犬MC2R基因5''-UTR、3''-UTR序列测定、分析及其 5''侧翼启动区序列分析

目的 分离犬MC2R基因CDS部分序列和该基因5'、3'非翻译区,并对5'、3'非翻译区和5'侧翼的启动区进行分析.方法 本研究采用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)和RNA连接酶介导的RACE (RLM-RACE)技术和BLAST分析软件.结果 得到了5'、3'非翻译区和部分CDS片段的序列,他们的大小分别为168 bp、1 366 bp和987 bp,并预测了大约1 500 bp的5'侧翼的启动区域.结论 对它们进行分析显示,该基因至少由两个外显子(exon1和 exon2)组成,exon1 和exon2的一部分编码5'非翻译区(5'-UTR),exon2其余的部分编码整个编码区.其启动区有inr, SF-1, SP1, CRE, PPRE, AP-1等多个顺式作用元件,这些为犬MC2R表达调控研究提供研究奠定基础.     

犬MC1R基因多态性的研究

目的 利用PCR—RFLP和PCR—SSCP技术分别检测犬MC1R基因中两个序列T105A和R306Ter的基因多态性，为遗传育种、培育出更加优良的实验用犬奠定基础。方法 以224只犬为实验材料，对犬MC1R基因T105A片段和R306Ter片段分别进行PCR-RFLP和PCR—SSCP分析，并且分别对具有RFLP和SSCP多态性的片段进行克隆测序，找出等位基因的差异位点。结果 经对犬MClR基因的PCR-RFLP分析，发现犬MC1R基因的T105A序列具有多态性，表现为三种基因型：AA、AB和BB。通过对具有RFLP多态性的片段进行克隆测序发现MC1R基因在编码第105位氨基酸的密码子处存在由G到A的单碱基突变，该突变导致第105位氨基酸发生由精氨酸向苏氨酸的改变，此外在第207位氨基酸的密码子处还发现由A到G的单碱基突变，并产生了一个HhαI限制性内切酶位点。同时，经过犬MC1R基因的PCR—SSCP分析，发现犬MC1R基因的R306Ter序列具有多态性，表现为三种基因型：CC、CD、DD.通过对具有SSCP多态性的片段进行了克隆测序发现，MC1R基因在编码第306位氨基酸的密码子处存在一个由CGA到TGA的终止突变，而使翻译终止。结论 利用PCR—RFLP和PCR—SSCP分析技术证实犬MC1R基因具有明显的多态性。     

犬MC1R基因R306ter与毛色性状相关性研究

目的　分析犬MC1R基因中R30 6ter位点多态性与犬毛色表型的相关性 ,为遗传育种 ,培育出更加优良的实验用犬奠定基础。方法　采用PCR SSCP技术 ,对MC1R基因R30 6ter位点进行基因多态性检测 ,分析位点多态性与毛色性状之间的相关性 ,并对该位点进行克隆测序。结果　PCR SSCP分析结果表明 ,R30 6ter位点序列具有多态性 ,表现为C、D二个等位基因和CC、CD及DD三种基因型。对R30 6ter多态性片段克隆测序发现 ,MC1R基因在编码第 30 6位氨基酸的密码子处存在一个由CGA到TGA的终止突变。结论　经统计分析结果表明在杂种犬中MC1R基因多态性与毛色性状不存在显著的相关性 ,这可能是由于外科手术学教学用犬是杂种犬 ,其遗传背景不同所致。由于MC1R基因的R30 6ter位点内存在碱基变异 ,因此在杂种犬中表现出明显的PCR SSCP多态性     

恶性疟虫肝期抗原1基因3′端的克隆及序列分析

目的：克隆并测定恶性疟原虫海南株（FCC1／HN）肝期抗原1基因（LSA－1）3′端序列,比较FCC1／HN株与国外分离株LSA－1,3′端序列的差异。方法：应用PCR技术从FCC1／HN株基因组DNA中扩增LSA－1,3′端序列,用T－A克隆法将其克隆入pMD18－5载体。阳性克隆的重组质粒经酶切及PCR扩增鉴定后,用双脱氧链末端终止法进行基因序列测定。应用DNASTAR软件进行不同分离株LSA－1,3′端序列的同源性分析。结果：PCR扩增得到特异的FCC1／HN LSA－1,3′端序列。酶切及PCR鉴定获得了正确的pT－LSA－1重组质粒。测序表明,所克隆的LSA－1,3′端大小为795bp,编码264个氨基酸。序列分析表明,我国恶性疟原虫FCC1／HN株国外的NF54、T9／96、KEN、PNG及BRA株LSA－1,3′端编码的氨基酸序列只在3个位点存在不同。结论：克隆了恶性疟原虫FCC1／HN LSA－1,3′端片段。序列测定及同源性分析表明,FCC1／HNLSA－1,3′端序列与其它分离株有高度的同源性。     

