输尿管移行细胞癌预后影响因素分析

目的提高输尿管移行细胞癌的治疗效果。方法对获随访的３５例输尿管移行细胞癌预后影响因素作回顾性分析。结果输尿管肿瘤３年生存率为５４％，５年生存率为４６％，单发输尿管上中段癌３年、５年生存率分别为８６％和８６％，明显高于下段癌的４３％和２９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。细胞分级：Ｇ１４例无１例死亡；Ｇ３３年、５年生存率分别为３１％和２３％，明显低于Ｇ２的６６％和５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。以临床分期统计其３年、５年生存率：Ｔ１１００％和８３％；Ｔ２６５％和５５％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；Ｔ３均于３年内死亡。结论输尿管移行细胞癌预后差，输尿管下段癌预后最差，肿瘤细胞分化程度及浸润深度是决定预后的主要因素。     

A case of synchronous contralateral renal cell carcinoma and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma

A case of synchronous contralateral renal cell carcinoma and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma is reported. A 56-year-old man, who had been incidentally found to have an abnormal mass in the upper pole of the right kidney on ultrasound sonography, was admitted on January 8, 1985. CT scanning and renal arteriography revealed right renal malignancy. Right radical nephrectomy was performed and histological examination showed adenocarcinoma, granular cell type of the right kidney. He was discharged on February 3, 1985. Two months postoperatively, he was rehospitalized for macroscopic hematuria. Left retrograde pyelogram showed obstruction at middle ureter and cytology of urine from left ureter was positive. So a left ureteral tumor was suspected, and partial resection of left ureter and ureteroureterostomy were performed. Histological examination revealed ureteral transitional cell carcinoma. He is now doing well at 6 months following the lat surgery, without any evidence of recurrence.     

A case of synchronous ipsilateral renal cell carcinoma and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma

A 62-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of right flank pain. Abdominal computed tomographic scan revealed a right hydronephrosis and intrapelvic tumor. Ultrasound revealed a renal mass lesion. Ultrasound guided renal biopsy and laparotomy of intrapelvic tumor was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma.     

A case of simultaneous contralateral renal cell carcinoma and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma

A case of simultaneous contralateral renal cell carcinoma and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma is presented. This patient underwent right radical nephrectomy, partial resection of left ureter and bladder, and end-to-end transureteroureterostomy. He is alive with no finding of recurrence after 1 year. Methods of treatment for bilateral urinary tract tumors are reviewed.     

Clitoral metastasis from transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis: CT and MRI findings

Metastatic tumors of the clitoris are extremely rare. We report a case of clitoral metastasis in a 75-year-old woman who was treated for transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis 2 years ago. The computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings are presented with a short review of the literature. To the best of our knowledge, clitoral metastasis originating from transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis has not been reported in the English language literature.     

Primary ureteral carcinoma composed of both transitional cell carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma: a case report

We present a case of primary ureteral carcinoma composed of both transitional cell carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma. A 79-year-old woman visited her home doctor with the chief complaint of right lower abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomographic scan (CT) disclosed a tumor measuring about 5 cm in diameter at the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Percutaneous nephrostomy was performed for hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis. The urinary cytology revealed class V, transitional cell carcinoma. Re-abdominal CT showed further enlargement of tumor diameter, but the primary site of the tumor was not identified. Her general condition worsened, and she died 42 days after her initial complaint. Pathologic examinations upon autopsy revealed both mucinous carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma in the right ureter. Pathogenesis and management of this rare condition are discussed.     

