of examinations required to identify one additional TB case. RESULTS: In Moldova, 9% (1141/12525) and in Uganda 20% (7280/36054) of suspects met the TB case definition with at least one positive sputum smear. The incremental yield from the third examination was 4% in Moldova and 3% in Uganda. To detect one additional TB case on a third smear, 273 examinations (95%CI 200-389) in Moldova and 175 (95%CI 153-222) in Uganda were thus required. This corresponded to an average of 11 days (8-16) and 7 days (6-9), respectively, to diagnose one additional case of TB. CONCLUSION: In both countries, the third serial sputum smear examination was inefficient in diagnosing sputum smear-positive TB.     

涂阳肺结核病人发现程序的探讨

目的　探索高发现、操作简便、成本低的病人发现程序。方法 山东省2000年结核病流行病学抽样调查资料。结果 在1715例同时胸透和痰涂片检查的可疑肺结核症状者中,发现涂阳肺结核病人51例,其中胸透诊断正常者15例。结论 对可疑肺结核症状者必须全部查痰。     

Value of smear and PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis.

At present, further investigations are needed in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and either negative sputum smear or without sputum. The aim of the present study was to analyse the yield of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) smear and PCR in patients with confirmed pulmonary TB. Patients with a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in sputum or BALF were analysed over 5 yrs. In total, 90 out of 230 (39%) patients with culture-positive pulmonary TB had a positive sputum smear, and 120 patients underwent bronchoscopy. BALF smear was positive in 56 (47%), BALF PCR in 93 (78%) patients, and BALF smear and/or PCR was positive in 83%. In total, 71 patients who underwent bronchoscopy and had complete clinical records were further analysed. BALF (smear or Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-PCR) allowed a rapid diagnosis in 10 (59%) out of 17 patients who had a negative sputum smear, and 49 (91%) out of 54 patients without sputum production. Of these 71 patients, 12 (17%) were only culture positive. Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary TB by smear and/or PCR was made in 190 out of 210 patients (90%) in sputum or BALF. In conclusion, combined use of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid smear and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-PCR has a good diagnostic yield in patients with sputum smear-negative tuberculosis or without sputum production.     

甘肃省乡级查痰点工作开展情况调查

目的了解甘肃省设立乡镇卫生院结核病痰涂片检查点(以下简称"乡级查痰点")以来(2005—2007年上半年)工作开展情况,为制定下一步乡级查痰点工作计划,规范乡级查痰点的工作提供科学依据。方法调查全省乡级查痰点基本情况、2005—2007年上半年乡级查痰点工作开展情况,分析查痰点存在的问题。结果甘肃省共设查痰点535个,痰检人员均为兼职。2005、2006、2007年上半年:痰检工作量为18 416、17 7989、242人份;发现涂阳病人1 001、936、395例;20%~33%的查痰点没有开展工作;年工作量大于50例的查痰点只占20%~24%,菌阳检出率4.3%~5.4%低于县级结核病细菌学实验室水平。结论甘肃省乡级查痰点在我省涂阳病人发现上做出一定的贡献,但乡级查痰点人员均为兼职、实验条件及安全防护差、工作开展不平衡、技术水平低。乡级查痰点工作现状应引起卫生行政部门及各级结核病防治机构的重视,应根据各地的不同情况,结合人口、县级工作需求、查痰点服务半径以及覆盖人口,减少查痰点的数量,并制定切实可行的措施,理顺工作程序,整合有限的资金,改善实验室工作条件,进一步规范乡级查痰点工作。     

Number of negative acid-fast smears needed to adequately assess infectivity of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between the number of negative acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear results and infectivity of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: We examined 122 index cases in Harris County, TX, reported in 1998 and 1999. All cases had only negative AFB smear results during the infectious period and were categorized in two groups: group A consisted of cases with only one or two sputum specimens collected and processed, and group B consisted of cases with at least three sputum specimens or at least one bronchoscopic specimen. Tuberculin skin test (TST) results of contacts were ascertained from the results of contact investigations performed by the City of Houston Department of Health and Human Services, Tuberculosis Control Division. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to explore index case and contact attributes associated with tuberculosis (TB) transmission using positive TST results of contacts as a measure of recent transmission. RESULTS: We found male gender and younger age of index cases along with Hispanic ethnicity of contacts to be independently associated with positive TST results, while younger contacts were less likely to be TST positive. Smear category of the index case (group A vs group B) was not independently associated with transmission. We also found that the first two sputum specimens in cases where three or more were performed yielded 90% of all positive culture results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that two sputum specimens negative for AFB stain are adequate for both assessing infectivity and for isolating MTB from patients with pulmonary TB.     

Response to empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment in patients with sputum smear-negative presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: In many cases, physicians initiate anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment based only on symptoms or radiographic findings without confirmation of pulmonary TB by acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear. It has not been well known which clinical characteristics could be used as predictors for positive culture or real TB in patients with sputum smear-negative presumptive pulmonary TB. OBJECTIVE: We tried to elucidate treatment outcomes in patients with sputum smear-negative presumptive pulmonary TB and to find predictors of positive culture results. METHODS: We reviewed data of the patients who had been treated as presumptive TB with negative AFB smear on the basis of clinical and radiographic features from December 1998 to December 2000 at a university hospital in Korea. We reviewed medical records and radiographs of patients and analyzed possible predictors for positive culture. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients were enrolled. Among them, pulmonary TB was confirmed by culture in 32 patients (31%). Thirty-one (96.9%) out of 32 culture-positive patients showed clinical or radiographic improvement as did 50 (72.5%) out of 69 culture-negative patients. The predictor for a positive culture result is the presence of patchy consolidation in an initial radiograph (p = 0.025; OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.14-7.28). CONCLUSIONS: The empirical anti-TB treatment in patients with sputum smear-negative presumptive pulmonary TB was effective and adequate, especially presented with patchy consolidation in initial chest radiographs in Korea.     

The significance of the persistent presence of acid-fast bacilli in sputum smears in pulmonary tuberculosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Identification of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in the sputum smear at the completion of tuberculosis therapy is in some settings considered evidence of treatment failure. However, some patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) will have positive smear results with negative sputum culture results at the end of therapy. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of persisting positive sputum smear results in patients with TB and to identify characteristics that distinguish patients with persistently positive sputum smear results who also had negative sputum culture results from patients identified as treatment failures. DESIGN: A population-based, historical cohort study with nested case control study. SETTING: British Columbia Division of Tuberculosis Control central case registry. PATIENTS: All 428 patients with culture-proven pulmonary TB in British Columbia over 7 years with sputum that was positive for AFB. METHODS: Review of laboratory data of all 428 patients, as well as clinical data of a subset of 30 patients with persistently positive smear results beyond 20 weeks. RESULTS: Sputum smears were positive for AFB in 205 patients (48%) at 4 weeks, in 30 patients (7%) at 20 weeks, and in 12 patients (3%) at 36 weeks. Of the patients with smear results that were persistently positive at 20 weeks, 23 (77%) had negative sputum culture results and 7 (23%) had positive sputum culture results (ie, they were treatment failures). Patients identified as treatment failures had more localized disease as shown on chest radiographs, had less radiographic improvement at follow-up, had a higher prevalence of drug resistance, and were less compliant with medications than patients with persistently positive smear results and negative culture results. No subject with a negative culture result relapsed over the 6- to 48-month observation period. CONCLUSION: Sputum that is persistently positive for AFB in patients in developed countries is more likely to be associated with negative culture results than with treatment failure.