2a/Ⅲ型丙型肝炎病毒基因组非结构4区全长序列的扩增、克隆及分析

目的 获得2a／Ⅲ型丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）基因组全长非结构（NS）4区克隆并作序列分析。方法 用限制性长段长度多态性分析（RFLP）基因分型方法筛选出2a／Ⅲ型HCV一株。为了获得该毒株全长NS4区基因序列，依据代表株序列的NS3区之′末端及NS5区之5′末端相对保守区域合成引物，以RT－nseted-PCR方法扩增一段1.3kb的片段cDNA；将此片段插入pUC19质粒载体。结果 克隆了丙型肝炎基因组非结构NS4区全长基因，构建了pUC-NS4重组体，对重组体进行酶切鉴定，克隆的cDNA与预计的片段大小相符，并作序列测定。结论 获得全长NS4区基因克隆，经序列分析表明，与日本HC－J6有较高的同源性（92.1%）。     

Preliminary study of single nucleotide polymor phisms of PRPS2 gene in overproducing type of gouty patients

目的：探讨编码人磷酸核糖焦磷酸合成酶亚单位2的基因PRPS2单核苷酸多态性与产生过剩型痛风患者的关系。方法：利用聚合酶链反应扩增健康人和产生过剩型痛风患者PRPS2基因全部显（包括外显子与内含子交界区）的片段，采用多荧光标记的PCR单链构象多态性分析技术对扩增的片段进行了筛选，对筛选到的片段进行序列测定，并与正常序列进行对照分析。结果：在PRPS2基因的第一个外显子区发现了一个SNP（exon1 45A/G)，第六个内含子区发现了一个SNP（intron6 12G/A)，健康人与患者音质 频率比较分别为P=0.096和P=0.273。结论：提供了PRPS2基因SNP的数据库信息，为研究痛风发病机制提供了新的途径。     

恶性疟原虫肝期抗原1基因3′端的克隆及序列分析

【目的】克隆并测定恶性疟原虫海南株 (FCC1/HN)肝期抗原 1基因 (LSA 1) 3′端序列 ,比较FCC1/HN株与国外分离株LSA 13′端序列的差异。【方法】应用PCR技术从FCC1/HN株基因组DNA中扩增LSA 13′端序列 ,用T A克隆法将其克隆入pMD18 T载体。阳性克隆的重组质粒经酶切及PCR扩增鉴定后 ,用双脱氧链末端终止法进行基因序列测定。应用DNASTAR软件进行不同分离株LSA 13′端序列的同源性分析。【结果】PCR扩增得到特异的FCC1/HNLSA 13′端序列。酶切及PCR鉴定获得了正确的 pT LSA 1重组质粒。测序表明 ,所克隆的LSA 13′端大小为 795bp ,编码 2 6 4个氨基酸。序列分析表明 ,我国恶性疟原虫FCC1/HN株与国外的NF5 4、T9/ 96、KEN、PNG及BRA株LSA 13′端编码的氨基酸序列只在 3个位点存在不同。【结论】克隆了恶性疟原虫FCC1/HNLSA 13′端片段。序列测定及同源性分析表明 ,FCC1/HNLSA 13′端序列与其它分离株有高度的同源性。     

犬MC1R基因多态性与毛色表型相关性的研究

目的利用PCR—RFLP技术检测犬MC1R基因中T105A位点的多态性,分析该多态性与犬毛色表型的相关性。方法抽取36只比格犬血液并提取DNA,记录毛色表型。采用PCR—RFLP技术,对MC1R基因T105A位点进行基因多态性分析。用相关分析的统计学方法分析位点多态性与毛色性状之间的相关性。结果PCR—RFLP分析结果表明,T105A位点序列具有多态性,表现为A、B二个等位基因和AA、AB及BB三种基因型。A、B等位基因频率分别为58．33％和41．67％,基因杂合度（H）为0．59。基因型从频率为33．33％,BB为16．67％,AB为50．00％。经统计分析结果表明MC1R基因多态性与毛色性状不存在显著的相关性,这可能与Agouti蛋白对毛色的影响有关。结论在比格犬中MC1R基因的T105A位点表现出明显多态性并与毛色性状无相关性。     

