广东省1型糖尿病严重低血糖发病率及危险因素分析

目的调查1型糖尿病患者严重低血糖的发病率及其危险因素。方法自2010年8月6日至2012年3月31日在广东省16家医院收集1型糖尿病患者的人口学资料、病史等信息,中心化检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)和固定餐后2 h C肽等;严重低血糖发病和复发的危险因素分别采用Poisson回归模型和logistic回归模型分析。结果共纳入611例1型糖尿病患者,严重低血糖发病率为70.6次/100人年,发病危险因素有男性(RR=1.69)、医保报销比例<50%(RR=1.38)、长病程(RR=1.23)、消瘦(RR=1.43)、未控制饮食(RR=2.05)、体育锻炼<150 min/周(RR=1.61)、合并神经病变(RR=2.00)、吸烟(RR=1.46)和低HbA1C(RR=1.47)。而超重和肥胖者发生严重低血糖的风险较低(RR=0.60)。81.1%的严重低血糖集中发生在16.2%有复发史的患者,复发的危险因素有男性(RR=2.03)、消瘦(RR=2.02)、未控制饮食(RR=3.11)、体育锻炼<150 min/周(RR=2.87)和低HbA1C(RR=1.73)。而超重和肥胖者的风险较低(RR=0.28)。结论广东省1型糖尿病患者严重低血糖发病率高,且易复发;与一些可纠正的危险因素相关。     

Predictors of glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes from NSW and the ACT

OBJECTIVES: To audit glycaemic control and incidence of severe hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). DESIGN: A multicentre, population-based, cross-sectional study from 1 September to 31 December, 1999. PARTICIPANTS: 1190 children and adolescents aged 1.2-15.8 years with type 1 diabetes, identified from three hospital-based paediatric diabetes units, four private city-based paediatric practices and 18 regional outreach clinics in NSW and the ACT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HbA(1c) level and incidence of severe hypoglycaemia (defined by unconsciousness or seizures). RESULTS: The response rate was 67% (1190 of a target group of 1765). The median HbA(1c) level was 8.2% (interquartile range, 7.6%-9.1%). Significant predictors of HbA1c level in a multiple regression model were duration (b = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.07) and insulin dose/kg (b = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.27-0.66). At least one episode of severe hypoglycaemia in the previous three months was reported in 6.7%, and the rate of severe hypoglycaemia was 36/100 patient-years. Significant predictors of hypoglycaemia in a Poisson regression model were younger age (P = 0.03), male sex (P = 0.04), longer diabetes duration (P = 0.02), and > 3 daily insulin injections (P = 0.02), but not HbA(1c) level. Children with diabetes had higher BMI standard deviation scores compared with population standards, and those in the highest quartile of BMI standard deviation score were younger, had shorter diabetes duration and had higher HbA(1c) level. CONCLUSIONS: Many children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes have suboptimal glycaemic control, placing them at high risk of developing microvascular complications. Those with longer diabetes duration are at increased risk of suboptimal glycaemic control and severe hypoglycaemia and should be targeted for interventional strategies.     

