An Occupational Therapy Pre-Dialysis Functional Assessment

This paper presents an outline of a pre-dialysis functional assessment developed for use with renal patients prior to entry into a self dialysis training programme. The purpose and outcomes of the assessment are discussed as they relate to occupational therapy treatment goals and strategies.     

Body Image Disturbance,An Issue Of Anorexia Nervosa

Opposing views as to the validity of body image disturbance as a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa are discussed in relation to diagnosis, prognosis, and the treatment mode. The various methods used to assess body image disturbance are examined and a recommendation that the occupational therapy literature should be investigated to enable a proposal for treatment of the more severe instances of anorexia nervosa.     

Body Image,Food Addiction,Depression, and Body Mass Index in University Students

The relationship between body image, depression, food addiction and body mass index (BMI) and differences in these variables due to gender and field of education have not been studied extensively. This study was conducted on a total of 793 university students (20.19 ± 1.90 years). The Beck Depression Inventory, Yale Food Addiction, and Body Image Scale were used. It was determined that body image scores of females and individuals enrolled in health sciences programs were lower compared to those of males and those enrolled in the social sciences. There was a negative relationship between body image and depression and food addiction scores. There was a positive relationship between food addiction and depression scores, in addition to a positive relationship between food addiction and BMI.     

A Study on Consciousness of Adolescent Girls About Their Body Image

Background:

Perceived body image is an important potential predictor of nutritional status. Body image misconception during adolescence is unexplored field in Indian girls.

Objectives:

To study the consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image.

Materials and Methods:

This multistage observational study was conducted on 586 adolescent girls of age 10–19 years in Lucknow district (151 from rural, 150 from slum, and 286 from urban area) of Uttar Pradesh, India. Information on desired and actual body size was collected with the help of predesigned questionnaire.

Results:

20.5% of studied girls show aspiration to become thin, who already perceived their body image as too thin. 73.4% adolescent girls were satisfied with their body image, while 26.6% were dissatisfied. The dissatisfaction was higher among girls of urban (30.2%) and slum (40.0%) areas in comparison to rural (22.5%) area. Percentage of satisfied girls was less in the 13–15 years (69.9%) age groups in comparison to 10–12 years (76.5%) and 16–19 years (76.4%). Among girls satisfied with their body image, 32.8% girls were found underweight, and 38.4% were stunted. Underweight girls (42.1%) and stunted girls (64.9%) were higher in number within satisfied girls of slum area. Among all of these adolescent girls, 32.8% of girls had overestimated their weight, while only 4.9% of girls had underestimated their weight.

Conclusions:

This study concludes that desire to become thin is higher in adolescent girls, even in those who already perceived their body image as too thin.     

The situational inventory of body-image dysphoria: psychometric evidence and development of a short form

OBJECTIVE: Among the facets of the multidimensional body-image construct is the experience of dysphoric emotions about the body in specific situational contexts. The present article reviews the evidence concerning a unique measure of this facet, the Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria (SIBID). METHOD: The reliability and validity of the SIBID were examined across multiple studies conducted by the author. Because the 48-item length of this measure may preclude its use by some researchers, a 20-item short-form was developed and evaluated. RESULTS: Findings consistently confirmed the SIBID's internal consistency, stability, and convergent, discriminant, and construct validity. The short form was found to be a psychometrically sound alternative to the longer version. DISCUSSION: The SIBID has utility in assessing negative body-image affect. Its use in research with both clinical and nonclinical populations is encouraged.     

Body image and eating disturbance in India: media and interpersonal influences

OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to examine the relationships among the variables of body mass index (BMI), interpersonal teasing, media internalization, body dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness in samples of young adult and middle school females from India. METHOD: Ninety-six adolescent and 93 adult females from Bombay, India, completed measures of body dissatisfaction, restriction, teasing history, and internalization of media images. Correlational and path analytic procedures were used to examine the data. RESULTS: Path analyses indicated that teasing and internalization mediated the effect of BMI on body dissatisfaction and in certain cases influenced drive for thinness. DISCUSSION: These findings replicate and extend previous work with U.S., Australian, and Swedish samples, suggesting that there are similar potential risk factors, cross-culturally, that may explain the development of eating and shape-related problems.     

Body Image Perception and Attempts to Change Weight among Female Medical Students at Mangalore

Background:

Assessing body image self-perception has used BMI as an indicator of nutritional status. The visual analogue scale is a highly effective instrument for assessing people’s level of dissatisfaction with their body weight while evaluating the perceptual component of body image.

Objective:

By knowing body mass index of female medical students, to find out their pattern of body image perception and any attempts done to change their weight.

Materials and Methods:

All the students residing in MBBS ladies hostel were included in this study and a questionnaire regarding body image perception, diet, physical activity and attempts to change weight was instituted. Their responses were collected, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.

Results:

Among 147 study subjects, according to BMI, 25(17%) were undernourished while 111(75.5%) and 11(7.5%) were normally nourished and overweight respectively. 35(23.8%) of the subjects felt they were lean, 95(64.6%) felt they were normal and 17(11.6%) felt they were overweight. Regarding image satisfaction, 98(66.7%) of them were satisfied with their image and out of 49 who were not satisfied 30 (20.4 %) wanted to reduce weight. Skipping meals was practiced by 42 (28.6%) of subjects.

Conclusion:

About 75.5% of the study group were having normal BMI. Most of them perceived their image correctly regarding to their weight. Most of the underweight and all overweight females were not satisfied. Underweight females preferred to gain weight and overweight females preferred to lose weight.     

Associations Between Lifestyle Physical Activity and Body Image Attitudes Among Women

Structured exercise can improve body image among women. Less is known if these associations extend to lifestyle physical activity—all activities of daily living with a full range of intensity. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationships between lifestyle physical activity and body image in undergraduate women (n = 120; 18–23 years) during the spring of 2010 and 2011. One week of lifestyle physical activity was measured objectively (accelerometer) and subjectively (7-Day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire). Attitudinal dimensions of body image were assessed using the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Physical activity was unrelated to appearance-related dimensions of women's body image. Objectively-measured vigorous physical activity was positively related to investment in fitness and health (p < .005), while moderate physical activity was related to investment in fitness (p < .005). Light physical activity was unrelated to women's body image. A greater amount of self-reported vigorous physical activity was related to greater investment in fitness (p < .005). Results suggested that unlike structured exercise, lifestyle physical activity was generally unrelated to women's body image. The act of exercising may be more important than accumulation of lifestyle physical activity when considering women's body image.     

Computer Applications in Occupational Therapy

Computer applications in occupational therapy have increased in frequency and variety in the past fifteen years. This paper briefly reviews articles from selected United States and international occupational therapy journals on this topic.hone=&     

The Associations of Body Image Perception with Serum Resistin Levels in Highly Trained Adolescent Estonian Rhythmic Gymnasts

Rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body mass and shape compared to untrained controls (UCs). However, due to the lack of information, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations of body image perception (BIP) with body composition, daily energy consumption and different blood biochemical markers in adolescent RGs compared to UCs. Thirty-three highly trained RG girls and 20 UC girls aged 14–18 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Height, body mass, body composition, energy intake, resting energy expenditure, training volume and different blood biochemical markers were measured. The body attitude test (BAT) was used to evaluate the BIP of the participants. There were no differences in the total BAT scores between the groups. In RGs, the BAT score correlated positively with the serum resistin level (r = 0.35; p = 0.047). A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 40.8% of the variability in the BAT score was determined by resistin and BMI. The association of BIP with resistin values was observed only in RGs. In conclusion, our findings add to the increasing evidence that resistin may be a link between BIP and body composition, most likely through fat mass, in adolescent female RGs.     

ExacTrac X线图像引导系统在非小细胞肺癌立体定向体部放射治疗中的应用

目的 探讨ExacTrac X线(ETX)图像引导系统在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)立体定向体部放射治疗(SBRT)中的应用价值.方法 选择2020年5—10月于医院接受SBRT的NSCLC患者24例,治疗前均采用ETX图像引导系统获取六维治疗床校正前、后的误差,并利用锥形束CT(CBCT)获取验证误差,比较上述3组误差...     

Body image disturbance in obese outpatients before and after weight loss in relation to race, gender, binge eating, and age of onset of obesity

OBJECTIVE: To assess body image disturbance as a composite of three aspects (distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction) in obese subjects before and after weight loss. Disturbance was then related to race, gender, binge eating behavior, and age of onset of obesity. METHODS: Eighty-two obese outpatients (24 males, 58 females) completed the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS). A Disturbance score was derived from the weighted sum of distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction. The measures were repeated 4 weeks after starting a medically supervised liquid formula diet. RESULTS: Prior to weight loss, race (r =.28, p =.01) and gender (r =.25, p =.02) were each predictive of disturbance, with Caucasians and men having the most disturbance. Binge eaters exhibited more discrepancy (p =.03) and dissatisfaction (p =.005) than non-binge eaters. Early-onset subjects demonstrated more discrepancy than adult-onset subjects (p =.02). Following weight loss, disturbance scores decreased for all groups (p =.009). However, early-onset subjects still showed more discrepancy (p =.002) and more dissatisfaction (p =.005) than adult-onset subjects. DISCUSSION: Body image disturbance was viewed as a composite of three aspects. Prior to weight loss, the high disturbance score in Caucasians may be due to them experiencing greater cultural pressure to be thin. The men may have exaggerated their degree of obesity because of less denial of being overweight than women. Following weight loss, disturbance decreased for all groups but remained elevated for those with early onset, possibly because of a persistent self-image from adolescence.     

