Psychological Distress in Australian Onshore and Offshore Immigration Detention Centres from 2014–2018

This study examines the impact of length of detention and location of detention on psychological distress amongst Australian immigration detainees. This study employs a repeated measures cross-sectional study, utilising Australian government data from 2014 to 2018 that relied on the Kessler-10 (K10) to measure psychological distress. There were 21,703 assessments conducted which included 15,264 assessment onshore over a 5 year period and 6439 assessments offshore over a 3 year period. The mean overall K10 score onshore was 18.85, while offshore it was 24.37. K10 scores increased with length of time detained both onshore and offshore, with K10 scores offshore generally higher at each time point. The results of this study add to a growing body of evidence that suggests that length of time detained and particularly offshore detention has a substantial impact on mental health.

     

雷达数据预处理算法研究

目的：对多普勒雷达原始数据进行预处理。方法：利用K-邻域频数法分析不同参数的选取对于结果的影响,并结合雷达原始资料的实际情况,在参数的选取方法上进行了优化,并用不同的窗口大小去适应不同的区域。结果：在速度退模糊起始点的选择上做了补充,使得去噪补缺的效果更好,速度退模糊的效果大大改善。结论：提出了寻找退模糊起始点的方法。     

白色念珠菌ERG11突变基因在毕氏酵母中的表达

目的 将含有点突变的白色念珠菌编码基因ERG11克隆至毕氏酵母中进行表达,判断其在白色念珠菌对氟康唑敏感性中的作用.方法 将含有点突变的白色念珠菌编码基因ERG11与pPIC3.5K载体重组,构建pPIC3.5K/Ca1.6k重组体,经Top10F'鉴定和筛选,电转入毕氏酵母GS115中,经过诱导表达出现目的 蛋白后,进行药物敏感性试验,确定点突变与耐药的关系.结果 含Y132H突变转化菌株和含Q474K突变的转化菌株对氟康唑的MIC分别上升16倍和8倍,证实其突变与耐药有关.结论 氟康唑耐药可发生于白色念珠菌编码基因ERG11的Y132H与Q474K点突变中.     

Vitamin K and Osteoporosis

Vitamin K acts as a coenzyme of carboxylase, catalyzing the carboxylation of several vitamin K dependent proteins. Beyond its well-known effects on blood coagulation, it also exerts relevant effects on bone and the vascular system. In this review, we point out the relevance of an adequate vitamin K intake to obtain sufficient levels of carboxylated (active form) vitamin K dependent proteins (such as Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein) to prevent bone health. Another bone-related action of Vitamin K is being a ligand of the nuclear steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR). We also discuss the recommended intake, deficiency, and assessment of vitamin K. Furthermore, we review the few available studies that have as pre-specified outcome bone fractures, indicating that we need more clinical studies to confirm that vitamin K is a potential therapeutic agent for bone fractures.     

儿童期Korotkoff第Ⅳ、Ⅴ音的差异及对成年高血压的预测价值

目的 探讨儿童青少年期Korotkoff第Ⅳ音(K4)与第Ⅴ音(K5)的差异及对成年高血压的预测价值,为选择血压测量方案和制定儿童血压评价标准提供依据.方法 2005年追访1987年建立的"北京儿童血压研究"队列人群,基线儿童期K4、K5作为舒张压(DBP),采用WHO 1996年标准诊断基线儿童期高血压;成年期记录K5作为DBP,采用《中国高血压防治指南(2005年修订版)》诊断成年期高血压.比较儿童期K4、K5的差异及对成年高血压的预测价值.结果 1987年基线调查6～17岁学龄儿童2505人,2005年追访到412人.基线K4-K5差值的几何均数为(10.1±1.7)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),并随年龄增长而下降;除青春期外,其他年龄男女之间K4-K5的差异无统计学意义.各年龄组K4-K5差值的分布构成有统计学意义(P＜0.001),6～9岁、10～12岁、13～15岁、16～17岁分别有59.6%、60.5%、56.3%和45.1%的儿童K4与K5差值大于10 mm Hg.按WHO标准,采用K4、K5为DBP诊断高血压检出率分别为5.0%和2.4%.儿童期K4与成年期血压的相关程度优于K5;且能预测成年期高血压.结论 当使用汞测压计测量儿童血压时,采用K4记录DBP,能更真实地反映儿童血压水平,使不同儿童的DBP水平具有可比性;并且K4与成年DBP的关联度更高,即轨迹现象更强,更能体现儿童血压水平对成年高血压的预测价值.     

