大学生同性恋心理状况的质化研究

<正>国外人口学研究表明,同性恋者在人口中所占比例为3.6%⁴.8%,国内也有研究表明男同性恋者约占到男性总人数的10%,按照中国人口基数来算,这是一个相当庞大的群体。尽管心理学界一致认为,同性恋本身并不属于心理疾病,但却是与心理疾病紧密相连的一个因素。以往的研究发现,同性恋者更容易遭受心理障碍的侵扰,相比异性恋者具有更高水平的心理紧张和精神错乱的危险。同性恋作为一种客观存在的事实,是在人类历史上、在各个文化当中普遍存在的一种基本行为模式。本研究结合以往同性恋相关研究,采用质化研究的方法,旨在探讨在校大学生同性恋者的心理健康问题。     

精神分析方法治疗同性恋1例报告

<正>同性恋是一种独特的文化现象,同性恋者作为一个亚文化群体,具有独特的行为规范和方式。在近几年的咨询中,同性恋者并不少见。在同性恋形成的社会、心理因素中,早期的成长环境和性经历有非常重要的意义。精神分析取向的治疗被认为较适用于同性恋者。笔者把咨询中的一个典型案例整理报告如下。     

男同性恋者同性恋群体联结及恋爱状况与内化同性恋嫌恶的关系：有调节的中介效应

目的：考察男同性恋者同性恋群体联结及恋爱状况与内化同性恋嫌恶的关系,以及自我怜悯的中介作用和出生地的调节作用。方法：采用同性恋群体联结量表、恋爱状况调查项目、内化同性恋嫌恶量表、自我怜悯量表对430名男同性恋者进行调查。结果：男同性恋者同性恋群体联结与内化同性恋嫌恶呈显著负相关,有固定恋人的男同性恋者内化同性恋嫌恶较无固定恋人者更低。自我怜悯在同性恋群体联结-内化同性恋嫌恶间,以及恋爱状况-内化同性恋嫌恶间均起中介作用。出生地显著调节同性恋群体联结与自我怜悯的关系,城市男同性恋者同性恋群体联结对自我怜悯的正向预测作用显著大于农村男同性恋者。结论：同性恋群体联结与恋爱关系均有助于减少男同性恋者的内化同性恋嫌恶,且可以通过提升自我怜悯间接实现这一影响。同性恋群体联结对自我怜悯的提升作用主要体现在城市男同性恋者中。     

同性恋者内化同性恋嫌恶与抑郁的关系:自我概念清晰度的中介及调节作用

目的:考察自我概念清晰度在同性恋者内化同性恋嫌恶与抑郁间所起的中介效应及调节效应。方法:使用内化同性恋嫌恶量表、自我概念清晰度量表与抑郁量表对433名同性恋者进行测量。结果:首先,自我概念清晰度可在同性恋者的内化同性恋嫌恶与抑郁间起完全中介作用。其次,自我概念清晰度可在同性恋者的内化同性恋嫌恶与抑郁间起调节作用。具体来说,对于低自我概念清晰度个体,当内化同性恋嫌恶增加时,抑郁水平也相应增加;而对于高自我概念清晰度个体,当内化同性恋嫌恶增加时,抑郁水平基本不变。结论:同性恋者的内化同性恋嫌恶可通过影响自我概念清晰度间接影响抑郁水平,而自我概念清晰度也可缓冲内化同性恋嫌恶对抑郁的影响。     

同性恋者的心理咨询个案探讨

本文主要叙述了作者对一例同性恋者的咨询经遇，谈了几点体会：咨询要取得成功首先要善于倾听，充分共情；其次，要帮助他们分析问题及理清思路；最后，要选准疗法，厌恶疗法就是较有效的一种。     

大学生对同性恋态度的调查研究

本研究为了解大学生对同性恋的态度,为促进社会和谐提供了理论参考。对224名大学生采用Herek编制的男女同性恋态度量表(ATLG)的修订版进行了调查。结果表明,大学生对男同性恋者比女同性恋者的态度更严格,而男生比女生在同性恋态度方面表现更为负面;二年级和三年级学生对同性恋态度的接受程度高于其他年级;接触过同性恋的大学生比没接触过的更容易包容同性恋。因此,大学生对同性恋态度存在性别、年级以及认知上的差异。     

