安徽省农村地区风疹感染基线调查及风疹疫苗免疫效果观察

对安徽省农村地区115名≤2岁～≥23岁的健康人检测了风疹血凝抑制（HI）抗体,结果表明：风疹HI抗体平均阳性率为67．89％;≤5岁儿童为43.85％;育龄期妇女易感率为8．59％。对361名≤2岁～≥23对岁的健康人接种了BRDⅡ株风疹减毒活疫苗,免疫应答研究结果表明：各年龄组对风疹疫苗均有较好的免疫应答反应;免疫前HI抗体阳性者接种风疹疫苗后仍可获得良好的免疫应答．说明我国选育的BRDⅡ株风疹减毒活疫苗具有良好的免疫原性。作者建议：①在全省建立风疹的监测系统;②将风疹疫苗的接种纳入计划免疫管理,实行1岁儿童完成初种及对婚前育龄期妇女给予1剂风疹疫苗的接种方案;③在条件许可的情况下,对全省农村地区14岁以下儿童进行普种．     

江西省山区县8月龄～30岁健康人群风疹抗体水平监测及不同风疹减毒活疫苗免疫效果观察

为了解江西省山区县健康人群风疹抗体水平,为制订风疹疫苗免疫策略提供科学依据,2000年4～8月选择交通相对闭塞、人口流动相对较少的江西省山区安远县作为调查点,对8月龄～30岁健康人群采血检测风疹血球凝集抑制(HI)抗体,同时对2～4岁健康儿童接种国产BDRⅡ株风疹减毒活疫苗和进口麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、风疹(MMR)疫苗,观察其效果.共检测8月龄～30岁健康人群血清607份,阳性率57.66%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶14.13.2～4岁儿童接种国产风疹减毒活疫苗和进口MMR疫苗后,风疹抗体阳转率均为100%,GMT分别为1∶263.95、1∶197.40,两种不同疫苗风疹HI抗体GMT差异无显著的统计学意义.     

接种国产BRDⅡ株风疹减毒活疫苗后免疫效果的10年观察

[目的 ]了解国产BRDⅡ株风疹减毒活疫苗的免疫效果 ,为做好风疹预防接种工作提供科学依据。 [方法 ] 1994年开始 ,对五莲县城区 2 96名不同年龄人群分别于免前和免后 6月、1年、3年、5年、7年、10年采血 ,检测风疹HI抗体。[结果 ]免疫前风疹抗体阳性率为 5 9 67% ,GMT为 1∶2 6 75 ,各年龄组阳性率与GMT的差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1) ;免疫后 6月抗体阳性率为 10 0 % ,GMT为 1∶115 62 ;10年内抗体阳性率维持在 94%以上 ,GMT在 1∶10 2以上。[结论 ]国产BRDⅡ株风疹减毒活疫苗具有良好的免疫效果 ,接种 10年后可暂不考虑加强免疫。     

冻干风疹减毒活疫苗免疫持久性的研究

目的：了解冻干风疹减毒活疫苗的免疫持久性。方法：在湖南省浏阳市8月-6岁风疹血清HI抗体阴性儿童中，进行了连续5年的冻干风疹减毒活疫苗后血清学效果研究。结果：免疫1个月后风疹HI抗体的阳转率为97.2％，抗体几何平均滴度倒数（GMT）为157.6。免后1、2、3、4、5年风疹HI抗体阳性率仍维持较高水平，分别为99.7％，100.0％，98.3％，97.3％和95.5％；而HI抗本的GMT则出现显性下降，分别为141.2，113.3，67.4，37.3和31.2。在连续观察的5年当中，共有32名观察对象的HI抗体（≤1：32）出现4倍增长，获得隐性感染，共有17名观察对象的HI抗体阴转，5年累积阴转率为9.24％。结论：国产冻干风疹减毒活疫苗免疫持久性效果满意。     

