A blueprint for cancer screening and early detection: Advancing screening’s contribution to cancer control

From the mid-20th century, accumulating evidence has supported the introduction of screening for cancers of the cervix, breast, colon and rectum, prostate (via shared decisions), and lung. The opportunity to detect and treat precursor lesions and invasive disease at a more favorable stage has contributed substantially to reduced incidence, morbidity, and mortality. However, as new discoveries portend advancements in technology and risk-based screening, we fail to fulfill the greatest potential of the existing technology, in terms of both full access among the target population and the delivery of state-of-the art care at each crucial step in the cascade of events that characterize successful cancer screening. There also is insufficient commitment to invest in the development of new technologies, incentivize the development of new ideas, and rapidly evaluate promising new technology. In this report, the authors summarize the status of cancer screening and propose a blueprint for the nation to further advance the contribution of screening to cancer control.     

Twinning and the Incidence of Breast and Gynecological Cancers (United States)

Increasing epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that the carcinogenic pathway in the breast and female reproductive organs is driven, at least in part, by factors associated with reproduction. We conducted a retrospective cohort study, comparing the risk of ovarian, breast, endometrial, and cervical cancers among women who had records of at least one twin pregnancy, compared with women who had given birth to only single children. Subjects were selected from the Utah Population Database, which consists of multiple linked datasets including genealogy, births and deaths and cancer registries. We used Poisson regression to calculate relative risks, adjusted for the number of pregnancies and the age of the mother at the birth of first and last children, with singleton mothers as the reference group in each case. The risks of breast and ovarian cancers did not differ between mothers of twins and mothers of single children. The risk of endometrial cancer was slightly lower in mothers of twins than in mothers of singleton children (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.67-1.21). Conversely the risk of cervical cancer was higher among twin mothers (RR = 1.78, 95% CI 0.88-3.52). This latter finding supports previous data suggesting that reproductive hormones act as cofactors in the etiology of cervical cancer.     

Risk factors for colorectal cancer following breast cancer

Objective. To investigate risk factors for colorectal cancer following breast cancer. Methods. In this nested case-control study, all women (n=14,900) with a first primary breast cancer (1978–1992) were identified from the western Washington population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Cancer Registry. Cases (n=160) developed a second primary colorectal cancer before 1995, at least 6 months after the first cancer diagnosis. Controls (n=310, matched to the cases on calendar year, age and breast cancer stage) were randomly selected from those who did not develop a second primary cancer and who survived to the case's colorectal cancer diagnosis date. Characteristics of the cases and controls at initial diagnosis were compared using conditional logistic regression. Results. The incidence of colorectal cancer was associated with a family history of breast cancer (v.s. no family history, matched odds ratio (mOR)=2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–4.1), high body mass index (30 kg/m² v.s. <30 kg/m², mOR=2.2, CI: 1.2–3.9), and lobular breast cancer histology (v.s. ductal, mOR=2.0, CI: 0.9–4.4). Risk was unrelated to menopausal status, prior hormone replacement therapy and estrogen/progesterone receptor status of the breast tumors. Conclusions. The risk of developing a second primary colorectal cancer may be elevated among certain subsets of breast cancer patients.     

Neoplasms in skin and subcutis over the breast, simulating breast neoplasms: case reports and literature review

Twenty cases of neoplasms in skin and subcutaneous tissue over the breast were reviewed. There were 17 women, from 15 to 70 years of age, and three men, from 25 to 66 years of age. Among the benign skin neoplasms, superficial leiomyoma, granular cell tumor, and eccrine acrospiroma were misdiagnosed clinically as primary breast carcinoma. Among the malignant neoplasms in subcutaneous tissue, there were three metastatic malignant melanomas, one metastatic epidermoid bronchogenic carcinoma, and two malignant lymphomas. It is interesting that four of these six patients had no prior history of malignant lesion, the subcutaneous nodule presenting as the first manifestation of an occult primary. It is concluded that histological diagnosis of such tumors may lead to avoidance of unnecessary radical surgery.     

Cancer screening in the United States, 2018: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening

Each year, the American Cancer Society publishes a summary of its guidelines for early cancer detection, data and trends in cancer screening rates from the National Health Interview Survey, and select issues related to cancer screening. In this 2018 update, we also summarize the new American Cancer Society colorectal cancer screening guideline and include a clarification in the language of the 2013 lung cancer screening guideline. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:297–316 . © 2018 American Cancer Society .     

结直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的研究进展

结直肠神经内分泌肿瘤来源于结直肠神经内分泌细胞,发病率较低,但近年有上升趋势.WHO病理学将结直肠神经内分泌肿瘤分为神经内分泌瘤、神经内分泌癌、混合型腺-神经内分泌癌和增生性及肿瘤前病变.结直肠神经内分泌肿瘤细胞具有激素合成及分泌功能,但不一定都出现相应的临床症状.不同分类、分期的结直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断及治疗方法也...     