对同性恋态度的性别差异：内群体区分和性别中性化的中介调节作用

目的：探讨在中国文化背景下,性别变量与对同性恋群体态度之间的关系,以及内群体区分的中介作用和性别中性化的调节作用。方法：采用性别角色量表、同性恋态度量表和内群体区分量表对234名异性恋者进行调查。结果：受试者对同性恋群体的态度存在显著的性别差异。与女性受试者相比,男性受试者对于同性恋者的态度更加消极;与女同性恋者相比,受试者对于男同性恋者的态度更加消极。内群体区分在性别与同性恋态度之间发挥部分中介作用,性别角色中性化对内群体区分的中介路径起到正向调节作用。结论：异性恋男性比异性恋女性更容易产生同性恋偏见,且对同性恋男性的态度更消极。性别变量可以通过内群体区分来影响对同性恋群体的态度。内群体区分对于对同性恋群体态度的影响主要体现在高中性化程度的异性恋者中。     

朋友自主支持对年轻男同性恋者生活满意度的影响：同性恋群体联结与无望感的中介作用

目的：探究朋友自主支持对年轻男同性恋者生活满意度的影响及其间的中介效应。方法：选用考察朋友自主支持、同性恋群体联结、无望感及生活满意度的四项量表,对400名通过网络选取的年轻男同性恋者进行在线调查。结果：朋友自主支持与年轻男同性恋者生活满意度呈显著正相关。无望感在朋友自主支持与生活满意度间的中介效应显著,且同性恋群体联结与无望感的链式中介效应也显著。结论：朋友自主支持可通过减少无望感和增加同性恋群体联结来提升年轻男同性恋者的生活满意度。     

不同性别、年龄的来访者对心理咨询的态度比较

目的：了解不同性别、年龄的来访者对心理咨询的态度。方法：用自编调查表让123名来访者无记名填写。结果：男女之间在最先求助对象、咨询方式以及对咨询师的信任程度上，存在明显不同。在不同的比较中我们发现差别更大，不仅仅表现在咨询的内容上，更多地表现在对心理咨询的态度、咨询对象的选择、对咨询及咨询师的信任程度及心理咨询的作用上。结论：在心理咨询中应该根据不同性别、年龄的来访者对心理咨询的态度的不同，因人而异，针对不同来访者的特点，选择和采取不同的态度和方式，因势利导，更好地发挥心理咨询的作用，促进咨询的成功。     

我国大学生心理咨询与危机干预的管理现状调查

目的：了解我国大学生心理咨询与危机干预的管理现状并反映现存的主要问题。方法：采用自编问卷进行调查,中国大陆122所高校心理咨询中心的专职人员代表其所属单位填写问卷。结果：(1)高校心理咨询中心对咨询预约、心理评估与分诊、知情同意、免费咨询次数限制、咨询过程、咨询记录等方面的管理整体上存在较大差异;(2)高校心理咨询中心对心理危机干预的工作制度和危机处理方面的管理整体差异也较大。结论：我国大学生心理咨询的全过程管理需进一步专业化和规范化。     

Negotiating exceptions to clients' problem discourse in consultative dialogue

Objective. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how consultants negotiated exceptions to clients problem or aspiration discourse in lifestyle consultations held for research purposes. Design. Participants from a university campus (students and employees) were recruited for 1‐hr lifestyle consultations with therapist consultants having graduate training and supervision in narrative and solution‐focused therapy. The consultations were held with the expectation that consultants would, at least once, invite discussions of exceptions in client's problem or aspiration discourse. We wanted to understand how such discussions were initiated and brought to conclusion by examining client and consultants use of conversational practices. Method. Twelve volunteer ‘clients’ participated in consultations with our six volunteering consultants. These consultations were videotaped then passages were selected where consultants initiated exception discussions with the clients involved. The 18 selected passages were discursively analyzed for general rhetorical features evident in those passages, and three passages were transcribed and analyzed using conversation analysis to make evident more specific rhetorical features of exception discussions, as they were engaged in by consultants and clients. Results. Ten general features of exception discussions were highlighted and the more specific conversational analyses revealed a ‘messiness’ that was related to how exception discussions were introduced and negotiated as a novel discourse in the consultations. Conclusions. We discuss our findings in the context of therapists’ use of exception questions and discussions in therapy and highlight particular conversational practices and sensitivities relevant to engaging clients in such exception discussions.     

新疆高校心理咨询师成就动机与职业归因风格

目的初步探讨新疆自治区各大高校心理咨询师的成就动机和职业归因风格之间的关系,进而提高其成就动机来更好地促进高校咨询事业的发展。方法采用《成就动机量表》(AMS)和《职业归因风格问卷》(WASQ)对30名新疆高校心理咨询师进行整群抽样调查。结果新疆高校心理咨询师追求成功动机显著高于避免失败动机(t=3.551,P0.01);高成就动机的新疆高校心理咨询师在对消极事件进行归因时,比低成就动机的咨询师更倾向于进行可控性归因(P0.01);职业归因风格在多个维度上与成就动机达到显著相关(r=0.533,P0.01;r=0.435,0.408,-0.380;P0.05)。结论新疆高校心理咨询师成就动机与职业归因风格存在显著相关,可通过改变归因方式来提高咨询师成就动机。     

当代中国心理咨询的误区

本文在充分肯定近十几年来我国心理咨询事业突飞猛进发展形势的基础上,全面剖析了当今在心理咨询实践中存在的心理测验化、心理知识化、思想政治化、生物医学化、感情色彩化、包办代替化、非专业化和固定模式化8个主要误区的表现与危害,从而为心理咨询工作者超越这些误区,促进我国心理咨询事业的健康发展提供了理论依据.     