麻疹 流行性腮腺炎 风疹活疫苗(M-M-RⅡ)免疫效果观察及免疫程序探讨

选择在8～9月龄时已完成麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）初免的11～16月龄儿童为观察对象,对麻疹、流行性腮腺炎（腮腺炎）、风疹活疫苗（M－M－RⅡ）的免疫效果进行了观察,并探讨其免疫程序．M－M－RⅡ免疫后麻疹血凝抑制（HI）抗体阳性率100％,抗体≥4倍增长率为55．42％,几何平均滴度（GMT）1：46．60,较免疫前增长2．27倍;腮腺炎HI抗体阳转率95.23％,GMT1：9．60;风疹HI抗体阳转率100％,GMT1：392．47．作者认为,在上海市M－M－RⅡ初始免疫程序确定为已完成MV初免的12～18月龄儿童是合理的,且能产生理想的免疫效果．     

2011年北京市大兴区麻风疫苗基础免疫成功率监测结果

目的了解北京市大兴区2011年8月龄儿童接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗(简称麻风疫苗)后的免疫效果,为制定麻疹免疫策略提供依据。方法采集40名8月龄儿童麻风疫苗免疫前、免疫后1个月双份血标本,分别进行麻疹、风疹IgG抗体测定。结果免后麻疹抗体阳性40人,阳性率100%,GMT 1∶1 385.52;风疹抗体阳性33人,阳性率82.50%,GMT 1∶31.18。结论该区现行的麻风疫苗所包含的麻疹成分免疫原性好,风疹成分免疫效果较差,应进行风疹疫苗复种弥补。     

不同厂家生产的冻干麻疹-风疹-腮腺炎三联减毒活疫苗免疫效果及安全性观察

目的 为了解不同厂家生产的冻干麻疹-风疹-腮腺炎三联减毒活疫苗免疫效果和安全性。方法 对545名18—24月龄儿童分组接种三种MMR疫苗，观察疫苗接种的安全性，并分别于免前免后采血，用微量血凝抑制法定量检测接种者的HI抗体GMT水平。结果三组观察对象接种MMR后麻疹HI抗体阳转率均在90％以上，风疹HI抗体阳转率均为100％，腮腺炎HI抗体阳转率均在80％左右，三组均无明显差异，疫苗接种后三组对象全身和局部反应轻微。结论国产与进口的三种MMR疫苗均有良好的有效性和安全性，可用于预防麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎。     

国产冻干水痘减毒活疫苗免疫效果观察

目的：观察国产冻干水痘减毒活疫苗的免疫效果。方法：在广西桂林市漳阳县和吉林省和龙市选择1—6岁健康易感儿童接种国产冻干水痘减毒活疫苗，进行安全性、免疫原性观察；同时，选择与疫苗接种密切接触的非接种进行疫苗株传播性观察。结果：410名观察对象接种水痘疫苗后无明显副反应。检测有效血清271份，血清抗体阳转率为98．89％，GMT为1:36.83％。该疫苗株接种不存在传播性。结论：接种国产冻干水痘减毒活疫苗安全、有效。     

麻疹 流行性腮腺炎 风疹联合疫苗2剂免疫的效果观察

为观察麻疹、流行性腮腺炎 (腮腺炎 )、风疹联合疫苗 (MMR) 2剂免疫的效果 ,选择 8月龄已接种 1剂麻疹疫苗、且在 12～ 18月龄已接种 1剂MMR ,无风疹疫苗及腮腺炎疫苗免疫史的健康儿童 110人 ,在 4周岁时进行第 2剂MMR免疫 ,并在免疫前和免疫后 1个月分别采集手指末梢血 0 3ml,检测麻疹IgG抗体、腮腺炎血凝抑制 (HI)抗体、风疹HI抗体。结果显示 :观察对象在 4周岁时进行第 2剂MMR免疫前 ,麻疹IgG抗体阳性率 10 0 0 0 % ,风疹HI抗体阳性率 10 0 0 0 % ,而腮腺炎HI抗体阳性率 5 8 18%。而第 2剂MMR免疫后 ,麻疹IgG抗体阳性率仍为 10 0 0 0 % ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)为 1∶2 6 78,较免疫前≥ 4倍增长率为 14 6 8% ;风疹HI抗体阳性率仍为 10 0 0 0 % ,GMT为 1∶6 11 90 ,较免疫前≥ 4倍增长率为 5 0 4 8% ;腮腺炎HI抗体阳性率为 98 0 0 % ,GMT为 1∶32 4 9,较免疫前≥ 4倍增长率为 6 9 0 9%。表明MMR 2剂的免疫效果较好 ,为了消除麻疹、风疹、先天性风疹综合征及控制腮腺炎 ,上海市应借鉴美国的经验 ,在进一步开展接种MMR流行病学效果调查的基础上 ,适时调整免疫策略 ,采取 2剂MMR接种方案。     