Environmental effects of natural radionuclides from coal-fired power plants

The assessment of the environmental effects of natural radionuclides contained in fly ash released from a coal-fired power plant was carried out and the following results were obtained. Mean concentrations of U, Th and K in 28 kinds of domestic and foreign coals were 1.0 ppm, 3.3 ppm and 2300 ppm, respectively. A good correlation between U and Th concentrations appears evident. Natural radionuclide concentrations of bottom and fly ashes were approximately equal in both ashes, and the values were the same as those calculated by concentration in coal divided by ash content. Release rates of 40K and radionuclides of each decay chain of U or Th were evaluated in the range of 2 to 40,000 pCi/sec for model coal-fired power plants of 1000 MW and 250 MW. The natural radionuclide concentration in air in a plume at the maximum concentration point was 5 X 10(-9) to 5 X 10(-3) pCi/m3, and these values were below 1/200 of those of natural origin.     

Development, beam characterization and chromosomal effectiveness of X-rays of RBC characteristic X-ray generator

A characteristic hot-filament type X-ray generator was constructed for irradiation of cultured cells. The source provides copper K, iron K, chromium K, molybdenum L, aluminium K and carbon K shell characteristic X-rays. When cultured mouse m5S cells were irradiated and frequencies of dicentrics were fitted to a linear-quadratic model, Y = alphaD + betaD2, the chromosomal effectiveness was not a simple function of photon energy. The alpha-terms increased with the decrease of the photon energy and then decreased with further decrease of the energy with an inflection point at around 10 keV. The beta-terms stayed constant for the photon energy down to 10 keV and then increased with further decrease of energy. Below 10 keV, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) at low doses was proportional to the photon energy, which contrasted to that for high energy X- or gamma-rays where the RBE was inversely related with the photon energy. The reversion of the energy dependency occurred at around 1-2 Gy, where the RBE of soft X-rays was insensitive to X-ray energy. The reversion of energy-RBE relation at a moderate dose may shed light on the controversy on energy dependency of RBE of ultrasoft X-rays in cell survival experiments.     

医学生舒张压测量过程中变音与消失观察

[目的 ]　探讨用Korotkoff分期法的第 4期表示舒张压和第 5期表示之间的差别。 [方法 ]　对 2 6 1例医学生采用汞柱式血压计间接测量法 ,测量两上肢的变音与消失的汞柱值。 [结果 ]　两上肢舒张压变音和消失的均值男性均显著高于女性 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,而变音和消失均值与运动与否无关 (P >0 .0 5 )。舒张压变音发生率在左上肢为39 .8% ,右上肢为 39.5 % ,运动者变音发生率较不运动者显著增多 (P <0 .0 5 )。变音发生率与男、女性别无关 (P <0 .0 5 )。变音和消失之间的差值约为 15mmHg。[结论 ]　舒张压的表示方法以第 5期消失的汞柱值较为合理。若以此值表示舒张压 ,则舒张压的标准可能相应下降。     

Characterization of Klebsiella terrigena strains from humans: haemagglutinins, serum resistance, siderophore synthesis, and serotypes

Klebsiella terrigena is very rarely isolated from humans; as yet, its clinical significance is uncertain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this species is able to express putative virulence factors. A total of 72 faecal (n = 50) and clinical (n = 22) K. terrigena isolates was investigated and compared with faecal and clinical strains of K. pneumoniae. Mannose-sensitive haemagglutination (MSHA) was observed less often in K. terrigena (64-74%) than in K. pneumoniae strains. In contrast, the incidence of mannose-resistant haemagglutinin indicative of type 3 pili (MR/K-HA) (77-94%), serum resistance properties (10-23%), and production of enterobactin (100%) was similar in both species. None of the K. terrigena isolates were able to synthesize aerobactin; however, the frequency of aerobactin synthesis in K. pneumoniae was also only 5%. Serotyping showed capsular types K5 and K70 to be predominant. The virulence-associated serotype K2 was common in both K. terrigena and K. pneumoniae isolates. Taken together, the present results suggest that K. terrigena and K. pneumoniae are indistinguishable with respect to the expression of virulence factors.     

