不同指征介入性产前诊断的异常染色体检出率及其安全性分析

目的 探讨不同指征介入性产前诊断(羊膜腔穿刺和脐血管穿刺)的异常染色体检出率以及介入性产前诊断技术的安全性. 方法回顾性分析本中心1264例介入性产前诊断(1082例羊膜腔穿刺和182例脐血管穿刺)的手术指征、不同指征的异常染色体检出率及穿刺相关并发症.结果 1264例介入性产前诊断中,穿刺指征分别为:血清学筛查高风险651例(51.5%)、孕妇高龄(年龄≥35岁)318例(25.2%)、超声胎儿结构异常136例(10.8%)、不良妊娠史88例(6.9%)、血清学筛查一项或两项标志物MoM值异常52例(4.1%)和夫妇一方染色体平衡易位携带19例(1.5%).共检出有临床意义的染色体异常37例,其穿刺指征依次为:超声提示胎儿结构异常20例(20/136,14.7%),血清学筛查高风险12例(12/651,1.8%),至少一项标志物MoM值异常1例(1/52,1.9%),不良妊娠史1例(1/88,1.1%),夫妇一方染色体平衡易位携带3例(3/19,15.8%),孕妇年龄≥35岁者未检出有临床意义的染色体异常(0/318).1264例介入性产前诊断中共有5例自然流产,其中与羊膜腔穿刺相关的胎儿丢失率为0.28%(3/1082),与脐血管穿刺相关的胎儿丢失率为1.09%(2/182),两者相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.154).脐血管穿刺后孕妇心慌、腹痛以及胎心减慢等并发症的发生率明显高于羊膜腔穿刺组(9.89%和0.18%,P=0.001). 结论超声发现胎儿结构异常应常规检查胎儿核型;单纯高龄作为介入性产前诊断的指征值得商榷;介入性产前诊断从安全性角度应首选羊膜腔穿刺术.     

234例羊膜腔穿刺诊断胎儿染色体异常的研究

目的评价羊水穿刺术在产前诊断胎儿染色体异常中的应用。方法对234例有产前诊断指征的孕妇在超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水检查染色体核型,并比较不同产前诊断指征分组的异常染色体检出率。结果全部病例穿刺均成功,羊水细胞培养成功率97.86%,染色体异常检出率5.68%。其中超声示胎儿异常组染色体异常检出率(33.33%)明显高于21-三体高风险组(4.54%)、不良孕产史组的检出率(9.09%)(P<0.05)。结论超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水在产前诊断中是成熟有效的操作技术,孕妇血清学筛查异常、不良孕产史、超声示胎儿异常是有效的穿刺指征,其中胎儿异常的超声监测对产前诊断提示胎儿染色体异常具有较好的预测性。     

3800例羊水细胞染色体核型分析及相关遗传咨询

目的：探讨染色体异常核型与产前诊断指征的关系及羊膜腔穿刺术的安全性,为产前遗传咨询提供客观的实验依据。方法：3800例具备产前诊断指征的妊娠妇女,在知情选择的情况下行羊膜腔穿刺术及染色体核型检测。分析相关数据,追踪羊膜腔穿刺术的结局。结果：羊水细胞一次培养成功率为99.26%（3772/3800）,两次培养成功率为99.97%（3795/3796）。在3795例羊水细胞培养成功的染色体核型中,检出异常核型120例,异常率为3.16%,其中染色体数目异常率1.61%（61/3795）,结构异常率0.58%（22/3795）,多态性变异异常率0.97%（37/3795）。产前诊断指征中,按羊膜腔穿刺例数,位于前3位的分别是唐氏综合征筛查高危人群组（以下简称唐筛高危组,3541例）、不良妊娠分娩史组（95例）和单纯高龄组（≥35岁,83例）。检出染色体异常核型例数前3位的分别是唐筛高危组（103例）、夫妻单方染色体异常组（8例）和单纯高龄组（4例）。染色体核型异常率前3位的分别是夫妻单方染色体异常组（38.10%,8/21,仅1例有临床意义）、超声提示胎儿异常组（9.38%,3/32）和单纯高龄组（4.82%,4/83）。唐筛高危组中,高龄和低龄妊娠妇女染色体核型异常率差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.342,P〈0.05）。单纯高龄组与唐筛高危组中高龄妊娠妇女染色体核型异常率差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.157,P〉0.05）。胎儿丢失率0.237%（9/3800）,胎死宫内率0.053%（2/3800）。结论：①唐筛高危、高龄、超声提示胎儿异常及夫妻单方染色体异常者均有必要进行产前诊断。②羊膜腔穿刺术相对安全。③根据相关实验数据对高危妊娠妇女进行个体化遗传咨询是必要的。     

