首灵健脑胶囊治疗老年性痴呆小鼠的机制研究

目的探讨首灵健脑胶囊治疗老年性痴呆小鼠的机制.方法腹腔注射AlCl3复制慢性铝中毒老年痴呆模型,同时灌胃给予相应药物.给药结束后测试脑中单胺类递质去甲肾上腺素（NE）、多巴胺（DA）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶及胆碱酯酶含量.结果模型组小鼠脑中的单胺类递质、MDA、SOD、胆碱酯酶及Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶含量与正常对照组比较均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;用药后与模型组比较,高、中剂量的首灵健脑胶囊和双氢麦角碱（喜得镇）对单胺类递质、MDA、SOD、Na^^＋-ATP酶和胆碱酯酶的含量均有显著的影响（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;低剂量的首灵健脑胶囊对NE的含量有显著增加（P〈0.05）.结论首灵健脑胶囊减轻脑神经元的损伤,发挥防治老年性痴呆的作用.     

首灵健脑胶囊治疗老年期痴呆的临床研究

目的观察首灵健脑胶囊治疗老年期痴呆的作用机制和临床疗效.方法采用美国精神病学会DSM-IV诊断标准,结合简易智力状态检查表(MMSE)和长谷川痴呆量表(HDS),选择50例老年期痴呆病人,按随机数字表分为治疗组(30例)与对照组(20例),分别采用首灵健脑胶囊和双氢麦角碱(喜得镇)治疗,疗程均为2个月,观察治疗前后两组的疗效、中医证候变化以及MMSE和HDS积分的改变,并对血脂、血液流变学等指标进行分析.结果治疗组总有效率为60%,对照组总有效率为55%;治疗组和对照组都显著改善MMSE、HDS积分值(P＜0.05～0.01);治疗组临床症状改善率明显高于对照组,同时能明显降低三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白,显著改善病人的血液流变指标.结论首灵健脑胶囊治疗老年期痴呆疗效肯定,可防治老年期痴呆.     

脑脉泰联合眩晕宁治疗老年性痴呆60例临床研究

目的 观察脑脉泰胶囊联合眩晕宁片治疗老年性痴呆的临床疗效.方法 喜得镇组(甲磺酸二氢麦角碱)采用喜得镇1片/次,3次/d,疗程2个月;脑脉泰组采用脑脉泰胶囊2料/次,3次/d;脑脉泰联合眩晕宁组在脑脉泰治疗基础上联合眩晕宁片口服,3片/次,3次/d,疗程2个月.结果 脑脉泰联合眩晕宁组总体疗效明显优于西药喜得镇组及单纯中成药脑脉泰组(P均<0.05),在临床痴呆评定表(CDR),临床症状积分量表,MMSE智能量表,Blessed-Roth行为量表等方面明显改善.结论 中成药脑脉泰联合眩晕宁可明显减轻患者的临床痴呆症状,改善认知功能,提高临床疗效.     

刺五加对痴呆模型小鼠记忆障碍及MDA含量、SOD和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

目的 观察刺五加提取液对老年性痴呆(AD)模型小鼠学习记忆障碍及脑组织生化学改变的保护作用.方法 50只健康昆明种小鼠雌雄各半,随机分为5组,对照组、AD模型组、刺五加低剂量组、刺五加高剂量组、脑复康组.50 d隔日腹腔注射三氯化铝100 mg/kg小鼠,建立拟AD模型,采用跳台实验和水迷宫测试方法和生化学检测方法,观察刺五加提取液对AD模型小鼠学习记忆障碍的影响以及脑组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、乙酰胆碱酯酶(TChE)活性改变的影响.结果 模型组跳台实验潜伏期缩短、错误反应率增加(P＜0.05);水迷宫实验中小鼠全程游泳时间延长、无误率减少,脑组织MDA含量增高、SOD活性降低、TChE活性增加(P＜0.05).同时给予低、高剂量刺五加提取液不同程度地缓解学习记忆能力障碍及脑组织生化学改变(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 刺五加提取液通过提高小鼠脑组织中SOD活性和抑制脑中TChE活性,明显改善AD模型小鼠的学习记忆障碍及脑组织生化学改变,对AD有一定的改善和保护作用.     

血管性痴呆小鼠海马胆碱乙酰转移酶和其mRNA变化特征及喜得镇的影响

目的观测喜得镇对血管性痴呆(VD)小鼠海马神经元胆碱乙酰转移酶(CHAT)及其mRNA变化的影响,以探讨两者在VD发病中的作用及喜得镇对其影响的机制.方法双侧颈总动脉线结,反复缺血-再灌注法制备模型,药物组用喜得镇溶液灌胃,利用跳台试验和水迷宫试验观测其行为学改变,采用免疫组织化学和原位杂交技术观测小鼠海马神经元CHAT及其mRNA的表达变化.结果喜得镇组小鼠学习、记忆成绩优于模型组(P<0.01),其海马CHAT及其mRNA表达也明显增高(P<0.01).结论喜得镇改善VD小鼠学习、记忆成绩与其恢复海马低水平的CHAT及其mRNA有关.     