肾移植术后并发双侧自体肾盂和输尿管移行细胞癌16例

目的 总结肾移植术后发生双侧自体肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌的诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析16例肾移植术后发生双侧自体肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌患者的资料.首次发现上尿路肿瘤的时间为移植后(56.2±33.0)个月.2例同时发现双侧上尿路肿瘤,其余14例双侧上尿路肿瘤先后发现的时间间隔为(8.6±6.7)个月.临床症状和检查阳性结果以血尿和自体肾积水为主.均行自体上尿路根治性切除术,术后行膀胱灌注化疗.结果 16例手术均成功.32次自体肾、输尿管的病理检查结果均为移行细胞癌,包括单纯肾盂肿瘤4次,单纯输尿管肿瘤9次,合并肾盂、输尿管肿瘤19次.23次肾盂肿瘤的分级为1级8例,2级11例,3级4例;28次输尿管肿瘤的分级为1级6例,2级10例,3级12例.术后随访(26.8±25.1)个月,1例出现肺部转移后死亡;1例发生腰背部软组织转移性移行细胞癌,局部切除;其他患者未发现肿瘤复发及转移.结论 肾移植后自体上尿路移行细胞癌的常见表现为血尿合并自体肾积水,该肿瘤侵袭性较强,对于膀胱及一侧自体上尿路同时存在移行细胞癌者,应行对侧自体肾上尿路预防性切除术.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical features of bilateral native pelvic and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in renal transplant patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on 16 patients with bilateral native pelvic and ureteral TCC after kidney transplantation.The mean time between transplantation and diagnosis of upper urinary TCC was 56. 2 ± 33. 0 months.Two patients were suffered from bilateral upper urinary TCC at the same time. The mean interval between 2 upper urinary tract operations of the remaining 14 cases was 8. 6 ± 6. 7 months. Hematuria and hydronephrosis of native kidneys were the main symptoms and targets in checkup. Intravesical chemotherapy was postoperatively given. Results All operations were performed successfully. All specimens obtained from the operations were pathologically diagnosed as TCC. The TCC location involved pure native pelvis (n = 4), pure native ureter (n = 9), and pelvis combined with ureter (n = 19). Pelvic TCC pathological grades included grade 1 in 8 cases, grade 2 in 11 cases, and grade 3 in 4 cases; Ureteral TCC grades included grade 1 in 6 cases, grade 2 in 10 cases, and grade 3 in 12 cases.Patients were followed up for 26. 8 ± 25. 1 months. One patient died of lung metastasis. (One case of lumbar soft tissue transfer was given local excision. The remaining patients had no recurrence and metastasis. Conclusion Renal transplant patients with hematuria and native renal hydronephrosis should be highly vigilant of the occurrence of upper urinary tract TCC. TCC after renal transplantation is invasive. Prophylactic contralateral nephroureterectomy should be performed on the recipients having TCC at the bladder and one side of native upper urinary tract.     

肾盂输尿管移行上皮癌术后再发膀胱癌多因素分析

目的防止肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌。方法采用回顾性研究对获随访８５例进行总结。结果术后膀胱癌再发率３８％（３２／８５）。吸烟指数＞５００者为５４％（１８／３３），高于不吸烟或吸烟指数＜５００者的２７％（１４／５２），Ｐ＜０．０１。未切除患侧输尿管口周围膀胱壁的再发率为４５％（１０／２２），高于肾输尿管膀胱部分切除术的２０％（９／４５），Ｐ＜０．０５。Ⅱ～Ⅲ级，Ｔ１～Ｔ２，ＣｅｒｂＢ２阳性表达者再发率高，术后灌注化疗２年后再发率５％（２／３９），低于未灌注者的２２％（１０／４６），Ｐ＜０．０５。结论吸烟是术后再发危险因素，切除输尿管口周围部分膀胱壁是防止再发的关键，术后灌注化疗防止远期再发效果好。     

肾细胞癌的不典型CT、MRI表现

目的　分析肾细胞癌 (RCC)的不典型CT、MRI表现 ,探讨如何提高CT、MRI对RCC的诊断正确率。　方法　回顾分析 10 0例经手术、病理证实的RCC。男 71例 ,女 2 9例。年龄 2 9～ 75岁 ,平均5 5岁。其中透明细胞癌 82例、混合细胞癌 8例、颗粒细胞癌 5例、乳头状癌 4例、肉瘤样肾细胞癌 1例。共 10 1个瘤灶 ,最大径为 0 .8～ 9.0cm ,平均 4 .3cm。总结RCC的典型CT、MRI表现 ,统计不典型CT、MRI表现的RCC病例 ,并与手术、病理结果对照。　结果　 17例RCC在CT、MRI上呈不典型表现 ,分为四类 :少血供RCC :12例 ,其中透明细胞癌 3例、混合细胞癌 1例、颗粒细胞癌 5例、乳头状癌 3例 ;囊性RCC :3例 ,均为透明细胞癌 ;RCC合并大片出血 :1例 ,为乳头状癌 ;直径 <1cm的RCC :1例 ,为透明细胞癌。　结论　正确认识少血供及囊性RCC的CT、MRI表现 ,采用适当的扫描方法及仔细阅片有助于提高对RCC的诊断正确率。     

Ureteral intussusception by papillary transitional cell carcinoma

A case of ureteral intussusception caused by a low-grade papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter is described. This is the first case of ureteral intussusception resulting from a malignant tumor of the ureter. The patient presented with weight loss and vague pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. Right ureterovesical junction obstruction was seen in the retrograde pyeloureterogram. Right nephroureterectomy including a cuff of adjacent bladder wall was performed.     