3800例羊水细胞染色体核型分析及相关遗传咨询

目的:探讨染色体异常核型与产前诊断指征的关系及羊膜腔穿刺术的安全性,为产前遗传咨询提供客观的实验依据.方法:3 800例具备产前诊断指征的妊娠妇女,在知情选择的情况下行羊膜腔穿刺术及染色体核型检测.分析相关数据,追踪羊膜腔穿刺术的结局.结果:羊水细胞一次培养成功率为99.26%(3772/3 800),两次培养成功率为...     

247例妊娠中期孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的 分析妊娠中期进行产前诊断的孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型，了解此期异常核型发生的频率、类型及与各种产前诊断指征的关系。方法 对247例妊娠中期孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术抽羊水作羊水细胞培养检查染色体核型。结果 发现异常核型14例，异常核型出现频率为5．67％，其中三体型7例，占异常核型的50％，分别为21三体4例，18三体2例，13三体1例；其次为平衡易位6例，占42．86％。高龄孕妇中21三体检出率为5．56％(1／18)，非高龄组为1．31％(3／229)，P=0．235，差异无显著性。15例产前常规B超检查发现胎儿发育异常的孕妇中，检出三体儿3例。结论 在有各种产前诊断指征的妊娠中期孕妇中，胎儿染色体异常发生率为5．67％，染色体三体为主要的异常核型。孕中期B超检查做为产前常规筛查可提高胎儿染色体异常的检出率。     

6584例高龄孕妇妊娠中期羊水染色体核型分析结果

目的 探讨高龄孕妇(预产期年龄≥35岁)胎儿染色体异常的发生率.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月1日至2011年6月30日在中国医学科学院北京协和医院行妊娠中期羊膜腔穿刺术及羊水染色体核型分析的6584例高龄孕妇的病历资料,所有病例行羊膜腔穿刺术的唯一指征是高龄.计算各种胎儿染色体异常的发生率.将高龄孕妇分成年龄35～39岁组和≥40岁组,采用卡方检验比较2组胎儿47,+21、47,+18和性染色体非整倍体的发生率.结果 共检出121例胎儿染色体异常,发生率为18.38‰(121/6854),包括111例非整倍体(含嵌合体)和10例染色体结构异常.非整倍体包括59例47,+ 21 (8.96‰,59/6584)、25例47,+18 (3.80‰,25/6584)、2例47,+13(0.30‰,2/6584)、25例性染色体非整倍体(3.80‰,25/6584).47,+21是胎儿最常见的染色体异常,占全部非整倍体异常的53.15％(59/111),在35～39岁孕妇中的发生率为7.90‰(43/5440),在≥40岁孕妇中的发生率为13.99‰(16/1144),差异有统计学意义(x2=3.937,P=0.047).胎儿47,+18和性染色体非整倍体的发生率在2组孕妇中差异无统计学意义.结论 高龄孕妇胎儿染色体异常以13、18、21号染色体和性染色体非整倍体为主,其中胎儿47,+21的发生率在年龄≥40岁的孕妇人群中显著升高.建议将高龄孕妇的年龄界值设为40岁,对年龄35～39岁的孕妇实施产前血清学筛查,对年龄≥40岁的孕妇直接行羊膜腔穿刺术.     