国产麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗和乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗联合接种的免疫原性和安全性观察

目的分析浙江省8月龄儿童同时接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗和乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的免疫原性和安全性。方法选定浙江省两市满8月龄健康儿童, 将儿童采用随机分组方法分配至麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗和乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗联合接种组(试验组), 麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗单独接种组(对照组)。分别在疫苗接种前和疫苗接种后的6周采集儿童的静脉血1 ml, 检测麻疹、风疹的血清中抗体浓度, 评价疫苗接种前后的麻疹、风疹抗体水平;同时对联合接种的安全性进行评价。采用酶联免疫试验方法(ELISA)测定麻疹、风疹IgG抗体, 分析同时接种麻疹风疹联合减毒疫苗和乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的免疫原性和安全性。结果共纳入符合方案的研究对象504名, 其中试验组和对照组均为252名。试验组两种疫苗同时接种后麻疹抗体阳性率98.41%, 阳转率96.43%, 抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)为1 539.94 mIU/ml, 疫苗接种后风疹抗体阳性率89.29%, 阳转率88.49%, GMC为47.65 mIU/ml;对照组疫苗接种麻疹抗体阳性率98.02%, 阳转率97.62%, GMC为1 428.96 mIU/ml, 疫苗接种后风疹抗...     

Mutual interference on the immune response to yellow fever vaccine and a combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella

A randomized trial was conducted to assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of yellow fever vaccines (YFV) given either simultaneously in separate injections, or 30 days or more after a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Volunteers were also randomized to YFV produced from 17DD and WHO-17D-213 substrains. The study group comprised 1769 healthy 12-month-old children brought to health care centers in Brasilia for routine vaccination. The reactogenicity was of the type and frequency expected for the vaccines and no severe adverse event was associated to either vaccine. Seroconversion and seropositivity 30 days or more after vaccination against yellow fever was similar across groups defined by YFV substrain. Subjects injected YFV and MMR simultaneously had lower seroconversion rates - 90% for rubella, 70% for yellow fever and 61% for mumps - compared with those vaccinated 30 days apart - 97% for rubella, 87% for yellow fever and 71% for mumps. Seroconversion rates for measles were higher than 98% in both comparison groups. Geometric mean titers for rubella and for yellow fever were approximately three times higher among those who got the vaccines 30 days apart. For measles and mumps antibodies GMTs were similar across groups. MMR's interference in immune response of YFV and YFV's interference in immune response of rubella and mumps components of MMR had never been reported before but are consistent with previous observations from other live vaccines. These results may affect the recommendations regarding primary vaccination with yellow fever vaccine and MMR.     

腮腺炎疫苗分别与甲肝、白破、风疹疫苗联合免疫的效果观察

目的;观察腮腺炎疫苗分别与甲肝、白破、风疹疫苗同时接种的临床反应和免疫效果。方法：设两种疫苗同时接种组和单苗接种组,比较其副反应和血清抗体水平。结果：各接种组临床反应都轻微,两苗同时接种组与相应的单苗接种组免前免后同种抗体阳性率或保护率和GMT,以及免后抗体阳转率,其差异均无显著意义（均P＞0．05）。结论：腮腺炎疫苗与甲肝、白破、风疹减毒活疫苗之一同时接种未发现加重反应和相互干扰免疫应答,可以同时接种。     