子宫颈癌放疗后子宫体恶性肿瘤47例临床分析

Objective  To study the characteristics and clinical features of uterine neoplasms developed after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma. Methods  Clinical data of 47 cases of uterine neoplasms occurred following radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Results  The median age at uterine neoplasms diagnosis was 62 years (range: 38–77 years), and the median latency period from initial therapy to development of uterine neoplasms was 14 years (range: 5–35 years). Thirty of 47 cases were endometrial carcinoma, of which 3 were uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC). Seventeen of 47 patients were uterine sarcoma, all of those were carcinosarcoma. The distribution by stage, grade, and histology of 30 cases of endometrial carcinoma was as follows: stage Ib, 1 case; stage Ic, 2 cases; stage II, 6; stage IIIa, 4; stage IIIb, 2; stage IIIc, 11; stage IV, 4 cases; grade 1, two cases; grade 2, nine; grade 3 (include 3 UPSC patients), seventeen; unknown grade, two; endometriod, 27; UPSC, 3 cases; 7 of 30 cases of endometrial carcinoma had recurrences (23.3%), at median time to recurrence was 24 months, and their median survival time was 26 months. The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 60% and 38%, respectively. Of the 17 cases of uterine sarcoma, the median survival was 10 months, 6 patients occurred recurrence (35.9%), at a median time to recurrence was 9 months, and their median survival was 6 months. The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 12% and 0, respectively. Conclusion  The main uterine neoplasms development after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma is endometrial carcinomas, of which there is a preponderance of high-risk histological subtypes and a poor prognosis. Most of the uterine sarcomas occurred following radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma are carcinosarcomas and the prognosis is very poor.     

Metastatic Breast Cancer Presenting as a Subconjunctival Mass

Breast cancer is the most common primary source of orbital metastasis. Metastasis occurs through hematogenous spread and predominantly involves the choroid. We present a case of a metastatic subconjunctival mass associated with primary breast cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of its kind. A 41-year-old woman presented with complaints of conjunctival injection and a foreign body sensation in the left eye. She had a history of breast cancer and had been treated 2 years previously with modified radical mastectomy followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Slit-lamp examination showed a cystic mass under the temporal bulbar conjunctiva, associated with dilated overlying conjunctival vessels. An excisional biopsy revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Positron emission tomography examination for systemic malignancy revealed multiple systemic metastasis. Metastatic disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of subconjunctival lesions, and ophthalmic manifestations can play an important role in the detection of metastatic spread of a known primary breast cancer.     

食管鳞癌组织MTA2表达与淋巴结转移相关性的探讨

目的:探讨食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)组织中转移相关基因2(MTA2)的表达与淋巴结转移的关系及其临床意义.方法:免疫组织化学(SP)方法及流式细胞技术检测102例ESCC标本反12例癌旁正常黏膜组织中MTA2蛋白的表达,统计分析其表达与ESCC淋巴结转移的关系.结果:MTA2在癌旁正常食管黏膜组织中无表达,在部分ESCC组织中呈阳性表达,阳性率为68.6％(70/102),其中强阳性28例;ESCC组织中淋巴结转移组与未转移组MTA2蛋白表达的强阳性率分别为68.2％(15/22)、27.1％(13/48),差异有统计学意义,P=0.003; MTA2的阳性表达与ESCC的淋巴结转移数目及淋巴结转移率均呈正相关,P值分别为0.006、0.001;流式细胞技术结果显示,淋巴结转移组与非转移组MTA2蛋白相对含量分别为252.11±30.22、161.42±22.89,差异有统计学意义,t=15.11,P=0.000.结论:MTA2蛋白的阳性表达与SCC的淋巴结转移密切相关,MTA2可能是ESCC一种新的标志及治疗靶点.     

老年早期双原发癌38例临床分析

目的 探讨老年人早期多原发癌(MPC)的临床特点及合适的治疗方法。方法 回顾分析38例老年早期MPC患者的累及器官、手术、内镜黏膜切除(EMR)、放疗、内科治疗的远期疗效。结果 消化系统受累最高,泌尿生殖系统、肺癌列第2,3位。EMR、手术、放疗远期效果优于其他疗法;消化道肿瘤预后优于前列腺癌、血液系统肿瘤。多发癌随年龄增高,手术率减低。EMR、手术、放疗后5年生存率分别为85．7％、71．1％和75．0％。38例MPC首癌中位生存时间120个月,次癌中位生存时间39个月。首癌5年生存率88．6％,次癌5年生存率53．8％。结论 老年人每年常规内镜、B超、肺部X线检查有助于发现早期肿瘤;手术仍是治疗MPC的最佳方法,高龄患者手术率降低,EMR适于高龄消化道、膀胱肿瘤患者。     

人胃癌结直肠癌组织中的端粒酶活性

目的细胞中端粒（ｔｅｌｏｍｅｒｅ）的长度与细胞寿命的调控密切相关,端粒长度的维持需要端粒酶（ｔｅｌｏｍｅｒａｓｅ）的激活,近年来的研究发现,端粒酶的激活与肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切。本文报道人胃癌和结、直肠癌端粒酶活性。方法采用端粒重复序列扩增法（ｔｅｌｏｍｅｒｉｃｒｅｐｅａｔａｍｐｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｔｏｃｏｌ,ＴＲＡＰ）来检测人胃癌（１１例）、结肠癌（９例）和直肠癌（２０例）以及其中３９例相应的癌旁组织中的端粒酶活性。结果在４０例肿瘤组织中,有３６例端粒酶呈阳性（９０％）,且与肿瘤发展阶段、恶性程度不相关;而３９例癌旁组织中只有１例阳性。结论端粒酶可能是肿瘤诊断的一个很好的指标,有关端粒酶特性及调控方面研究的深入将有助于发展新的肿瘤确诊方法     

从高发现场视角看食管癌和贲门癌的临床研究趋势

我院流行病室开展食管癌和贲门癌高发现场研究已历30余年,所取得的最显著成绩主要有以下4个方面：（1）对食管癌癌前病变（即鳞状上皮不典型增生）及其逐级发展和演变规律的确认,以及对各级不典型增生诊断及处理的经验;（2）对食管癌早诊早治方法的探索,以及实践所得的优异效果;（3）食管鳞状细胞癌易发部位的发现及其对食管癌早期诊断的贡献;（4）胃贲门癌高发位点的发现及其对贲门癌早诊早治的贡献。在此基础上,结合我们长期在高发现场的实际工作经验,展望今后食管癌和贲门癌临床研究的趋势。     

子宫颈癌放疗后子宫体恶性肿瘤47例临床分析

目的分析宫颈癌放疗后子宫体恶性肿瘤的临床特点。方法回顾性分析47例宫颈癌放疗后子宫体恶性肿瘤的临床资料。结果诊断宫体恶性肿瘤的中位年龄为62岁,放疗后至确诊发生肿瘤的中位时间为14年。47例中,子宫内膜癌30例,子宫中胚叶混合瘤17例。30例子宫内膜癌的FIGO分期为IB期1例,IC期2例,Ⅱ期6例,ⅢA期4例,ⅢB期2例,ⅢC期11例,Ⅵ期4例,Ⅱ期以上者占90%;病理高分化2例,中分化9例,低分化14例,不能分级者2例,浆液性乳头状腺癌3例;7例疗后复发,中位复发时间为24个月;中位生存时间为26个月,总3、5年生存率分别为60%、38%。17例子宫中胚叶混合瘤,中位生存10个月,6例疗后复发,中位复发时间9个月;复发者中位生存6个月,总3、5年生存率分别为12%、0。结论宫颈癌放疗后发生的肿瘤以内膜腺癌多见,内膜腺癌中具有高危因素者比例大,预后差;放疗后发生子宫肉瘤中以中胚叶混合瘤最常见,预后差。     

508例恶性肿瘤患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群分析

目的 研究肿瘤患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群变化特点.方法 收集天津中医药大学第一附属医院肿瘤患者508例(肺癌256例,胃癌152例,乳腺癌100例),健康志愿者50例,采集入组人员外周血2 ml,应用BD流式细胞仪进行淋巴细胞亚群检测,所得数据采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析.结果 淋巴细胞均数(比例)比较:肿瘤患者淋巴细胞数量降低,健康志愿者为5125 (34.2％)、乳腺癌为3642(24.3％)、胃癌为3178(21.2％)、肺癌为2895(19.3％),依次降低.淋巴细胞亚群总异常病例数分别为肺癌218例(85.2％)、胃癌133例(87.5％)、乳腺癌88例(88.0％);T细胞亚群异常病例数为肺癌83例(32.4％)、乳腺癌32例(32.0％)、胃癌44例(28.9％);CD4 +/CD8+异常病例数为肺癌185例(72.3％)、胃癌108例(71.1％)、乳腺癌84例(84.0％);自然杀伤细胞亚群异常病例数为肺癌32例(12.5％)、胃癌22例(14.5％)、乳腺癌16例(16.0％);B细胞亚群异常病例数肺癌38例(14.8％)、胃癌52例(34.2％)、乳腺癌12例(12.0％).与健康志愿者相比,肺癌患者CD19+％(12.8±5.0∶11.5±5.7,t=3.006,P=0.003)降低;胃癌患者CD4+％ (39.2 ±7.7∶35.3±7.6,t=2.315,P=0.023)降低,CD19+％ (12.8±5.0∶8.9±4.2,t=3.302,P=0.010)降低;乳腺癌患者CD8+％(24.0±8.1∶29.1 ±13.0,t=2.019,P=0.047)升高.结论 肿瘤患者淋巴细胞数量减少,淋巴细胞亚群异常率增高,不同肿瘤患者淋巴细胞亚群异常变化表现出不同的特点.     