光谱核型分析技术在产前诊断染色体复杂核型异常中的应用

如何对精细的染色体异常做出准确的核型分析，一直是产前诊断中的研究课题。应用传统的细胞遗传学G显带技术进行的染色体核型分析，已经成为染色体异常的常规筛选方法。但其费时、费力，对复杂染色体核型异常的分析很不理想，难以自动化操作。荧光原位杂交技术具有高度的敏感性和特异性，但它只能检测已知的染色体核型异常。光谱核     

产前诊断指证与胎儿的染色体核型分析

目的:探讨胎儿染色体异常频率及与产前诊断指证的关系。方法:对有产前诊断指证的125例妊娠16-36周的孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺或脐静脉穿刺术,取羊水细胞或脐血细胞培养进行胎儿染色体核型分析。结果:125例中,胎儿染色体异常7例,占5.60%(7/125)。其中高龄和唐氏高危孕妇44例中胎儿异常染色体检出率为2.27%(1/44);曾经生产过染色体病儿或孕妇本人或丈夫染色体结构异常携带者13例中,胎儿染色体异常检出率为38.46%(5/13);B超示胎儿畸形7例中,异常染色体检出率为14.29%(1/7)。结论:在各类产前诊断指证中,依次以父/或母为染色体结构异常携带者、B超检查胎儿畸形的胎儿染色体异常频率为高。     

9例Turner综合征产前诊断分析

<正>Turner综合征又称先天性卵巢发育不全,是最常见的性发育异常疾病,1959年被证实系因性染色体畸变所致,1938年Turner首先报道,故称为Turn-er综合征[1]。由于Turner综合征胎儿可以存活至足月出生,增加了患者及家庭的负担。近年,随着血     

妊娠中期胎儿染色体病的产前诊断

目的 通过对妊娠中期高危孕妇羊水细胞染色体的核型分析，了解胎儿染色体核型异常发生情况。方法抽取1983年3月至2003年8月河南省人民医院342例符合产前诊断指征的妊娠中期孕妇羊水细胞进行培养，制备中期细胞染色体，用C、G、Q、R带等多种显带技术，进行染色体分析。结果在342例孕妇羊水中发现23例染色体异常，占6．7％，其中数目异常5例(21．8％)，嵌合体3例(13．0％)，结构异常15例(65．2％)。结论产前诊断胎儿染色体病最终仍需羊水染色体核型分析来确诊。     

Frequency and Types of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Turkish Women with Amenorrhea

Study ObjectiveTo estimate the frequency and the type of chromosomal abnormalities (CA) in patients with primary (PA) and secondary amenorrhea (SA).DesignThis retrospective study was comprised of patients had been referred to our laboratory between 1990 to 2008 and designed as original article.SettingMedical Faculty of Cukurova University in Turkey.ParticipantsChromosomal analysis was carried out on 393 patients with PA and SA that were referred to Cytogenetic laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University.InterventionsLymphocyte culturing depended karyotyping.Main Outcome MeasuresStandard lymphocyte culturing procedure and karyotyping was performed to all samples.ResultsPA and SA were identified in 393 patients. The karyotype was normal in 337 cases (85.8%) and abnormal in 56 (14.2%) patients. CAs were found in 54 (13.7%) and 2 (0.5%) of women with PA and SA, respectively. Females carrying rearrangements between autosomal and sex chromosomes were detected in 2% (8/393). The numerical abnormalities of the X chromosome were detected in 39.3% (22/56) (monosomy and mosaic). Structural abnormalities of the X and the other chromosomes were detected in 25.5% (13 of 56). Structural mosaicism of X chromosome was found in 5.4% (3 of 56). Male karyotype (46, XY) was found in 33.9% (19/56). The most frequently detected abnormality were X chromosome monosomies or mosaics.ConclusionsOur study revealed that some causes of amenorrhea could be due to CAs. Therefore, cytogenetic study should be important test in the evaluation of patients with PA or SA. The most common abnormality seen is 45,X karyotype (monosomy X/Turner Syndrome) and its variants.     