1997～2000年我国华东地区HIV-1分离株抗原决定簇氨基酸及其编码核苷酸序列的变化

①目的 对1997-2000年来自华东地区52例HIV-1分离株env基因C2-V3区序列及其V3环顶端主要中和抗原决定簇（PND）氨基酸序列的变化规律进行分析。②方法 以来自同时期上述地区的HIV-1感染者PBMC基因组为模板，采用套式PCR扩增HIV-1env基因C2-V3区片段，产物经克隆，测序。DNA测序结果经DNA Star软件分析HIV-1分离株的基因分型，比较HIV-1膜蛋白V3环顶端PND相关用八肽氨基酸及其编码核苷酸序列的变化特征及出现频率并测其共享序列。③结果 1997-2000年华东地区HIV-1分离株的基因分型有7个，分别属于HIV-1M亚群的A-G亚型。分离株间的基因离散率为1.2%-5.8%。同时发现了env基因双V3区变异的HIV-1自然突变朱（Genbank AF220245)。分析52株PND相关八肽基因序列，其中以第2、3、7位氨基酸及其编码核苷酸的变化最为显著，分别为11.5%，9.6%，9.6%，且3组共享序列相关的八肽亲水性有明显差异。④结论 1997-2000年华东地区HIV-1流行呈现多个型别共同，混合流行的特征，膜蛋白PND的八肽基因序列呈现多样性变化，新的HIV-1膜蛋白双V3区变异株的发现可能与病毒重组，免疫逃避及致病机制有关。     

大鼠神经元Arnt2基因cDNA序列的分析

目的 克隆并分析神经元凋亡差异表达5号EST全长cDNA。方法 以大鼠大脑Marathon Ready cDNA为模板，采用SMART RACE技术克隆神经元凋亡差异表达5号EST全长cDNA，产物亚克隆刘pGEM-T easy质粒载体后进行序列测定以及同源性分析。结果 经过3次5’RACE扩增，得到的5号EST cDNA长度为5663bp，其中包含1个2136bp的完整的开放读码框序列，与已知大鼠基因芳香烃受体核转位因子2（Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator2，Arnt2）完全同源：该cDNA 3’瑞非编码区长达3323bp，包含3个AATAAA加尾信号和1个由12个腺嘌呤核苷酸组成的polyA序列。结论 5号EST目标基因为大鼠基因Arnt2，该基因3’端完整的非编码区cDNA序列为首次报道。神经元凋亡差异表达基因Arnt2的克隆鉴定为深入研究小脑颗粒神经元低钾性凋亡机制奠定了基础。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Electro-Acupuncture Combined with the Trigger Point Needle-Embedding for Treatment of Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia in 31 Cases

In recent years, the author of this essay has applied electro-acupuncture combined with the trigger point needle-embedding for treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia in 31 cases, yielding satis- factory results as reported in the following.     

Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinase -1, 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 in Endometriosis

Objective： To explore the role of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2 （MMP-1, MMP-2） and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 （TIMP-1） in endometriosis. Methods： The eutopic and ectopic endometria from 40 subjects suffering from endometriosis and regular.endometria from 40 subjects （excluding endometriosis） were collected and examined by in situ hybridization technology and western blot assay. Results： Both expressions of MMP-1 and -2 were stronger in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium than in normal endometrium. On the contrary, the expression of TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium was lower. The differences were significant （P 〈 0.01 ）. Moreover, there was no relationship among the expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium. Conclusion： The expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 lose balance and lack of periodic changes in ectopic endometrium , which explains the biological invasive behavior of endometriosis. It was suggested-that regulating the balance between the MMPs and TIMP-1 should be an ideal therapeutic target to endometriosis.     

Shi Da-zhuo (史大卓) —An outstanding cardiologist of integrative medicine

Prof. SHI Da-zhuo, Ph.D., male, was born on March 20, 1960. Prof. SHI entered the Ph.D. program in 1990 at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences under the supervision of Prof. CHEN Ke-ji, majoring in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. After receiving his Ph.D. degree in 1993, Prof. SHI started working at the Cardiovascular Center in Xiyuan Hospital affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical sciences.     

Persist in and Carry Forward the Integrative Medical Research——Speech at the 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine by Academician CHEN Zhu,Minister of Ministry of Health

The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.