青少年学生体像烦恼与自尊的相关研究

目的研究青少年学生体像烦恼与自尊的关系,为制定教育对策提供理论依据。方法采用自编的《青少年学生体像烦恼问卷》和Rosenberg的《自尊量表》对随机抽取的2981名大、中学生进行调查。结果青少年学生总体像烦恼及4个具体方面与自尊都呈显著负相关,有体像烦恼的男生自尊得分显著低于女生;有体像烦恼的大学生自尊得分显著低于高中生,城市学生的自尊得分显著低于农村学生;青少年学生肥胖指数与自我对体重的主观认识呈显著正相关,肥胖指数与自我体重认识一致与不一致者的自尊得分差异无统计学意义。结论青少年学生体像烦恼对其自尊的影响会随着年龄的增长而减少;在进行青少年学生体像教育时,要注意体像烦恼对整体自我价值感的负面影响。     

Sexual Self-esteem and Body Image of South African Spinal Cord Injured Adolescents

Although adolescents sustain a large portion of spinal cord injuries, the area of spinal cord injured adolescents and the issues surrounding their sexuality are under-researched. This is the first South African study on the sexuality of spinal cord injured adolescents and attempts to address this paucity. It is generally postulated that the sexuality of adolescents who have sustained SCI will be detrimentally affected by the consequences of having a physical disability, resulting in developmental lags relative to non-disabled peers. The focus of this article is to explore the impact of spinal cord injury on adolescents sexual self-esteem and body image. A qualitative study was conducted, with data being collected via in-depth individual interviews, which were subsequently analyzed thematically. A disparity was found between dominant ableist discourses of the SCI adolescent as a sexually immature and passive spectator, and the lived experiences of the participants involved in the study. The study concluded that entrenched socially constructed attitudes appear to limit the opportunities for spinal cord injured adolescents to express their sexuality more than the limitations by their disabilities.     

Body image as a target of victimization by peers/parents: Development and validation of the Body Image Victimization Experiences Scale

This study developed and established the psychometric properties of the Body Image Victimization Experiences Scale (BIVES). The BIVES retrospectively assesses the frequency (Part A—frequency) and effect (Part B—impact) of victimization experiences pertaining to body image, perpetrated by peers and parents/caregivers in childhood and adolescence. Distinct samples of Portuguese women were recruited in 2013–2014: two nonclinical samples of the general population (n = 1,177), aged 18–60 years, and a clinical sample of patients with Binge Eating Disorder (BED; n = 73), aged 19–59 years. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted in 632 participants. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the scale’s psychometric properties were tested in 545 participants. The ability of the BIVES to discriminate the clinical from a nonclinical sample was examined. The scale presented two factors indicating the sources of the victimization—peers and parents. CFA results confirmed the scale’s structure. The BIVES presented very good internal consistency, construct and discriminant validity, good test-retest reliability, and was associated with related constructs, body image shame, and eating psychopathology. The scale adequately discriminated between the clinical sample and a nonclinical sample. The BIVES is a valid and reliable measure that allows for a comprehensive assessment of body image-related victimization experiences.     

Depersonalization, Self-Esteem and Body Image in Male-to-Female Transsexuals Compared to Male and Female Controls

Whether postoperative male-to-female transsexuals differ in regard to measures of self- and body image from a nontranssexual control group was investigated. A group of 30 postoperative male-to-female transsexuals and control groups of 30 males and 30 females completed self-report measures (depersonalization, self-esteem, gender identity traits, body image). Results showed that transsexuals and males scored higher on self-esteem and dynamic body image than the females did. No differences between the groups were found in terms of depersonalization and satisfaction. Transsexuals and females described themselves as more feminine than males. Regarding sex-role orientation, more androgynous subjects were found among transsexuals than in the control groups. General satisfaction is associated with feminine and masculine traits in transsexuals. Results are discussed in context of the function of these personality features for the identity development of male-to-female transsexuals.