Risk of cancer in children with AIDS. AIDS-Cancer Match Registry Study Group

CONTEXT: Population-based data on cancers associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To determine risk of pediatric AIDS-associated cancers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using records from 11 locations in the United States for varying periods between 1978 and 1996, we linked data for children aged 14 years and younger at AIDS diagnosis to local cancer registry data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cancer frequency and, in the 2-year post-AIDS onset period, cancer incidence and relative risk (RR; measured as standardized incidence ratio), by cancer type. RESULTS: Among 4954 children with AIDS, 124 (2.5%) were identified as having cancer before, at, or after AIDS onset, including 100 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 8 of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), 4 of leiomyosarcoma, and 2 of Hodgkin disease; there were 10 other or unspecified cancers. Expected numbers for all cancers identified in the study sample, based on population rates (using area-specific registry data), were less than 1. In the first 2 years after AIDS diagnosis (5485 person-years), NHL incidence was 510 per 100,000 person-years (RR, 651; 95% confidence interval [CI], 432-941). Median time for developing NHL after AIDS diagnosis was 14 months (range, 3-107 months). The most common type of NHL was Burkitt lymphoma. However, the risk of primary brain lymphoma (91 per 100,000 person-years) was especially high (RR, 7143; 95% CI, 2321-16,692), and 4 cases were diagnosed more than 2 years (range, 37-98 months) after AIDS onset. Leiomyosarcomas also tended to occur several years after AIDS onset, with 3 of the 4 cases occurring 33 to 76 months after AIDS diagnosis, whereas KS was reported only at or within 2 years of AIDS diagnosis. Hodgkin disease risk was also significantly increased (RR, 62; 95% CI, 2-342). CONCLUSIONS: The spectrum of AIDS-associated pediatric cancers resembled that seen in adults, with the addition of leiomyosarcoma. Both primary brain lymphomas and leiomyosarcomas tended to occur in children surviving several years after AIDS onset. Because the expected numbers of these cancers in this population were less than 1 and because of the small numbers of some types of observed cancers, the RR estimates are imprecise and caution is warranted in their interpretation. JAMA. 2000;284:205-209     

Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke.

CONTEXT: Few studies have evaluated the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between fruit and vegetable intake and ischemic stroke. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS: Prospective cohort studies, including 75 596 women aged 34 to 59 years in the Nurses' Health Study with 14 years of follow-up (1980-1994), and 38683 men aged 40 to 75 years in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study with 8 years of follow-up (1986-1994). All individuals were free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of ischemic stroke by quintile of fruit and vegetable intake. RESULTS: A total of 366 women and 204 men had an ischemic stroke. After controlling for standard cardiovascular risk factors, persons in the highest quintile of fruit and vegetable intake (median of 5.1 servings per day among men and 5.8 servings per day among women) had a relative risk (RR) of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.92) compared with those in the lowest quintile. An increment of 1 serving per day of fruits or vegetables was associated with a 6% lower risk of ischemic stroke (RR, 0.94; 95 % CI, 0.90-0.99; P =.01, test for trend). Cruciferous vegetables (RR, 0.68 for an increment of 1 serving per day; 95% CI, 0.49-0.94), green leafy vegetables (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62-0.99), citrus fruit including juice (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.96), and citrus fruit juice (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61-0.93) contributed most to the apparent protective effect of total fruits and vegetables. Legumes or potatoes were not associated with lower ischemic stroke risk. The multivariate pooled RR for total stroke was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93-1.00) for each increment of 2 servings per day. CONCLUSIONS: These data support a protective relationship between consumption of fruit and vegetables-particularly cruciferous and green leafy vegetables and citrus fruit and juice-and ischemic stroke risk.     

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among Swampy Cree women in Moose Factory, James Bay

BACKGROUND: Although high rates of gestational diabetes mellitus have been documented in native populations, few studies have examined rates of the disease among native Indians in Canada. The authors conducted a study to estimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes among Swampy Cree women, to identify factors predictive of the occurrence of gestational diabetes, and to identify delivery and infant outcomes related to the presence of the disease. METHODS: Information on Swampy Cree women who gave birth at Weeneebayko Hospital, Moose Factory, James Bay, Ont., between 1987 and 1995 was obtained from medical charts. Patients with and without gestational diabetes were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of gestational diabetes. Delivery and infant outcomes that occurred secondary to gestational diabetes were also identified by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1401 deliveries occurred at Weeneebayko Hospital over the study period, of which 1298 were included in the study. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed in 110 (8.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.9%-9.9%]) of the 1298 pregnancies. Factors predictive of gestational diabetes were age 35 years or more (relative risk [RR] 4.1, 95% CI 1.5-11.7), a history of gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy (RR 6.4, 95% CI 3.5-11.7), diastolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg or higher at the first prenatal visit (RR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8), weight greater than 80 kg at the first prenatal visit (RR 4.9, 95% CI 1.8-12.9) and having a first-degree relative with diabetes (RR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.1). The only delivery outcome independently associated with the presence of gestational diabetes was an increased likelihood of needing assisted delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction) (RR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1-7.0). Shoulder dystocia was indirectly associated with gestational diabetes owing to increased infant birth weight. Infant outcomes associated with the presence of gestational diabetes were birth weight greater than 4500 g (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-3.8), hyperbilirubinemia (RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4-6.1), hypoglycemia (RR 7.3, 95% CI 3.7-14.4) and hypocalcemia (RR 8.9, 95% CI 2.3-33.7). INTERPRETATION: Gestational diabetes occurred in a significant minority of Swampy Cree women and was associated with a number of adverse outcomes.     

