解剖M-型超声技术评价冠状动脉支架置入术后局部室壁运动变化

目的：采用解剖M-型超声技术评价冠状动脉内支架置入术前后左室局部室壁运动的改变。方法：30例行左前降支(LAD)支架置人术的患者，在术前72h内、术后72h内以及3个月时分别进行超声心动图检查，在左室短轴二尖瓣切面和乳头肌切面的二维图像中获取前间隔、前壁、侧壁、后壁、下壁和后间隔等节段的解剖M-型超声图像，测量这些节段的室壁收缩期增厚率。结果：30例患者术后72h内检查显示，LAD对应节段(前壁和前间隔)的收缩期增厚率较术前显著增高。25例患者完成3个月随访，其LAD对应节段的术后72h以及术后3个月时的室壁收缩期增厚率，均较术前显著增高。结论：冠状动脉内支架置入术能迅速改善狭窄动脉供血区域的室壁运动，并维持至少3个月；采用解剖M-型超声技术测量室壁节段的收缩期增厚率，能准确评价支架置入术的疗效。     

解剖M型技术评价PTCA及支架置入术后左室室壁运动

目的应用解剖M型超声心动图(AMM)评价经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)及支架置入术前后左室室壁运动的改变。方法全组45例,为进行冠状动脉左前降支(Left anterior descending,LAD)PTCA及支架植入的患者,在术前72h、术后72h及3个月时分别进行超声心动图检查,AMM测量左室短轴基底段(二尖瓣水平)和中段(乳头肌水平)前间隔、前壁的收缩期增厚率及室壁运动幅度。结果45例患者术后72 h及3个月检查显示,LAD对应节段(前壁和前间隔)的收缩期增厚率及室壁运动幅度均较术前显著增高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论PTCA及支架置入术能迅速改善狭窄冠状动脉供血区域的室壁运动。采用AMM测量对应室壁节段的收缩期增厚率及室壁运动幅度能准确评价PTCA及支架置入术的疗效。     

Which is the better method in detecting significant left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis during contrast-enhanced dobutamine stress echocardiography: coronary flow velocity reserve or wall-motion assessment?

The diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) depends on wall-motion assessment. Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) during DSE can be measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. To investigate comparative diagnostic accuracy between wall-motion and CFVR assessment in the detection of significant left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) stenosis, 274 patients underwent both contrast-enhanced DSE and coronary angiography. Intravenous contrast agent, Levovist, was injected to enhance left ventricular endocardial border delineation and coronary flow velocity in the LAD. Wall motion was assessed by standard technique, and CFVR was calculated as coronary flow velocity at peak dobutamine stress divided by baseline coronary flow velocity by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. CFVR could be successfully obtained in 232 patients (feasibility, 85%). After excluding 14 patients with isolated diagonal stenosis, CFVR was significantly lower in 65 patients with significant LAD stenosis than it was in 153 patients without stenosis (1.62 +/- 0.56 vs 2.72 +/- 0.94, P <.001). CFVR < or = 2.0 had a 75% sensitivity, a 81% specificity, and a 79% diagnostic accuracy for detecting significant LAD stenosis, and these values were comparable with those by wall-motion analysis (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 89%; and diagnostic accuracy, 86%). The measurement of CFVR in the LAD during DSE was feasible and the diagnostic accuracy of CFVR was equivalent to wall-motion assessment in the detection of LAD stenosis.     

Simultaneous assessment of wall motion and coronary flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery during dipyridamole stress echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the feasibility and clinical meaning of simultaneous assessment of wall motion and coronary flow velocity (CFV) reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) by transthoracic approach for detecting LAD stenosis during dipyridamole stress echocardiography. BACKGROUND: Coronary flow reserve plays an important role, which can be evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography during vasodilator stress. METHODS: Dipyridamole stress test was performed in 110 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. CFV in the distal LAD was obtained at baseline and after dipyridamole infusion, and wall motion was also assessed up to the administration of atropine, if required. All patients underwent quantitative coronary angiography within 2 days of the stress test, and significant LAD stenosis was defined as > 50% stenosis. RESULTS: The success rate of both measurements was 92%. CFV reserve < 2 had a higher sensitivity (94% vs 72%, P <.01) and a lower specificity (65% vs 95%, P <.01) than wall-motion assessment for detecting significant LAD stenosis, and diagnostic accuracy between 2 methods was comparable (81% vs 82%). A total of 69 patients (73%) showed concordant results of the 2 methods, and diagnostic accuracy for detecting significant LAD stenosis was high (94%) in this subset of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous assessment of CFV and wall motion was feasible in the majority of cases during dipyridamole stress echocardiography. Although diagnostic accuracy between the 2 tests was comparable, concordant results of the 2 methods provided accurate diagnosis in detecting significant LAD stenosis.     