Evaluation of measles–rubella vaccination for mothers in early puerperal phase

BackgroundThe postpartum period is an ideal opportunity to vaccinate mothers with inadequate immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases including measles and rubella.MethodsA prospective study of measles–rubella (MR) vaccination in the early puerperal phase was conducted in 171 mothers, who had insufficient antibody titers when screened for immunity to measles (≤1:4 on the neutralization test [NT]) or rubella (≤1:16 on the hemagglutination inhibition [HI] test) during pregnancy. To evaluate the efficacy of MR vaccination in the postpartum period, we determined their post-vaccination antibody titers and immune responses to vaccination, and investigated the association between these and their prolactin (PRL) levels and Th1/Th2 ratios at the time of vaccination. We also examined the passage of viral RNA and antigen into breast milk.ResultsOf the 169 participants who completed the study schedule, 117 and 101 had low antibody titers against measles and rubella, respectively. In the measles-seronegative group, the antibody-positive rate was 87% on the NT assay, and the NT geometric mean antibody titer was 11.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.0–13.0). In the rubella-seronegative group, the antibody-positive rate was 88% on the HI test assay, and the HI geometric mean antibody titer was 64.0 (95% CI, 53.9–76.0). There was no association between the post-vaccination antibody titers and the PRL levels or Th1/Th2 ratios at the time of vaccination. In the rubella-seronegative group, subjects with higher Th1/Th2 ratios showed higher rates of responsiveness than those with lower ratios (P = 0.045). Although measles virus RNA was isolated from the breast milk of two vaccinated mothers, breastfeeding was not associated with clinical disease in any infants.ConclusionMR vaccination in the early puerperal phase is considered an effective way to prevent the diseases, regardless of the mother's immunological status and hormonal milieu.     

扎赉诺尔区1~15岁3种疫苗免疫效果检测分析

目的通过对儿童免疫规划三种疫苗免疫后抗体阳性率进行监测分析,总结其免疫效果。方法选取扎赉诺尔区1~15岁4 096名接种3种疫苗的儿童作为研究对象,采用酶联免疫法检测麻疹、风疹、脊髓灰质炎病毒IgG抗体。记录相关数据,进行统计分析。结果被监测的4 096例儿童中,3种疫苗的平均抗体阳性率分别为:麻疹96.00%、风疹96.73%、脊髓灰质炎病毒95.43%;从总体阳性率来看,三种疫苗抗体阳性率之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.011,P0.05)。不同年龄组脊髓灰质炎病毒-IgG抗体阳性率之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,P0.05)。不同年龄组麻疹-IgG抗体阳性率之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,P0.05)。不同年龄组风疹-IgG抗体阳性率之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.113,P0.05)。三种疫苗不同性别抗体阳性率均无统计学意义。不同性别脊髓灰质炎病毒-IgG抗体阳性率之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.240,P0.05)。不同性别麻疹-IgG抗体阳性率之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,P0.05)。不同性别风疹-IgG抗体阳性率之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,P0.05)。结论扎赉诺尔区1~15岁儿童3种疫苗3种抗体阳性率均维持在较高水平。     

冻干麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹三联活疫苗免疫安全性及免疫学效果观察

目的 观察卫生部北京生物制品研究所研制的麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹（北京MMR）疫苗的免疫学效果。方法 分别选择10-12岁，2-2.5岁和8-12月龄儿童，接种北京MMR（实验疫苗），并与进口MMR疫苗，麻疹疫苗，腮腺炎疫苗和风疹疫苗（对照疫苗）相比较，开展该疫苗的免疫安全性和免疫原性观察研究。结果 在32名2岁以上较大龄儿童接种北京MMR疫苗无副反应发生后，对104名8-12月龄婴儿接种该疫苗，仅有6.7%和1.9%的儿童分别发生一过性发热（中低反应）和皮疹，无其他不良反应发生，北京MMR疫苗免疫接种后，其麻疹，风疹，腮腺炎HI抗体阳转率分别为100%，100%和85.7%;GMT分别为41，320和6.1，分别与对照疫苗相比，差异多无显著性。结论 北京MMR疫苗具有与目前使用的麻疹疫苗，腮腺炎疫苗，风疹疫苗及进口MMR疫苗相同的免疫安全性和免疫原性，且可以作为麻疹的基础免疫和复种疫苗使用。     

Immune response to simultaneous administration of a combined measles,mumps and rubella vaccine with booster doses of diphtheria-tetanus and poliovirus vaccine