北京市昌平区自然人群糖尿病视网膜病变患病率调查及危险因素分析

目的了解北京市昌平区自然人群糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)患病率及相关危险因素。方法根据2010年"昌平区卫生与人群健康状况调查",采用从166万昌平区常住自然人群中随机抽样18岁～79岁的8 155例健康受试者,其中3 760例空腹血糖≥5.6 mmol/L者参加本研究,最终2 551例受试者完成体格检查和血液生化指标的测定,包括空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG),OGTT-2h血糖(oral glucose tolerance test 2h plasma glucose,OGTT-2hPG)和糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c),以及眼底检查,所有人选进行散瞳45°彩色眼底照相,以评价DR分级。结果 2 551例受试者中,已知糖尿病患者280例,新诊断糖尿病患者334例,糖调节受损(impaired glucose regulation,IGR)者853例。糖尿病和IGR患者的DR患病率分别为9.9%和1.2%。新诊断糖尿病患者DR患病率(2.7%)明显低于已知糖尿病患者(18.6%)。在糖尿病患者中,DR的发生与糖尿病病程[OR=1.49(95%CI:1.38～1.62)]、空腹血糖[OR=1.32(95%CI:1.22～1.43)]、2 hPG[OR=1.18(95%CI:1.12～1.24)]、HbA1c[OR=1.66(95%CI:1.45～1.90)],以及收缩压水平[OR=1.16(95%CI:1.02～1.31)]显著相关。结论本研究人群糖尿病和糖尿病前期患者DR患病率明显低于西方国家。糖尿病患者DR发生的主要危险因素是糖尿病病程、高血糖和高血压。     

Incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected women

CONTEXT: Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk for cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs), the precursors to invasive cervical cancer. However, little is known about the causes of this association. OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of SILs in HIV-infected vs uninfected women and to determine the role of risk factors in the pathogenesis of such lesions. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study conducted from October 1,1991, to June 30, 1996. SETTING: Urban clinics for sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, and methadone maintenance. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 328 HIV-infected and 325 uninfected women with no evidence of SILs by Papanicolaou test or colposcopy at study entry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident SILs confirmed by biopsy, compared by HIV status and risk factors. RESULTS: During about 30 months of follow-up, 67 (20%) HIV-infected and 16 (5%) uninfected women developed a SIL (incidence of 8.3 and 1.8 cases per 100 person-years in sociodemographically similar infected and uninfected women, respectively [P<.001]). Of incident SILs, 91% were low grade in HIV-infected women vs 75% in uninfected women. No invasive cervical cancers were identified. By multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for incident SILs were HIV infection (relative risk [RR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-6.1), transient human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection (RR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.4-21.9), persistent HPV DNA types other than 16 or 18 (RR, 7.6; 95% CI, 1.9-30.3), persistent HPV DNA types 16 and 18 (RR, 11.6; 95% CI, 2.7-50.7), and younger age (<37.5 years; RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.4). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, 1 in 5 HIV-infected women with no evidence of cervical disease developed biopsy-confirmed SILs within 3 years, highlighting the importance of cervical cancer screening programs in this population.     