Coronary flow reserve assessment by Doppler echocardiography in children with and without congenital heart defect: Comparison with invasive technique

To evaluate whether transthoracic Doppler echocardiography can reliably measure coronary flow velocity (CFV) and CFV reserve (CFVR) in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in children, we examined 12 patients who had a history of Kawasaki disease without stenosis or aneurysm formation of coronary artery and 9 patients who had congenital heart disease (ventricular septal defect in 6, patent ductus arteriosus in 2, tricuspid atresia in 1). The pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio ranged from 1.7 to 2.8. CFV in the proximal LAD was measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography at the time of Doppler guidewire examination. CFV in the proximal LAD was measured at baseline and hyperemic conditions by both transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and Doppler guidewire techniques. CFVR was defined as “the ratio of peak hyperemic to basal CFV in the proximal LAD.” Clear envelopes of basal and hyperemic CFV in the proximal LAD were obtained in 19 of 21 patients by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. There was a significant correlation between transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and Doppler guidewire methods for the measurements of CFV (r = 0.84, P < .0001). The mean difference between the 2 methods was −0.5 ± 5.9 cm/s. CFVR from transthoracic Doppler echocardiography correlated well with that from Doppler guidewire examinations (r = 0.83, P < .0001). The mean difference between the 2 methods was 0.06 ± 0.24. Noninvasive measurement of CFV and CFVR in the proximal LAD using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography accurately reflects invasive measurement of CFV and CFVR by Doppler guidewire method in pediatric patients with various heart diseases. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:1121-6.)     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者心电图和相应病变血管的关系分析

目的 确定十二导联心电图上相应ST段压低与急性左主干病变的关系。方法 选取2003-06—2006-06因左主干或左前降支病变进行PCI手术的79例患者，18例是由于急性左主干闭塞或高度狭窄引起的急性冠状动脉综合征，61例是由于左前降支冠状动脉病变引起的急性冠状动脉综合征，分析病变血管和相应心电图变化的关系。结果 急性左主干闭塞或高度狭窄患者在aVF、v2、v3、v4、v5和v6导联上相应ST段压低的发生率明显高于左前降支冠状动脉病变患者。多元线性分析表明，在aVF、V2和v4导联上ST段压低可能区分左前降支病变与左主干病变。结论 在十二导联心电图上V2、V4、aVF导联ST段压低，对急性左主干闭塞或高度狭窄是重要的预测指标。     

Additional value of thallium-201 SPECT to a conventional exercise test for the identification of severe coronary lesions after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease

The additional value of thallium-201 SPECT to a conventional exercise test for the identification of patients with severe coronary lesions was evaluated in 170 men, one month after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease. Severe coronary lesions at coronary angiography — defined as three vessel disease, left main stenosis or proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis as part of two vessel disease — were observed in 45.9%. In the SPECT image, the left ventricular myocardium was divided into nine segments and each segment was classified as either normal (=0), reduced uptake (=1) or uptake defect (=2). The sum of gradings in all segments post-exercise was denoted “SPECT score”. The patients were divided into nine different groups regarding ST-depression during exercise (no ST-depression, ST-depression in 1–2 leads or ≥ 3 leads) and “SPECT score” (no SPECT score, 1–3 scores or ≥ 4 scores). Severe coronary lesions were, in 68% identified by SPECT score ≥ 4 and in 65% by ST-depression in ≥ 1 lead at exercise test. The specificity for identification of severe coronary lesions was, for both tests, 65%. SPECT score ≥ 4 and/or ST-depression in ≥ 3 leads identified 82% of the patients with severe coronary lesions with a specificity of 63%. Furthermore, SPECT score ≥ 3 identified more patients with isolated proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis than ST-depression alone at exercise test.     

Exercise-attenuation of Q-waves in II, III, and aVF, and R-Waves in V1 and V2 in a patient with an inferior infarction and anterior wall ischemia

A 63-year-old male patient with inferior infarction revealed transient attenuation of the Q-waves in II, III, and aVF, and R-waves in V1-V3 during an exercise stress test. Myocardial scintigraphy disclosed ischemia of the anterior wall and coronary arteriography, a 90% stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LMCA). The mechanism involved appears to be a transient failure of the anterior wall to generate adequate depolarization forces for the genesis of Q-waves in the inferior leads and R-waves in the anterior leads. This electrocardiogram sign is diagnostic of severe anterior wall ischemia due to left anterior descending or LMCA stenosis.     

Feasibility of noninvasive transthoracic echocardiography/Doppler measurement of coronary flow reserve in left anterior descending coronary artery in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a new technique tested in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the feasibility and accuracy of transthoracic Doppler echocardiography measurement of coronary flow reserve (CFR) in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) territory in the clinical setting of the acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography measurements of CFR were made in 42 consecutive patients in the distal LAD before and during adenosine infusion. The results were validated by coronary angiography. A normal CFR was predefined as a more than 2-fold increase of flow velocity during adenosine infusion. RESULTS: We were able to detect significant stenosis in the LAD territory with 92% sensitivity and 82% specificity if we considered a stenosis >or= 50% to be significant. Defining a stenosis of >or= 70% as significant increased the sensitivity and the negative-predictive value to 100%, with a specificity of 70%. CONCLUSION: Measuring CFR using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is noninvasive, feasible, accurate, and relatively inexpensive. The excellent negative-predictive value of this technique makes it a useful tool for identifying patients who can avoid repeated angiography as a result of suspected subacute LAD restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者室壁运动异常与冠脉病变范围的关系

目的分析急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者二维超声室壁运动异常节段分布与冠状动脉损伤间的关系。方法回顾性分析64例ACS患者二维超声室壁运动异常节段分布情况,并与冠状动脉病变范围进行比较。结果①冠状动脉病变以左前降支(LAD)受累最为多见(45%);②LAD单支病变与前壁、前间隔及心尖部室壁运动异常有关(P<0.05)。左前降支与左回旋支病变,主要为前间隔和下壁运动异常;而单纯的下壁室壁运动异常多为左旋支与右冠状动脉病变引起。3支病变造成心肌运动普遍减低,且以侧壁及前侧壁的室壁运动异常则更为显著(P<0.05)。结论二维超声心动图室壁运动异常与冠脉病变范围有较好的关联性。     

实时三维超声心动图评价冠心病患者左心室重构指数与收缩功能的研究

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价冠心病患者左心室重构指数(LVRI)、射血分数(EF)及其相关性.方法 根据冠状动脉造影结果分为左旋支或(和)右冠支病变组(LCX/RCA组)24例、单纯左前降支病变组(LAD组)21例、包含LAD病变的双支或多支病变组(多支组)27例及正常对照组22例,应用RT-3DE采集上述研究对象的左心室全容积三维图像,在分析软件上测量左室舒张末期容积(EDV)、左室舒张末期心外膜容积(EDVepi)、EF,计算左室质量、LVRI;比较组间LVRI、EF差异及组内LVRI与EF的相关性.结果 LVRI与EF在正常对照组、LCA/RCA组、LAD组、多支组呈显著性递减,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);相关性分别为r=0.10(P＞0.05),0.86(P＜0.01),0.83(P＜0.01),0.77(P＜0.01).结论 LVRI能评价不同冠心病患者左室重构并能反映其左室收缩功能,可作为评价左室重构的新指标应用于临床.     

冠状动脉狭窄程度与左心室舒张早期血流传播速度的关系

目的 探讨左心室舒张早期血流传播速度(V_P)与冠状动脉狭窄程度的关系.方法 应用彩色M型多普勒测量90例冠心病患者和40例健康志愿者的V_P;根据冠状动脉造影结果计算冠状动脉狭窄程度的Gensini积分.结果 冠心病患者V_P均较正常减小,且随着冠状动脉狭窄程度加重,VP进行性减小(P<0.01);V_P与Gensini积分呈负相关(r=-0.68,P<0.01).结论 左心室舒张功能减退随冠状动脉狭窄程度的加重而逐渐加重,V_P能够较好地反映冠状动脉狭窄程度.     

Multiple aortic root echoes: clinical, radiographic, and angiographic correlations

Multiple diastolic echoes in the aortic root on M-mode echocardiography may represent fibrosis or calcification of the aortic wall, aortic leaflets, or proximal portions of the coronary arteries. In this study, 83 patients with multiple diastolic echoes were evaluated by cardiac fluoroscopy and the incidence of valvular, coronary, and aortic wall calcification was determined. In patients with multiple diastolic echoes who have no evidence of significant aortic stenosis (aortic valve opening less than or equal to 1.0 cm) or aortic insufficiency (fine fluttering of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve), the presence of multiple diastolic echoes was highly associated with significant coronary artery calcification (64%) with over two-thirds having multivessel involvement. Patients referred for echocardiography who are free of significant aortic stenosis or aortic insufficiency by echocardiographic criteria who are found to have multiple diastolic echoes in the aortic root should be evaluated further for the possible presence of significant multivessel coronary artery disease.     

Preoperative clinical status but not waiting time predicts in-hospital outcomes of surgery in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis

Contoversy exists about the optimal operation time of the patients with left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis. We therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of waiting time on in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with LMCA stenosis and identify the risk factors associated with adverse cardiovascular events before and during surgery. One hundred seventy six patients with LMCA stenosis were divided into two groups according to the time period between coronary angiography and coronary artery bypass surgery (group 1: 7 days, 82 patients). Primary end points were death and major adverse cardiac event (MACE): in-hospital death, sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation development, postoperative stay in the intensive care > 48 hrs and in hospital > 9 days. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in groups 1 and 2 were comparable. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of in-hospital morbidity, mortality and MACE. When we analyzed the differences between the patients with and without MACE, the patients who experienced MACE were older (p = 0.001), and had higher degree of LMCA stenosis (p = 0.01), higher degree of right coronary artery stenosis (p = 0.02), higher blood urea level (p = 0.003), and higher incidence of unstable angina or myocardial infarction within 2 weeks (p = 0.001). Independent risk factors for MACE were unstable angina or myocardial infarction within 2 weeks, age more than 70 years and stenosis more than 75% in the LMCA. These results suggest that preoperative clinical status but not waiting time predicts in-hospital surgical outcomes in LMCA stenosis.     

经食管超声心动图探测风心病患者左冠状动脉血流

本文用经食管超声心动图（ＴＥＥ）探测３０例风湿性心脏瓣膜病患者左冠状动脉主干（ＬＭＣＡ）的内径、舒张早期最大血流速度（Ｖｍａｘ）、每分钟血流量（Ｑ），根据经胸超声心动图（ＴＴＥ）所测的室间隔（ＩＶＳ）、左室后壁（ＬＶＰＷ）、舒张期左室内径（ＬＶＤｄ）计算左室肌重量（ＬＶＷ）和每分钟每百克左室肌冠状动脉血流量（Ｑ／ＬＶＷ·ｍｉｎ）。发现多数风心病患者ＬＭＣＡ的管壁回声增强，呈轻到中度纤维化样回声，Ｖｍａｘ略低，Ｑ、ＬＶＷ增加，但Ｑ／ＬＶＷ·ｍｉｎ的平均值在正常范围。从病例分析，左室越大，左室肌越重，每百克心肌冠脉血流量越少。分析了造成这些结果的病理原因。     

Measurement of coronary flow velocity reserve in the posterior descending coronary artery by contrast-enhanced transthoracic Doppler echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Although the measurement of coronary flow velocity (CFV) reserve (CFVR) in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography has been established, its success rate in the posterior descending coronary artery (PD) is still limited. OBJECTIVE: This study reports the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of measuring CFVR in the PD by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. METHODS: CFVR in both the distal LAD and the PD was measured in 151 consecutive patients before coronary angiography. PD flow was investigated under the guidance of a nondirectional Doppler color flow map with harmonic imaging in the modified apical 2-chamber view. Intravenous contrast agent, Levovist, was injected to enhance the CFV envelope at baseline and during hyperemia. RESULTS: CFVR was obtained in 145 patients in the LAD and 126 patients in the PD (P <.001). The success rate of CFVR measurement in the PD was significantly higher in the last 50 patients (88%) than it was in the first 50 patients (72%) (P <.05). CFVR in the PD was significantly lower for patients with significant stenosis of the artery supplying the PD than it was in those without stenosis (1.58 +/- 0.59 vs 2.45 +/- 0.72, P <.001). CFVR in the distal LAD was 1.40 +/- 0.62 in patients with significant LAD stenosis and 2.45 +/- 0.80 in those without stenosis (P <.001). If a cut-off value of CFVR < 2 was used, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the diagnosis of significant (>50%) stenosis of the artery supplying the PD were 84%, 83%, and 83%, respectively, whereas for the LAD they were 91%, 75%, and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive measurement of CFVR in the PD could be obtained in the majority of unselected patients using a nondirectional Doppler color flow map and contrast-enhanced harmonic imaging. The diagnostic accuracy of CFVR in the PD is similar to that of the LAD and, hence, has a potential clinical use.     

经胸多普勒超声无创检测冠心病患者冠状动脉各主要分支血流储备

目的 评价经胸多普勒超声心动图(TTDE)检测冠状动脉各主要分支血流储备的可行性和准确性.方法 临床疑诊冠心病拟行冠状动脉造影的439例患者,在进行冠状动脉造影前1周内进行TTDE检查,检测左前降支(LAD)、左旋支(LCx)和右冠状动脉后降支(PDA)远端的血流储备.在基础状态和持续静脉注射腺苷(140μg·kg-1·min-1)情况下分别测定其血流速度,计算血流储备(CFR)及其诊断冠状动脉狭窄的准确性.结果 439例患者中28支LAD、12支LCx和21支PDA闭塞.LAD的CFR检测成功率为96.8%(395/411),LCx的CFR检测成功率为74.9%(320/427),PDA的CFR检测成功率为83.0%(347/418).以CFR≤2.0和CFR≤1.7分别作为判断冠状动脉狭窄(≥50%)和显著狭窄(≥75%)的标准,诊断LAD、LCx和PDA狭窄的灵敏度和特异度分别为81%和87%,64%和82%,79%和85%,诊断显著狭窄的灵敏度、特异度分别为86%和81%,70%和85%,81%和82%.结论 经胸多普勒超声心动图检测冠状动脉各主要分支血流储备的成功率和判断冠状动脉狭窄的准确性均较高,具有一定临床应用价值.     

Left main coronary artery rotational atherectomy and stenting

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass surgery is a difficult option in patients who are not candidates for bypass surgery and high-risk patients with critical left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. We report outcomes and short-term follow-up of patients who had LMCA rotational atherectomy and/or stenting, assess the role of these interventions in protected and unprotected significant LMCA stenosis, and review the literature. METHODS: We reviewed the cases of seven men with critical LMCA stenosis for whom coronary artery bypass surgery was considered a high risk. Five patients had rotational atherectomy, one had coronary artery stenting, and one had both. RESULTS: In all cases, angiographic success was achieved, and symptoms were relieved. Six patients were discharged from the hospital in 3 to 6 days. One patient who had cardiogenic shock, respiratory failure, and acute renal failure before the procedure died of arrhythmia 4 days afterward. Another patient had elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery 3 weeks later for recurrent angina. Cardiac catheterization was repeated in 1 month for chest pain in three patients at 4 to 7 months follow-up, and none had progression of residual stenosis in the LMCA. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that LMCA rotational atherectomy and stenting are safe and effective revascularization procedures in high-risk patients and patients who are not candidates for bypass surgery.     

彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断冠状动脉起源异常的价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图在诊断冠状动脉起源异常中的价值。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声心动图对 6例患者进行检查 ,观察左、右冠状动脉主干的起源部位、走行、血流方向 ,测量冠状动脉主干内径、左室射血分数 (LVEF) ,观察合并的其他心血管畸形及瓣膜反流情况 ,并与冠状动脉造影、手术结果进行对比。结果　 4例左冠状动脉主干起源于肺动脉 ,1例左前降支起源于肺动脉 ,1例副冠状动脉起源于肺动脉。主要合并的心血管畸形有室间隔缺损、房间隔缺损、完全性心内膜垫缺损等。超声心动图诊断结果与冠状动脉造影及手术探查结果完全符合。超声心动图测量的左、右冠状动脉内径和LVEF与冠状动脉造影测值间高度相关(r分别为 0 .94、0 .96、0 .89,均 P <0 .0 1) ,两种方法测值间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　彩色多普勒超声心动图可明确诊断冠状动脉起源异常 ,为手术治疗提供可靠依据     

背向散射技术结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验检测不同部位冠状动脉狭窄

目的探讨背向散射技术结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验(DSE)能否提高对不同部位冠状动脉狭窄的检测率。方法记录32例临床疑诊为冠心病的患者在不同剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷下左室乳头肌水平短轴观的背向散射积分,按冠状动脉造影结果将心肌节段分组,比较各组心肌在各剂量负荷下背向散射积分周期变异(CVIB)值的变化。结果和正常冠状动脉供血心肌节段相比,狭窄冠状动脉供血心肌节段的CVIB值在静息状态和小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷下无显著差异,但在大剂量负荷下明显降低。以DSECVIB<4.8dB作为检测冠状动脉狭窄的阈值,对于左前降支病变,DSECVIB法可提高敏感性、特异性和准确率;对于左旋支和右冠状动脉病变,DSECVIB法未能提高检测的敏感性,而提高了特异性和准确率。结论背向散射技术与传统DSE联合应用可提高DSE对不同部位冠状动脉狭窄的检测率,尤其对于左前降支的病变。