肾移植后发生双侧肾盂和输尿管移行细胞癌的探讨(附5例报告)

目的:探讨肾移植术后发生双侧肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌的临床特征。方法:报告5例肾移植后发生双侧肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌患者的临床资料。于肾移植术后21～58个月检出,其中同时发现双侧肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌3例,一侧移行细胞癌术后发现对侧移行细胞癌2例。2例分两次分别切除双侧肾脏、输尿管和部分膀胱壁,3例一次性切除双侧肾脏、输尿管和部分膀胱壁。术后给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星、表阿霉素等进行膀胱灌注化疗。结果:5例均手术成功,术后继续膀胱灌注化疗,随访5～19个月无复发。结论:国人肾移植术后发生双侧肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌并不鲜见,必须警惕;采用腹腔镜手术和下腹部开放手术切除病变,调整免疫抑制治疗方案有效。     

胰腺腺泡细胞癌的CT及MRI影像学分析

目的 分析胰腺腺泡细胞癌（ACC）的CT和MRI特征,提高对该病影像学表现的认识。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2016年1月在我院经手术病理或穿刺活检证实的7例ACC患者的CT及MRI影像学资料,其中3例行CT平扫及增强扫描,4例行MRI平扫及增强扫描,观察其影像学表现。结果 男4例,女3例,平均年龄51岁;7例均为单发,病灶位于胰体尾部5例,胰头2例;最大直径约2~13 cm,平均直径5.2 cm,边界较清楚;CT平扫为略低密度,病灶内见不规则更低密度区,未见明显钙化。MRI扫描示病灶T1WI上为混杂稍低信号、T2WI上为混杂稍高信号。CT、MRI增强扫描均见瘤内实性成分动脉期轻度强化,门脉期呈渐进性强化,强化程度低于正常胰腺组织。7例中1例肝转移,1例侵犯临近脾脏,2例显示胰管侵犯并扩张,3例出现腹膜后淋巴结转移。结论 胰腺腺泡细胞癌CT、MRI表现具有一定特征性。     

Staging and differential diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma: a comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)

The usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was compared with that of computed tomography (CT). Twenty-nine patients with renal cell carcinoma, 3 with angiomyolipomas and 1 with renal pelvic cancer, were examined by both MRI and CT. MRI and CT showed similar results in staging cases of renal cell carcinoma. However, MRI may be more sensitive in detecting the venous extension, metastatic adenopathy, and adjacent organ invasion. In predicting the involvement of perinephric fat, however, MRI is only marginally superior to CT. To demonstrate the usefulness of MRI in differentiating renal cell carcinoma from other renal tumors, the density of renal tumor and that of the psoas muscle were determined using a densitiometer, and the percent (%) contrast (the intensity of the renal tumor/the intensity of the psoas muscle X 100) was calculated. In most patients with clear cell type renal carcinoma, the % contrast value in the T1 weighted images was about 100. In the T2 weighted images, the maximum value of the % contrast value was 50 or less in most patients. In one patient with spindle cell type (sarcomatoid type) carcinoma, the % contrast value was 109 in the T1 weighted images, but was 65-85, at most, in the T2 weighted images. In patients with renal angiomyolipomas, the % contrast values were calculated exclusive of the fatty components. The % contrast value of the T1 weighted images was 50 or less in all 3 patients, and that of the T2 weighted images was 50 or more in 2 patients and 21-38 in the others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Clinical study of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate associated with bladder transitional cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate in patients with bladder cancer appears to influence the prognosis and affects the decision about therapeutic modality. Therefore, it is important to characterize transitional cell carcinoma associated with bladder cancer. METHODS: From April 1980 to December 1998, 81 male patients underwent total cystoprostatectomies for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The 81 cystoprostatectomy specimens were examined to clarify the characteristics of prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma. The extent, origin, mode of spread and risk factor of prostatic involvement as well as the prognosis were investigated. In 13 of 15 patients with prostatic involvement the prostate was examined by sequential step sections. RESULTS: Prostatic involvement was observed in 15 of 81 patients (18.5%). Prostatic urethral involvement, invasion to prostatic duct/acinus, prostatic stromal invasion and extraprostatic extension and/or seminal vesicle involvement were recognized in 12 (80%), 14 (93.3%), six (40%), and five (33.3%) of the 15 patients, respectively. Twelve of the 15 patients (80%) with prostatic involvement had papillary or non-papillary tumors (i.e. carcinoma in situ) both in the prostatic urethra and prostatic duct. In 10 of these 12 patients (88.3%), there was contiguity between prostatic urethral and ductal tumors. Seven of the 23 patients (30.4%) with carcinoma in situ of the bladder showed prostatic involvement, which increased to 50% in the presence of carcinoma in situ of the trigone or bladder neck. CONCLUSIONS: Eighty per cent of the patients with prostatic involvement showed papillary or non-papillary tumors both in the prostatic urethra and prostatic duct. There was a high level of contiguity between both tumors. Patients with carcinoma in situ of the trigone or bladder neck revealed significantly higher incidence of prostatic involvement.     