Measuring psychological distress in older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Australians: a comparison of the K‐10 and K‐5

Objectives: To assess the cross‐cultural validity of two Kessler psychological distress scales (K‐10 and K‐5) by examining their measurement properties among older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and comparing them to those in non‐Aboriginal individuals from NSW Australia. Methods: Self‐reported questionnaire data from the 45 and Up Study for 1,631 Aboriginal and 231,774 non‐Aboriginal people were used to examine the factor structure, convergent validity, internal consistency and levels of missing data of K‐10 and K‐5. Results: We found excellent agreement in classification of distress of Aboriginal participants by K‐10 and K‐5 (weighted kappa=0.87), high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha K‐10: 0.93, K‐5: 0.88), and factor structures consistent with those for the total Australian population. Convergent validity was evidenced by a strong graded relationship between the level of distress and the odds of: problems with daily activities due to emotional problems; current treatment for depression or anxiety; and poor quality of life. Conclusions and implications: K‐10 and K‐5 scales are promising tools for measuring psychological distress among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders aged 45 and over in research and clinical settings.     

Rapid typing of Escherichia coli K antigens using bacteriophages

E. coli capsular (K) antigens are important virulence factors contributing to the development of urinary tract infections (UTI). Serotyping of these antigens is laborious and depends on the availability of respective antisera which are difficult to prepare because of the low immunogenicity of these polysaccharide antigens. The application of specific K phages are a big advantage. Two collections of E. coli strains (500 from Rostock, 214 from Erfurt) isolated from patients with UTI have been investigated with a set of ten K specific bacteriophages including phi 1, phi 2, phi 5, phi 7, phi 9, phi 12, phi 13, phi 20, phi 30 and phi 36. The K1 antigen has been found to be the most frequent capsular antigen (16.4% in Rostock; 12.2% in Erfurt) followed by K13/K20 in Erfurt (8.9%) and K5 in Rostock (8%) and Erfurt (7.5%). The collection of phages proved to be suitable for the detection of UTI associated K antigens covering the most common O serogroups found in UTI. The method appears to be simple, non-laborious and applicable for routine use.     

Serotypes of CNF1-producingEscherichia coli strains that cause extraintestinal infections in humans

The O:K:H serotypes of 137 necrotoxigenicEscherichia coli (NTEC) producing the cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) isolated from human extraintestinal infection were determined. Although NTEC producing CNF1 belonged to 58 different serotypes, only 10 of them accounted for 54% of strains. The most common serotypes, in order of frequency, were: O4:K?:H5, O6:K13:H1, O83:K1:H31, O75:K95:H5, O2:K1:H6, O2:K7:H-, O75:K1:H7, O2:K?:H1, O4:K12:H1 and O22:K13:H1. CNF1 strains of serotypes O2:K7:H- and O4:K12:H1 express P-fimbriae, whereas CNF1 strains of serotypes O2:K?:H1, O2:K1:H6 and O75:K95:H5 possess the adhesin responsible for MRHA type III. Among CNF1 strains of serotype O4:K?:H5 there exist some that express P-fimbriae and others that possess MRHA type III. Lastly, the majority of CNF1 strains of serotypes O6:K13:H1, O22:K13:H1, O75:K1:H7 and O83:K1:H31 do not express P-fimbriae nor the adhesin responsible to MRHA type III. Our results show that extraintestinal infections are caused by a limited number of virulent clones, as suggested by the theory of special pathogenicity.     