The contribution of nonmalignant tumors to CNS tumor incidence rates among children in the United States

Objectives: According the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI), the incidence rate of primary malignant central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms among children is about 30 per million person-years. This rate, however, underestimates the true burden of CNS tumors because nonmalignancies are not included in the NCI case reporting system. Intracranial tumors, to an extent regardless of their histological behavior, can have a malignant clinical course and result in a high degree of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this report is to estimate the contribution that nonmalignant tumors have on the overall incidence of CNS tumors in children.Methods: Population-based data from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States were analyzed. Included in the analysis were children aged 0–19 years who were diagnosed with a primary CNS tumor from 1990–93 (N=1133).Results: The inclusion of nonmalignancies increased the CNS tumor incidence rate by 28% from 29.4 to 37.6 per million person- years. The increases were 17% for children aged 0–4 years, 17% for children aged 5–9 years, 31% for children aged 10–14 years and 57% for adolescents aged 15–19 years. Differences in patterns between malignant and nonmalignant tumor occurrence by sex, histology, and location were also observed.Conclusion: Because of the potentially profound adverse health effects on children who experience CNS tumors, the systematic collection of both malignancies and nonmalignancies is consistent with the mission of public health surveillance. Without such population-based data, analytic epidemiologic studies to evaluate disease etiology and assess disease consequences are greatly hindered.     

Cancer screening in the United States, 2019: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening

Each year, the American Cancer Society publishes a summary of its guidelines for early cancer detection, data and trends in cancer screening rates, and select issues related to cancer screening. In this issue of the journal, the current American Cancer Society cancer screening guidelines are summarized, and the most current data from the National Health Interview Survey are provided on the utilization of cancer screening for men and women and on the adherence of men and women to multiple recommended screening tests.     

Risk of cancers of the lung, head and neck in patients hospitalized for alcoholism in Sweden

Alcoholic patients are at increased risk of cancers of the head and neck but little information is available on the magnitude of the risk for specific sites and for different histological types. We followed 182 667 patients with a hospital discharge diagnosis of alcoholism during 1965-1994, for an average of 10.2 years. We compared their incidence of site- and histological type-specific cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and lung with that of the national population. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx was 5.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.04-5.64, based on 1207 cases). The SIRs of laryngeal and lung cancer were 4.21 (95% Cl 3.78-4.68, 347 cases) and 2.40 (2.29-2.51, 1880 cases), respectively. The SIR was highest for cancers of the hypopharynx, floor of the mouth, mesopharynx and base of the tongue. The relative excess of lung cancer was similar for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Low age at first hospitalization was associated with higher SIRs for all sites under study. 25 years after first hospitalization for alcoholism, the cumulative probability of developing a lung cancer was in the order of 5%, for oral and pharyngeal cancer it was 2.5%, and for oesophageal or laryngeal cancer 1% each. Our study shows that the risk of head and neck cancer among heavy drinkers is highest for sites in direct contact with alcohol. The high risk of head and neck neoplasms may justify specific medical attention.     

An update on the immune landscape in lung and head and neck cancers

Immunotherapy has dramatically changed the treatment landscape for patients with cancer. Programmed death–ligand 1/programmed death-1 checkpoint inhibitors have been in the forefront of this clinical revolution. Currently, there are 6 US Food and Drug Administration-approved checkpoint inhibitors for approximately 18 different histologic types of cancer. Lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are 2 diseases that have led the way in the development of immunotherapy. Atezolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab are all currently used as part of standard-of-care treatment for different stages of lung cancer. Similarly, nivolumab and pembrolizumab have US regulatory approval as treatment for advanced metastatic HNSCC. This is significant because lung cancer represents the most common and most fatal cancer globally, and HNSCC is the sixth most common. Currently, most of the approvals for the use of immunotherapy agents are for patients diagnosed in the metastatic setting. However, research is ongoing to evaluate these drugs in earlier stage disease. There is plausible biological rationale to expect that pharmacologic activation of the immune system will be effective for early-stage and smaller tumors. In addition, selecting patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy and understanding why resistance develops are crucial areas of ongoing research. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of the current immune landscape and future directions in lung cancer and HNSCC.