无创DNA检测在诊断高龄孕妇胎儿非整倍体中的应用

目的:探讨高龄妊娠胎儿染色体异常的风险以及无创DNA产前检测(NIPT)在诊断高龄孕妇胎儿非整倍体染色体病中的应用价值。方法:选择≥35岁的高龄孕妇2714例,按年龄分为35~39岁,≥40岁两组,采用NIPT高通量测序检测孕妇血浆游离DNA,并对检测结果提示21-三体、18-三体、13-三体及性染色体高风险者行羊膜腔穿刺术及胎儿染色体核型分析,对检测结果阴性者通过电话随访进行验证。计算NIPT检测的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及Youden指数。结果:2714例高龄孕妇NIPT检测结果提示胎儿非整倍体染色体异常高风险47例,6例高风险孕妇拒绝侵入性产前诊断,余41例高风险孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术及羊水细胞染色体核型分析,结果显示21-三体19例,18-三体1例,13-三体2例,性染色体异常7例。与现有的金标准羊膜腔穿刺术核型分析相比较,NIPT对高龄孕妇除外性染色体异常的胎儿非整倍体染色体异常检出敏感度为100.00%,特异度为99.93%,阳性预测值为90.91%,阴性预测值为100.00%,Youden指数为0.99。进一步通过年龄分组发现,40岁及以上年龄组异常率显著高于35~39岁年龄组(P=0.011)。结论:高龄孕妇可通过NIPT快速、安全地筛查出胎儿非整倍体染色体异常,减少侵入性产前检测比例,降低胎儿出生缺陷率。     

Maternal Serum Screening and Routine 18-week Ultrasound in the Detection of all Chromosomal Abnormalities

Summary: Over a 15-month period, maternal serum screening (alpha fetoprotein, oestriol, chorionic gonadotrophin) and ultrasound were evaluated in the detection of all chromosomal abnormalities. Of the 981 screened, there were 8 chromosomally abnormal pregnancies. Six of these were considered to be at increased risk on serum screening, all of which were detected. Of the remaining 2, one was detected by ultrasound and the other resulted in a liveborn baby with trisomy 21. The positive and negative predictive values for serum screening for all chromosomal abnormalities was 7.8% and 99.9% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and 91.5% respectively. Serum screening is useful in the detection of many chromosomal abnormalities, not just Down syndrome. The combination of maternal serum screening and ultrasound has a high negative predictive value and is valuable in providing reassurance of no underlying chromosomal abnormality. With a positive predictive value of 7.8% a chromosomal abnormality will be found once in every 13 amniocenteses performed.     

母婴人乳头状瘤病毒亚临床感染的检测

目的 探讨孕期、产褥期妇女及其新生儿的人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）亚临床感染状况。方法 采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测１０３例孕产妇（观察组）宫颈及阴道分泌物、外周静脉血标本中ＨＰＶ－６,１１、１６、１８型ＤＮＡ,其中孕早期３０例,孕中期４２例,孕晚期３１例,孕晚期妇女监测到产褥期;以同期门诊要求带宫内节育器妇女３０例为对照组,同时检测孕晚期妇女分娩的新生儿咽部分泌物标本。结果 孕早、中、晚期、产     

Evaluation of a Rapid Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Genital Colonization of Group B Streptococci in Pregnant Women: Own Experience and Review

EDITORIAL COMMENT: As regular readers of the Journal will know we have published a number of papers recently on the subject of screening for group B beta-haemolytic streptococcal (GBS) colonization of the vagina in pregnancy. This is the first paper we have published on the important problem of identification in labour of women who are GBS-carriers so that appropriate antibiotic therapy can be given to them and their infants after delivery. It shows that the current technology is inadequate to quickly and reliably identify GBS-carrier women.
Summary: We have compared an enzyme immunoassay (ICON Strep B, Hybritech) with cultures for emonstration of genital carriage of group B streptococci (GBS) in pregnant women, and studied the relationship between vaginal and rectal carriage of this organism. Pertinent literature has also been reviewed. Two hundred pregnant women at gestational week 17 were included. Swabs from the uterine cervix were tested for GBS by ICON Strep B immunoassay and ordinary cultures on blood agar. Additional swabs from the rectum were tested by cultures. The percentage of women with GBS in cervical secretions was 13.5^o7o (27/200) by cultures and 4% (8/200) by the ICON Strep B immunoassay. The overall sensitivity of the immunoassay was 7.4%, and the specificity 96.5%. In conclusion, the sensitivity of rapid enzyme immunoassays is too low for accurate screening of GBS in the genital tract of pregnant women.     

围产期解脲脲原体感染与不良妊娠结局

目的　探讨围产期解脲脲原体（ＵＵ）感染及其对妊娠结局的影响。方法　应用解脲脲原体培养法和ＥＬＩＳＡ 方法,分两部分研究了ＵＵ 在孕妇下生殖道中的定植和ＵＵ 的宫内感染。结果　ＵＵ 在孕妇下生殖道中的定植率为６５％ ,ＵＵ 在孕妇下生殖道中的定植与胎膜早破有关;ＵＵ 可引起宫内感染,并与胎膜早破、绒毛膜羊膜炎以及新生儿出生体重和孕周的降低有关。　结论　围产期ＵＵ 感染尤其是ＵＵ 的宫内感染与多种不良妊娠结局的发生有关。     

Lower Rate of Preeclampsia After Antioxidant Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Low Antioxidant Status

Objective: To investigate maternal and neonatal outcomes after antioxidant supplementation relatively early in pregnancy (8 to 12 weeks) for pregnant women with low antioxidant status. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of daily antioxidant supplementation was performed on pregnant women screening positive for low antioxidant status at 8 to 12 weeks of gestation. Low antioxidant status was defined as a superoxidedismutase (SOD) level below 1102 U/g Hb or 164 U/mL. The supplementation group received the following antioxidants daily: vitamins A (1000 IU), B6 (2.2 mg), B12 (2.2 μg), C (200 mg), and E (400 IU), folic acid (400 μg), N-acetylcysteine (200 mg), Cu (2 mg), Zn (15 mg), Mn (0.5 mg), Fe (30 mg), calcium (800 mg), and selenium (100 μg). The control group received Fe (30 mg) and folic acid (400 μg). Maternal (preeclampsia, abortion, and hypertension) and perinatal outcomes were assessed. Results: In the supplementation group (29 subjects), we observed 2 cases of preeclampsia (6.8%, 1 mild and 1 severe), 1 of IUGR (birth weight 2300 g at 38 weeks), and 1 preterm delivery. In the control group (31 subjects), there were 8 abortions, 9 cases of preeclampsia (29%, 6 mild and 3 severe) with perinatal outcome: 3 preterm delivery cases and 1 IUGR (birth weight 2030 g at 39 weeks). Preeclampsia was significantly less frequent in the supplementation group when compared to the control group (2 vs. 9 cases, p = 0.043, OR = 0.18 [95% CI: 0.03, 0.92]). Finally we focused on the prediction of preeclampsia at 8 to 12 weeks. Combined sensitivity of markers of antioxidant status (SOD slutathione peroxidase, [GPx], and total anti-oxidant status [TAS]) was 33% (false-positive rate of 4.5%). Conclusion: Antioxidant supplementation was associated with better maternal and perinatal outcome in pregnant women with low antioxidant status than control supplementation with iron and folate alone. In a selected population already screened positive for low SOD, preeclampsia can be detected in 33% of asymptomatic cases in the first trimester using SOD, GPx, and TAS. It seems feasible that panels of both biochemical and molecular markers may be clinically useful in the prediction of this disease.