Silk protein hydrolysate increases glucose uptake through up-regulation of GLUT 4 and reduces the expression of leptin in 3T3-L1 fibroblast

The purpose of our research was to test the hypothesis that silk protein hydrolysate increases glucose uptake in cultured murine embryonic fibroblasts. Insulin sensitizing activity was observed in a cell-based glucose uptake assay using 3T3-L1 embryonic fibroblasts. The treatment of 1 mg/mL of silk peptide E5K6 plus 0.2 nM insulin was associated with a significant increase in glucose uptake (124.0% ± 2.5%) compared to treatment with 0.2 nM insulin alone. When the 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate into fibroblasts, fat droplets formed inside the cells. Silk peptide E5K6 reduced the formation of fat droplets at the 1-mg/mL dosage (86.1% ± 2.5%) when compared to the control (100.0% ± 5.8%). A 1 mg/mL dose of silk peptide E5K6 significantly increased GLUT 4 expression (131.5% ± 4.0%). The treatment of 1 mg/mL of silk peptide E5K6 did not present any changes for adipogenic expressed genes, but leptin expression was significantly increased by silk peptide E5K6 supplementation (175.9% ± 11.1%). From these results, silk peptide E5K6 increased glucose uptake via up-regulation of GLUT 4 and decreased fat accumulation via the up-regulation of leptin.     

Influence of genetics and diet on the development of diabetes in Yucatan miniature swine

The intent of this study was to examine the effect of a diet nutritionally similar to that consumed by most Americans on Yucatan miniature swine that have been bred for enhanced and impaired glucose tolerance. Seventeen Yucatan miniature pigs from the glucose-intolerant line (low K) and 17 from the glucose-tolerant line (high K) were selected. The oral glucose tolerance (OGT) of both groups of pigs was determined. After the OGT test (OGTT), 13 low K pigs and 12 high K pigs were placed on the American Swine Diet (ASD). The remaining animals were left on the regular swine diet. After 5 months, the pigs were again tested with an OGTT. Mean plasma glucose levels observed during the OGTT showed significant differences between the low K and high K groups on ASD at all time intervals from 60 to 150 minutes postdosing. Serum insulin levels in the high K group were significantLy elevated over those in the low K group during the OGTT at 10, 20, and 30 minutes prediet, and at 10 minutes after 5 months on diet. Both low and high K groups showed a dietary effect with aN elevated plasma glucose response to an OGTT, although the mean increase was not significant in the high K group. In the low K group, plasma glucose levels were significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) over prediet values at 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. In addition, 7 out of the 10 low K pigs tested at 5 months developed insulin resistance, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes.     

Quantifying the dietary potassium requirement of juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus)

An 8 week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary K requirement for juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus). Purified diets with eight levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 g/kg diet) of supplemental K were fed to tilapia. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish initially weighing a mean value of 0.77 (SE 0.01) g/fish in a closed, recirculating rearing system. Weight gain was higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed the diets supplemented with 2, 3 and 4 g K/kg diet than in fish fed diet with 10 g K/kg diet and the unsupplemented control diet. Gill Na+-K+ ATPase activity was highest in fish fed the diets supplemented with 1-3 g K/kg diet, followed by fish fed the diet with 5 g K/kg diet and lowest in fish fed the diet with 10 g K/kg diet. Whole-body K content in fish were generally increased as the dietary K supplementation level increased. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain and gill Na+-K+ ATPase activity and by linear regression of whole-body K retention of the fish indicated that the adequate dietary K concentration for tilapia is about 2-3 g/kg diet.     

In vitro and in vivo studies of deglycosylated chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus as a vaccine candidate and its realistic revenue impact at commercial pig production level

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes major economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective method to control the disease. In a previous study, a chimeric PRRSV named as K418 which had a genome composed of ORF 1 from the FL12 strain and ORF 2-7 from the Korean representative LMY strain was created. We constructed K418DM, K418 with deglycosylated glycoprotein 5 (GP5), to improve its humoral immunity. In the follow-up on in vivo and in vitro virological and serological tests, no back mutation in amino acids of GP5 associated with deglycosylation was shown after 9 passages on MARC-145 cells, whereas only one case of back mutation was detected after single passage in pig. In serological study, K418DM induced higher serum neutralization (SN) antibody and more limited viremia compared with those of K418 virus. In clinical trial and economic analysis, the K418DM elicited SN antibody titers and PRRSV-specific IgG over protection limit. From the economic viewpoint, there was statistically significant reduction in percentage of weak pigs. These results indicated that vaccination with the K418DM may provide enhanced protection for pigs in PRRS endemic situation and increase growth performance in commercial pig farms.     