三氯化铝对小鼠认知功能的影响

目的探讨三氯化铝(AlCl3)对小鼠认知功能的影响。方法断乳昆明种小白鼠,雌雄各半。随机分为对照组、低、中、高剂量组,每组8只。高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组分别饲喂含AlCl3饲料120 mg/(kg.d),12 mg/(kg.d),1.2 mg/(kg.d),对照组正常饲养。染毒9个月后用跳台试验、避暗试验和水迷宫试验检测小鼠的认知功能。结果小鼠跳台试验和避暗试验中,与对照组相比,高、中剂量组错误次数均明显增多(P0.0 5),高剂量组与对照组相比潜伏期明显减短(P0.05)。高剂量组避暗试验与对照组相比潜伏期明显减少(P0.05)。与对照组比较,随着染铝剂量的增高,水迷宫试验低、中、高剂量组潜伏期明显延长(P0.05),中、高剂量组穿越平台的次数明显减少(P0.05)。结论三氯化铝可引起小鼠认知功能障碍。     

强力天麻杜仲胶囊对小鼠脾细胞活性的调节

目的 研究强力天麻杜仲胶囊对小鼠脾细胞活性的影响.方法 将400、800和1 600 mg/kg强力天麻杜仲胶囊灌胃小鼠, 1次/d,连续2 w.通过淋巴细胞转化试验检测ConA诱导的T淋巴细胞增殖能力; 采用ELISA测定脾细胞IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ及TNF-α 分泌水平.结果 强力天麻杜仲胶囊低、中、高剂量组T淋巴细胞刺激指数均高于对照组(P＜0.05, P＜0.01, P＜0.05),尤以中剂量组明显(P＜0.01);强力天麻杜仲胶囊低、中剂量组脾细胞IL-2、IFN-γ和IL-4分泌水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),TNF-α 的分泌水平显著低于对照组(P＜0.05, P＜0.01).结论 强力天麻杜仲胶囊以剂量依赖关系促进小鼠T细胞增殖,增强Th1和Th2活性,促进小鼠细胞免疫和体液免疫应答,全面提高机体免疫应答能力.     

蜂胶黄酮对D-半乳糖致衰小鼠学习记忆及脑组织NO含量、NOS和AchE活性的影响

目的 探讨蜂胶黄酮对D-半乳糖所致急性衰老小鼠学习记忆障碍保护作用及其脑组织中NO含量、NOS和AchE活性的变化.方法 皮下注射D-半乳糖100 mg/kg共30 d,制造衰老模型小鼠.实验组灌胃蜂胶黄酮300 mg/kg 30 d后,用跳台法测定小鼠学习记忆能力,同时测定小鼠脑内NO含量、NOS和AchE活性.结果 D-半乳糖所致急性衰老小鼠记忆能力明显降低,表现为跳台实验的错误次数明显增加(P＜0.05),以及脑组织中NO含量、NOS及AchE活性的增加(均P＜0.01).蜂胶黄酮组能够减少小鼠电击次数(错误次数),24 h重复实验,可延长跳下平台的潜伏期,错误次数明显减少(均P＜0.05);同时降低了脑内NO含量、NOS及AchE活性(均P＜0.01).结论 蜂胶黄酮对D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠学习记忆障碍具有保护作用,能增强学习记忆能力,其机制可能与降低脑内NO含量及NOS、AchE活性有关.     

羟基积雪草苷干预神经元退变的机制研究

目的 探讨羟基积雪草苷(madecassoside,MC)对慢性铝中毒所致小鼠海马神经元损伤的干预作用及机制.方法 按葡萄糖酸铝(400mg AI3+kg)给予NIH小鼠灌胃90d建立铝中毒神经元损伤小鼠模型.通过跳台和Moms水迷宫实验、生化实验、HE染色和免疫组化染色技术,观察MC大小剂量(每天30、60mg/kg)同步给药90d对小鼠学习记忆能力、脑丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、海马神经元病理形态学、海马Caspase-3和cox-2蛋白表达的影响.结果 与模型组相比,30和60mg/kg剂量MC可明显延长铝中毒小鼠跳台潜伏期(31.40±22.04 vs 124.10±74.38和138.80±90.85)(P＜0.05),减少跳台错误次数(3.00±1.15 vs 1.60±0.69和1.40±0.84)(P＜0.05),缩短第5天寻找平台潜伏期(36.2±11.2 vs 18.5±7.3和19.4±9.9)(P＜0.05)的时间;明显减少脑内MDA含量(nmol/mg prot)(3.73±0.38 vs 2.50±0.42和2.59±0.47)(P＜0.05),提高脑内SOD酶活性(U/mg prot)(362.8±37.6 vs 445.7±23.9和425.5±38.8);大小剂量的MC均能明显减轻铝中毒小鼠海马神经元损伤,下调海马神经元Caspase-3(0.255±0.079 vs 0.090±0.026和0.132±0.049)(P＜0.05)和COX-2(0.099±0.006 vs 0.038±0.004和0.045±0.008)(P＜0.05)蛋白表达.结论 MC可通过提高抗氧化应激、阻遏神经元凋亡和抗炎作用,减轻海马神经元损伤.     

羧甲基壳聚糖抗衰老作用的研究

目的观察羧甲基壳聚糖（CMC）对黑腹果蝇寿命的影响及其对D-半乳糖致亚急性衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用. 方法用含CMC（1%、2%、4%）的培养基喂养果蝇,观察其寿命;同时用不同剂量的CMC（100、200、400 mg/kg）对D-半乳糖模型小鼠灌胃,测定小鼠的学习记忆成绩、血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性和丙二醛（MDA）的含量并分析胸腺系数和脾脏系数的变化情况. 结果 100、200 mg/kg CMC均能显著延长果蝇的平均寿命和最高寿命（P＜ 0.05～0.01）;CMC还能显著改善衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力（P＜ 0.05～0.01）,提高小鼠血清中SOD活性,减少 MDA含量,增大胸腺系数和脾脏系数（P＜ 0.01）. 结论 CMC可能通过消除氧自由基、增强机体免疫功能而具有抗衰老的作用.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.