Alcohol intake and the risk of coronary heart disease mortality in persons with older-onset diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXT: Despite nutrition information and guidelines that advise against depriving diabetic patients of the potential benefit of moderate alcohol intake against cardiovascular events, the association between alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic individuals has not been determined. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between alcohol intake and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in persons with older-onset diabetes. DESIGN: Population-based, prospective cohort study conducted from 1984 through 1996, with a follow-up of up to 12.3 years. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 983 older-onset diabetic individuals (mean [SD] age, 68.6 [11.0] years; 45.2% male; 98.5% white) were interviewed about their past-year intake of alcoholic beverages during the 1984-1986 follow-up examination of a population-based study of diabetic persons in southern Wisconsin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Time to mortality from CHD by category alcohol intake. RESULTS: Alcohol use was inversely associated with risk of CHD mortality in older-onset diabetic subjects. The CHD mortality rates for never and former drinkers were 43.9 and 38.5 per 1000 person-years, respectively, while the rates for those with alcohol intakes of less than 2, 2 to 13, and 14 or more g/d were 25.3, 20.8, and 10.0 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Compared with never drinkers and controlling for age, sex, cigarette smoking, glycosylated hemoglobin level, insulin use, plasma C-peptide level, history of angina or myocardial infarction, digoxin use, and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy, former drinkers had a relative risk (RR) of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-1.12); for those who drank less than 2 g/d (less frequent than 1 drink a week), the RR was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.33-0.90); for 2 to 13 g/d, it was 0.44 (95% CI, 0.23-0.84); and for 14 or more g/d (about 1 drink or more a day), it was 0.21 (95% CI, 0.09-0.48). Further adjustments for blood pressure, body mass index, education, physical activity, diabetes duration, hypertension history, overt nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, lipid measures, or intake of medications such as aspirin and antihypertensive agents did not change the associations observed. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest an overall beneficial effect of alcohol consumption in decreasing the risk of death due to CHD in people with older-onset diabetes.     

The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in New South Wales, 1990-2002

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in New South Wales from 1997 to 2002; to compare with previously published rates (1990-1996); and to analyse trends in incidence from 1990 to 2002. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective population-based incidence study. Primary ascertainment of incident cases aged < 15 years was from the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group NSW children's diabetes register. Secondary ascertainment was from the National Diabetes Supply Scheme until 1999 and from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare thereafter. Childhood population data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age-standardised incidence; trends in incidence by calendar year, and sex and age at diagnosis. RESULTS: There were 3260 incident cases (1629 boys, 1631 girls) in the 13 years. Case ascertainment was 99.7% complete using the capture-recapture method. Mean age-standardised incidence per 100 000 person-years was 20.9 (95% CI, 19.9 to 21.9) from 1997 to 2002 compared with 17.8 (95% CI, 17.0 to 18.7) from 1990 to 1996; there was a plateau in incidence between 1997 and 2002. Overall, the incidence increased on average by 2.8% per year (95% CI, 1.9% to 3.8%, P < 0.001) and increased with age, being 12.2 (95% CI, 11.3 to 13.1) in 0-4 year olds; 18.9 (95% CI, 17.8 to 20.0) in 5-9 year olds and 26.7 (95% CI, 25.4 to 28.1) in 10-14 year olds. The increase per year in 0-4 year olds (3.9%) was not significantly higher than in older children. The mean incidence of T1DM was 19.8 (95% CI, 18.8 to 20.7) in girls and 18.8 (95% CI, 17.9 to 19.7) in boys (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of childhood-onset T1DM has increased significantly in all age groups in NSW since 1990. Resource planning in the management of childhood diabetes in NSW should take these findings into account.     

Diabetes in the Torres Strait Islands of Australia: better clinical systems but significant increase in weight and other risk conditions among adults, 1999-2005