Lack of identity between the 90K protective glycoprotein of Trypanosoma cruzi and hybridoma (CE5)-defined T. cruzi antigen which cross reacts with mammalian neurones

The monoclonal antibody (CE5) which recognizes cross reacting antigenic determinants on mammalian neurones and T. cruzi parasites has here been shown to react with whole T. cruzi but not with the 90K cell surface glycoprotein fraction. Thus, the 90K glycoprotein which is protective in experimental vaccination studies lacks identity with the potentially pathogenic antigen determinants defined by CE5.     

The Distress Questionnaire-5: Population screener for psychological distress was more accurate than the K6/K10

ObjectiveThe K6 and K10 are well-validated screening measures for psychological distress and are widely used. However, the accuracy of these scales in identifying common mental disorders may be suboptimal. This study aimed to develop a brief scale of psychological distress—the Distress Questionnaire-5 (DQ5)—and validate its diagnostic accuracy in identifying common mental disorders, relative to the K6 and K10.Study Design and SettingThe DQ5 was developed from a pool of 347 items reflecting a range of mental health symptoms. Validation of the DQ5 was conducted concurrently, on the basis of DSM-5 criteria for seven common mental disorders. A population-based sample of Australian adults (n = 3,175) was recruited online, with data weighted to reflect population estimates of disorder prevalence, age, and gender.ResultsAt specified cut points, the DQ5 was significantly more accurate in identifying individuals who met criteria for each of the disorders examined relative to the K6, with the exception of major depression where there was no significant difference in sensitivity or specificity.ConclusionThe DQ5 is a promising tool for identifying psychological distress in the community, with potential for use in a range of clinical settings.     

50株肺炎链球菌pbp2B基因突变与苯唑西林药敏相关性分析

目的　探讨我国耐青霉素肺炎链球菌 (Streptococcuspneumoniae,SPN)pbp2B基因的突变与苯唑西林药敏表型相关性。方法　对呼吸道感染患儿痰标本中分离到的 5 0株肺炎链球菌 ,用K B法进行苯唑西林药物敏感试验 ,用套式聚合酶链反应 (nPCR)扩增pbp2B基因 ,对PCR产物直接进行DNA测序 ,测得序列与SPNR6株 (青霉素敏感株 )序列 [GenBank登录号 :NC 0 0 30 98]相比较。结果　 2 9株无突变 ,2 1株有突变 ;突变的 2 1株中 2 0株为点突变 ,可分A、B、C、D 4个类型 ,分别占 71 4 %、14 3%、4 8%、4 8% ;另 1株为E型 ,除有点突变外 ,并有CCT碱基插入 ;无突变的 2 9株SPN菌中苯唑西林敏感率为 86 2 % ;有突变的 2 1株中苯唑西林敏感率为 9 5 % ,二者相比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 0 1) ;5种突变类型均存在SPN菌对苯唑西林耐药。结论　SPN分离株pbp2B基因突变与其苯唑西林耐药性相关 ,5种突变类型均可致苯唑西林耐药     

维生素K和钙对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的影响

切除雌鼠双侧卵巢以造成骨快速丢失作为模拟女性绝经后骨质疏松症的动物模型,从骨计量学、骨生物力学等方面综合观察单纯补充维生素Ｋ（９０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ）、钙（５ｇ／ｋｇ）及两者联合作用６个月对骨丢失的影响。结果发现：与正常对照组（Ａ）大鼠相比,模型对照组（Ｂ）大鼠骨量显著减少,骨脆性增加。与模型对照组相比,单纯补充维生素Ｋ组（Ｄ） 股骨中点骨密度值显著提高,股骨干骺端及腰椎骨密度、股骨近侧端矿物质含量都有增高趋势,表明补充维生素Ｋ 可在一定程度上减少骨丢失;同时补充维生素Ｋ及钙组（Ｅ）股骨的最大挠度与最大应变值,与模型对照组相比也有增高趋势,表明补充维生素Ｋ可提高骨的柔韧性,改善股骨的力学性能。综合骨计量学与骨力学观察结果,发现各种实验措施对密质骨的效果皆优于松质骨,并且维生素Ｋ与钙的联合作用效果优于单纯补充维生素Ｋ 或钙。本实验结果提示：绝经后妇女,作为骨质疏松危险人群,增加膳食维生素Ｋ 与钙的摄入是有帮助的