Workload and stress in consultant medical microbiologists and virologists: a questionnaire survey

AIMS: To document demography, changing workload patterns, job satisfaction, morale, and prevalence of stress and psychological morbidity among UK consultant medical microbiologists and virologists. METHOD: A questionnaire survey of all identified UK practising consultant medical microbiologists and virologists (n= 464). RESULTS: Among 367 respondents (79%), there were 33 virologists and at least 89 single handed consultants. Over half the respondents (58%) were working a 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 on call rota during the week and a similar proportion (51%) at weekends. Of all consultants (including those working part time), 56% were working more than 48 hours weekly. Working more than 48 hours weekly, and being on call 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 at weekends, were both independently associated with increased psychological morbidity. Those on call 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 at weekends were also more likely to have low or very low morale. Female consultants were more likely to have higher stress scores. More than half of the respondents (208 of 363; 57%) were making active financial provision to retire early, and 198 of 363 (55%) did not intend to work beyond the age of 60. CONCLUSIONS: The long hours worked by many consultant microbiologists and virologists are in breach of the European Working Time Directive and are associated with a higher degree of psychological morbidity. For most consultants, the frequency of on call commitments is demanding and job satisfaction and morale have deteriorated. Urgent action is needed, particularly to support those working more than 48 hours each week and those on call at weekends 1 : 1 or 1 : 2. However, a major expansion of the consultant establishment cannot be achieved rapidly, and will be slowed further if early retirements become more frequent.     

周末健康心理热线三年资料分析

目的　对我院 3年来周末健康心理热线资料进行分析。方法　对资料作数据统计和对比研究。结果　男女咨询人次之比为 1∶ 1 .6,高中以上文化程度者占 76.1 % ;咨询内容以情绪障碍最多见 ,其次为精神康复和心理健康问题 ,其余依次为睡眠障碍、婚姻恋爱、人际关系、学习和工作、性障碍等问题。其中睡眠障碍、性障碍问题男性显著多于女性 ,婚恋问题女性显著多于男性 ( P<0 .0 1 )。结论　热线中女性和文化程度高的咨询者较多 ;咨询内容以情绪障碍、精神康复和心理健康问题最多见 ;咨询者在睡眠障碍、性障碍和婚恋问题等方面存在性别差异。     

父母文化程度与高师学生心理健康问题研究

目的 了解高师学生心理健康现状和父母文化程度对高师学生心理健康水平的影响。方法 对河南省部分高师学生进行问卷调查。结果 河南省大部分高师学生心理健康状况是好的和比较好的；15.13%的高师学生心理健康状况不良，教师、咨询人员和家长应高度重视，密切配合，正确地对他们进行引导和教育。结论 父母文化程度不同对高师学生心理健康水平的影响有差异。但差异不显著。     

DUAL MINORITY STRESS AND ASIAN AMERICAN GAY MEN'S PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS

The present study investigated the direct and additive effects of racial minority stress and sexual minority stress on the psychological well‐being among a community sample of 139 Asian American gay men. Self‐esteem was tested to see whether it moderated or mediated the effects of perceived dual minority stress on psychological distress. Results revealed that sexual minority stress predicted self‐esteem and both were predictors of psychological distress. Racial minority stress did not predict psychological distress. Contrary to the minority stress model existing in the current literature, the added disadvantages of racial/ethnic minority status did not increase Asian American gay men's psychological distress. Self‐esteem did not mediate or moderate the relationships between minority stresses and psychological distress. These findings highlight the robust effects of stresses related to one'es homosexuality on psychological well‐being and suggest that self‐esteem may not always protect against multiple discriminations for Asian American gay men. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes in homosexual men

The alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) phenotype was determined by isoelectric focusing in 215 male homosexuals and compared with those in 208 male heterosexuals. The incidence of abnormal phenotypes was 16.3% in the homosexual group which was significantly different (p less than 0.03) than the 8.7% in the heterosexual group. There was no difference in the phenotype distribution between homosexuals who were anti-human immunodeficiency virus reactive and those who were non-reactive. It suggests that investigation into the interplay of factors associated with homosexuality could include genetic as well as psychological and social factors.