A combined vaccine against measles (Edmonston-Zagreb 19 strain), mumps (Rubini strain) and rubella (Wistar RA 27/3 strain) was administered to a group of 46 children aged 10–12 months simultaneously with booster doses of compulsory diphtheria-tetanus toxoid and oral poliovirus vaccine. A second group of 53 children aged 15–24 months who had received booster doses of the compulsory vaccines 5 to 12 months before was also vaccinated.The same seroconversion rates (100%) and similar antibody titers for rubella were observed in both groups. The same seroconversion rates for mumps (93%) and similar rates for measles (98 and 94%) were observed in the two groups.Significantly lower antibody titers for measles and mumps were found in the first group, but they were compensated by an earlier protection, a reduction of number of visits for immunization, costs for the community, and improvement in parental compliance.These results confirm that Edmonston-Zagreb 19 and Rubini strains are still immunogenic even when they are combined with Wistar RA 27/3 strain. Moreover, a long term follow-up in order to verify the persistence of protective antibody levels in both groups of children, could suggest that combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine could be given earlier (at 10–12 months of age), simultaneously with booster doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine.     

The strategy for prevention of measles and rubella prevalence with measles–rubella (MR) vaccine in Japan

To eliminate the indigenous measles and rubella virus by 2012 in Japan, the strategy for prevention of measles and rubella prevalence with measles-rubella (MR) vaccine was proposed. Since the vast majority of 1-year old infants are susceptible to measles and rubella, the first MR vaccine should be administered at 1-year old to sustain the herd immunity. Since significant elevation of measles and rubella antibody titers was estimated in a half of children after the second dose, the second dose of MR vaccine within 1 year before elementary school entry is the effective maneuver. Moreover, supplement MR vaccination to the teenage group and 20–29 years’ group might be necessary, because the mean measles antibody titers in this group were significantly lower compared with those in the older individuals’ groups.     

安徽省加速麻疹控制策略实施进展

目的　为了加速控制麻疹。方法　安徽省１９９７ 年度对三个地市１ ～６ 岁儿童进行麻疹疫苗（ Ｍ Ｖ） 强化免疫,并随后开展了全省麻疹监测。应用酶联免疫吸附法（ Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ） 检测麻疹、风疹 Ｉｇ Ｍ 抗体,微量血凝抑制试验检测麻疹 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体。结果　强化免疫后麻疹抗体阳性率上升到１００ ％ , Ｇ Ｍ Ｔ 从１∶１８ ．９７ 增长到１ ∶４３ ．４５ ;１９９８ 年上半年麻疹发病数比１９９７ 年同期下降了８７ ．７１ ％ ,并控制了爆发,检测１８１ 例发热出疹性病例的血清, 其中麻疹 Ｉｇ Ｍ 阳性１０５ 例,占５８ ．０１ ％ ,风疹 Ｉｇ Ｍ 阳性３２ 例,占１７ ．６８ ％ 。结论　在保持高水平的 Ｍ Ｖ 常规免疫时,开展麻疹疫苗强化免疫,建立并逐步完善麻疹监测系统,加强风疹预防工作,是加速控制麻疹的重要策略。     

奉贤县产妇与婴儿麻疹免疫水平监测及当前麻疹控制对策

鉴于近些年本县小月龄婴儿及成人麻疹发病出现增多趋势,我们于1997年对1973-1975年出生的产妇及所生婴儿的麻疹免疫水平,以及6月龄婴儿的麻疹疫苗（MV）免疫应答反应,进行了血清学监测．结果：170对产妇及婴儿麻疹血凝抑制（HI）抗体阳性率分别为91．76％及93．53％,几何平均滴度（GMT）分别为1：7.53及1：8．54;139名出生时HI抗体阳性的婴儿,在6月龄时HI抗体阴转率达99．28％;31名6月龄婴儿免疫前HI抗体均＜1：2,免疫后1个月HI抗体阳转率达100％,GMT为1：20．01．鉴于上述监测结果及当前麻疹流行特征,作者建议将现行婴儿麻疹疫苗初免由8月龄提前到6月龄．对预防本县出现麻疹流行提出控制对策：使外省籍流动人口中20岁以下人群MV接种率应达80％以上;对散发病例的儿童接触者和暴发点周围30岁以下人群做应急接种;当发病率＞10/10万时,对流行波及范围内6-7月龄婴儿提前初免．