Staging refinements in renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Accurate pathologic staging systems provide valuable prognostic information. As our understanding of the biology of renal cell carcinoma improves, so does the staging system has undergo periodic modification. The modification of the tumor-node-metastasis staging system in 2002 has been applied to various populations, and several changes have been proposed. RECENT FINDINGS: The tumor diameter chosen as a break point in the staging system for noninvasive tumors is debated. Although 4 cm, the break point between T1a and T1b tumors, was chosen, in part, to select tumors amenable to partial nephrectomy, newer data show that this may no longer be appropriate. Size appears to have continual prognostic significance, especially in the range of 4-6 cm. T3a tumors with adrenal involvement appear to have a poor prognosis similar to T4 tumors. In addition, while renal sinus invasion may have a worse prognosis, perinephric fat invasion appears to have less impact on survival than overall tumor size. SUMMARY: Refinements of the current staging system on the basis of current understanding of tumor characteristics will improve prognostic accuracy. The addition of molecular markers and other features should be considered while not allowing increased complexity to disrupt clinical utility.     

Squamous cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma arising in bladder augmentations

Tumours arising in bowel-augmented bladders are rare. Usually these tumours are adenocarcinomas that occur along the anastomotic line. We present two unusual tumours, squamous cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma, that occurred in bladder augmentations. We also emphasize the need for regular cystoscopic surveillance.     

Immunotherapy of murine transitional cell carcinoma

A series of 6 controlled experiments in C3H/He mice were performed to evaluate nonspecific immunotherapeutic regimens with a transplantable murine bladder tumor (MBT2). Immunotherapeutic agents studied included live Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) preparations in varying doses and strains (Tice, Pasteur, and Glaxo), Re mutant glycolipid (ReG) from Salmonella typhimurium, BCG cell wall skeletons (CWS), CWS plus B4 glycolipid fraction of ReG, and Keyhole-Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH). Animals received an intradermal MBT2 inoculation and were then randomized to treatment and control (saline treated) groups. Immunotherapy was administered intralesionally 1 day after tumor transplantation. Tumors were excised by amputation at a volume of 400 mm. and animals were later rechallenged with tumor inocula, again treated, and followed for tumor incidence growth rate and survival. No antitumor affect was observed with ReG, CWS or CWS plus B4. KLH immunotherapy did result in measurable antitumor effect. Consistent and statistically significant (p less than 0.01) antitumor responses as measured by prolonged survival and decreased growth rate were observed with Tice and Pasteur strains of BCG in doses ranging from 5 X 10(5) to 1 X 10(7) colony forming units per animal. Doses in excess of 10(7) units were found to decrease antitumor response. Glaxo strain BCG had no beneficial effect when used in the maximal dose (10(6) colony forming units) that could be administered. In animals immunized with intermediate doses of live Tice or Pasteur strain BCG in the study, effective long term immunity to transitional cell carcinoma was observed. Although many new immunotherapeutic agents have been advocated in other tumor models, to date we have found Tice and Pasteur strains of live BCG to be the most effective agents in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma.