南昌市东湖区社区居民结核病防治知识知晓率调查

目的了解南昌市东湖区社区居民对结核病防治知识的知晓水平。评价全区结核病健康促进工作的效果。方法采用随机抽样方法,在全区9个街道共抽取200名居民,用封闭问卷对有关结核病的症状、就诊、治疗、传播和预防知识、结核病信息来源等问题进行调查,并汇总分析。结果被调查对象结核病知识知晓率男女之间没有显著性差异,不同文化程度、职业及知识来源方面存在显著性差异。结核病可疑症状知晓率为77.5%,传播方式知晓率为80.0%,预防方法知晓率为72.0%。结论东湖区结核病健康促进工作效果明显,但结核病预防知识知晓率相对较低,应作为健康教育的重点。     

深圳市宝安区居民结核病防治知识知晓率调查

目的了解深圳市宝安区居民对结核病防治知识的掌握情况,探索存在的问题和解决措施。方法采取分层随机抽样的方法,同一时间分别对辖区10条街道,每条街道15~20名居民进行结核病知识的问卷调查。结果共收回问卷180份,其中有效问卷171份(95%)。结核病相关知识知晓率为72.4%,被调查对象以青壮年为主,性别、婚姻状况对结核病相关知识知晓率无明显影响,不同的文化程度其相关知识知晓率有显著性差异(P<0.05);结核病特定知识知晓率为56.1%;结核病传播方式知晓率为81.3%;减免政策和专业机构知晓率为49.2%。结论人群的结核病防治知识掌握情况不容乐观,应根据实际情况,对健康教育的形式和内容进行调整,有针对性地开展健康教育。     

百色市结核病防治知识知晓率现况调查

目的了解百色市结核病防治知识知晓率及结核病健康教育需求情况,为今后调整结核病防治策略提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法,用统一设计的结核病防治知识调查问卷进行调查,对回收的有效问卷采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析。结果向调查人群发放27488份问卷,收回有效问卷25485份,有效率92.71%。调查人群对结核病防治核心知识总知晓率为54.21%,结核病症状知晓率为89.01%。5个经济欠发达县知晓率水平低于全市平均水平,教师、行业职工和学生知晓率高于农村居民和社区居民。获得结核病防治知识的途径以"听别人说"比例最高,为50.50%。结论百色市结核病防治知识的宣传方向应从以"病症知识"为主转为"病症"与"治病知识"并重,重点放在农村和社区,特别是经济欠发达县。     

西部偏远地区居民结核病防治核心知识知晓现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解西部偏远地区居民对结核病防治核心知识知晓状况，分析影响因素，并以此为依据制定有针对性的健康教育方案。方法 2021年3—9月采用随机整群抽样和便利抽样相结合的方法，抽取西部偏远地区的部分居民作为调查对象，采用专家咨询自行设计结核病相关知识调查问题，通过现场发放回收问卷方式对居民结核病防治核心知识现状进行调查，并对数据进行分析。结果 居民对结核病防治核心知识总知晓率为31.1%(3 452/11 099)；在11条结核病防治核心知识中，“正确预防肺结核方式”“肺结核病主要症状”知晓率处于最低水平，分别为6.6%和9.4%。学历、职业及家庭月均收入是防治核心知识知晓情况的影响因素。结论 西部偏远地区居民对结核病防治知识总知晓率偏低，对结核病各条核心知识的认知程度存在差异，应不断优化健康教育形式，特别是文化程度较低的居民，通过更有针对性的健康促进和健康活动，提高健康教育方案的有效性。     

重庆市万州区农村居民结核病防治核心知识知晓率及其影响因素分析

目的 分析重庆市万州区农村居民结核病防治核心知识的知晓情况,为提高农村居民结核病防治意识和理论水平提供具有针对性的决策依据。方法 采用多阶段随机抽样方法,在万州区农村地区随机抽取405名常住居民进行结核病防治核心知识知晓情况调查,采用χ²检验和多因素logistic回归分析对不同性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、户籍,以及是否接受过结核病健康教育的调查对象结核病防治核心知识知晓情况及其影响因素进行统计分析。结果 本次调查共发放问卷405份,回收有效问卷400份,问卷有效率98.77%。400份有效问卷中,结核病防治核心知识知晓率达到了84.20%。知晓率较低的为65岁及以上老年人(73.76%)、小学及以下(78.42%)、农业劳动者(83.10%)、从未接受健康教育者(75.52%)。多因素logistic回归分析表明,年龄≥65岁(OR=0.182,95%CI:0.034～0.965)是万州区农村居民结核病防治核心知识知晓的影响因素,而既往接受过结核病宣传教育(OR=3.231,95%CI:1.709～6.108)是其促进因素。结论 重庆市万州区农村居民结核病健康教...     

上海市嘉定区基层医务人员结核病防治知识、信念和行为调查

目的了解上海市嘉定区基层医务人员对结核病防治知识、信念和行为状况,为促进嘉定区基层结核病防治工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,使用2006年全国公众结核病防治知识、信念和行为调查问卷对上海市嘉定区6个街镇240名基层医务人员进行了调查。结果嘉定区基层医务人员对结核病防治知识核心信息知晓率为76.50%,其中可疑症状的知晓率仅为47.08%。不同特征的医务人员核心信息知晓率差异有统计学意义,居住地在城区的高于农村(P0.05),工作在村卫生室的高于社区卫生服务中心(P0.05)。基层医务人员获得结核病防治知识的主要来源为报刊杂志、传单折页和宣传栏。结论嘉定区基层医务人员结核病防治知识水平有待加强,针对农村地区和非临床专业采用新形式加强健康教育和健康促进工作,才能切实提高基层医务人员结核病防治知识水平。     

某卫生学校医学生结核病防治知识态度行为调查结果分析

目的调查中专医学生结核病防治的知识、态度和行为,评估该类人群结核病防治知识知晓水平。方法采用整群随机抽取宜宾卫生学校中专学生523人,用自设计结核病知识-态度-行为问卷进行调查。结果学生结核病核心知识问题总体知晓率为54.7%,男女结核病知识知晓率(53.59%vs 55.02%)差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.680,P0.05),不同年级学生知晓率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=254.640,P0.01),一年级学生知晓率42.55%,二年级学生知晓率57.23%,三年级学生知晓率72.52%;不同来源地学生总体知识知晓率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=67.770,P0.01),城市vs农村:62.0%vs 50.3%(P0.05)。对结核病的态度积极者占78.6%,对结核病预防的相关行为较差,83.7%的学生获得结核病防治知识是通过手机等多媒体。结论中专医学生结核病知识匮乏,行为较差,但态度良好,应结合多种手段开展健康教育,提升学生对疾病的认知,提高对疾病的防控意识和能力。     

合肥市结核病防治核心信息知晓情况及分析

目的了解合肥市城区居民、农村居民、企业职工和高中生4类人群的结核病知识知晓率,探索防治结核病宣传干预的重点,为制定结核病健康教育政策提供依据。方法采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,使用合肥市疾控中心制定的调查问卷,对6,788人开展调查。结果合肥市4类人群结核病防治核心信息的总知晓率为80.0%,城区居民、农村居民、企业职工和学校学生的知晓率分别为82.2%、66.1%、82.3%和75.0%,4类人群之间的差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结核病防治核心知识知晓率随着文化程度的提高而升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论农村居民和学校学生是预防结核病健康教育宣传的重点人群和重点对象,要根据这两类人群的特点深入开展预防结核病宣传教育活动。     

中学生结核病认知情况调查分析

目的了解我国部分地区中学生对结核病的认知情况,为制定结核病推广普及措施提供参考。方法采取分层整群抽样的方法,参照2018年大学生结核病防治知识信念行为调查问卷设计的问题相同的文字版和漫画版两种问卷,于2018年7月—2018年9月在广东、山西和湖南省各选1所中学,进行结核病认知情况问卷调查。结果本次调查共收到有效问卷455份,其中文字版328,漫画版127。中学生对出现肺结核可疑症状去哪就诊(94. 3%,429/455)、开窗通风习惯(90. 5%,412/455)和感染结核菌如何预防发病(86. 2%,392/455) 3个问题的知晓率较高,对肺结核有哪些可疑症状(43. 5%,198/455)、亲友同学患肺结核如何对待(46. 4%,211/455)和肺结核病是慢性呼吸道传染病(52. 7%,240/455) 3道问题的知晓率较低。开窗通风习惯(2=8. 174,P=0. 004)和肺结核主要传播途径(2=8. 138,P=0. 004) 2个问题,采用文字版和漫画版问卷,知晓率差异有统计学意义。在11道结核病防治知识问题中,只有2道题的知晓率女生高于男生,9道问题男生和女生知晓率间差异无统计学意义; 3道问题的高中生和初中生知晓率间差异无统计学意义,1道题的初中生知晓率高于高中生,7道题的高中生知晓率高于初中生。83. 1%(378/455)的学生表示愿意接受此类调查,接受漫画问卷调查的学生(92. 1%,117/127)比接受传统文字调查问卷的学生(79. 6%,261/328)更愿意做此类调查(2=10. 34,P <0. 001)。结论中学生对于结核病相关知识知晓率较高,但对不同问题掌握程度不一样,在实际宣传工作中应根据学生知晓率特点有针对性地开展宣传活动。漫画问卷更受中学生欢迎。     

麻城市老年肺结核患者防治知识调查及影响因素

目的 掌握麻城市老年肺结核患者对结核病防治知识了解情况及其影响因素,为老年结核病防控提供科学依据。方法 收集2018年3月至2020年8月筛查的老年肺结核患者129例,设计调查问卷评估患者肺结核防治知识的知晓情况,包括5个方面：肺结核的主要传播途径、肺结核是否能治好、药物不良反应处理方法、肺结核免费治疗政策、肺结核症状。同时收集患者性别、年龄、受教育程度、户籍地、职业类型,分析影响因素。结果 本研究共回收129份调查问卷,有效回收率100%。对调查问卷中的5个问题全部知晓(总知晓率)42.64%(55/129),其中对肺结核的主要传播途径知晓率最高60.47%(78/129),其次为肺结核是否能治好的知晓率58.14%(75/129)、药物不良反应处理方法的知晓率50.39%(65/129)、肺结核免费治疗政策的知晓率48.06%(62/129),对肺结核症状的知晓率最低44.19%(57/129)。不同性别、年龄、受教育程度、户籍地、职业类型的老年肺结核患者对肺结核防治知识的知晓率之间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、受教...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.