OBJECTIVES: To (i) assess changes in clinical indicators of adults diagnosed with diabetes and (ii) estimate changes in risk factors and incidence of diabetes among adults without diabetes living in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsula Area Health Service District in Queensland from 1999 to 2005. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: (i) Annual audit of clinical records of Torres Strait Islander adults on diabetes registers in 21 primary care clinics, and (ii) a 5-year follow up of a community cohort of 207 Torres Strait Islander adults without diabetes who participated in the Well Person's Health Check in 2000-01 and 2005-06. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, height, waist circumference, fasting blood sugar (those without diabetes) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c; those with diabetes) levels, blood pressure (BP), fasting triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and smoking status. RESULTS: The number of adults included on the diabetes register increased from 555 in 1999 to 1024 in 2005. The mean age of patients diagnosed with diabetes decreased from 53.3 to 51.5 years, and their mean weight increased from 86.8 kg to 95.6 kg. Mean HbA1c level remained unchanged at about 9%, but the proportion with HbA1c level < 7% increased from 18.4% to 26.1%, and the proportion prescribed insulin increased from 14% in 2002 to 22% in 2005. The proportion with BP < 140/90 mmHg increased from 40.3% in 1999 to 66.8% in 2005. In the sample of 207 adults without diabetes, from 2000 to 2006, there was a weight gain of about 1 kg per person per year, and an annual increase in waist circumference of 0.8 cm in men and 1.2 cm in women. Crude incidence of diabetes was 29 (95% CI, 19-41) per 1000 person-years. There was a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood sugar levels, and no change in smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical care of adults with diabetes has improved and more people with diabetes are being diagnosed. However, weight gain and high rates of glycaemia remain a challenge and will result in a large burden of complications, including renal failure. Incidence data from this sample extrapolate to 120 (95% CI, 103-147) new cases of diabetes in the District each year. Urgent action to improve nutrition, decrease smoking and increase physical activity is required to improve metabolic fitness in younger people.     

Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in men with low levels of serum cholesterol: the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study

CONTEXT: Few studies have examined the interactive effects of smoking and serum cholesterol level on morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular dieseases. In East Asia, where the prevalence of smoking is among the highest in the world, morbidity and mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) is rapidly escalating. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the Republic of Korea (South Korea), a population that has relatively low levels of serum cholesterol, and to determine whether serum cholesterol levels modify the risk relationship between smoking and ASCVD. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with a follow-up period of 6 years (1993-1998). SETTING AND SUBJECTS: A total of 106745 Korean men aged 35 to 59 years who received health insurance from the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation and who had biennial medical evaluations in 1990 and 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital admissions and deaths from IHD, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and total ASCVD. RESULTS: At baseline, 61389 (58%) were current cigarette smokers and 64482 (60%) had a total cholesterol level of less than 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL). Between 1993 and 1998, 1006 IHD events (176 per 100000 person-years), 1364 CVD events (238 per 100000 person-years), and 716 other ASCVD events (125 per 100000 person-years) occurred. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard models controlling for age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, current smoking increased the risk of IHD (risk ratio [RR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-2.8), CVD (RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4-1.8), and total ASCVD (RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5-1.8). For each outcome, there were significant dose-response relationships with amount and duration of smoking. Throughout the range of serum cholesterol levels, current smoking significantly increased the risk of IHD and CVD. In the lowest quartile of serum cholesterol levels (<4.42 mmol/L [171 mg/dL]), the RR from current smoking was 3.3 (95% CI, 1.7-6.2) for IHD and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2-2.3) for CVD. There was no evidence of an interaction between smoking and serum cholesterol (P for interaction = .75, .87, and .92 for IHD, CVD, and total ASCVD, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that in Korea smoking is a major independent risk factor for IHD, CVD, and ASCVD and that a low cholesterol level confers no protective benefit against smoking-related ASCVD.     

Comparison of HbAlc in Chinese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes randomized to twice daily insulin lispro low mix 25 or twice daily human insulin mix 30/70

Background Glycemic control prevents onset and progression of diabetes-related long-term complications.The objective of this study was to demonstrate that twice daily insulin lispro low mix 25 is noninferior to twice daily human insulin mix 30/70 in achieving glycemic control as measured by hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),from baseline to endpoint,in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes.Methods In this phase Ⅳ,crossover,open-label,multicenter study,117 Chinese patients with diabetes were randomly assigned to one of two treatment sequence groups.One group received 12-week treatment with twice daily human insulin mix 30/70 followed by 12-week treatment with twice daily insulin lispro low mix 25,while the other group received the reverse treatment sequence.HbA1c,baseline-to-endpoint change in HbA1c,proportion of patients achieving target HbA1c≤7% and≤6.5%,fasting blood glucose,and daily insulin doses were measured for each period.Safety and tolerability were also assessed.Results A statistically significant reduction(P≤0.0001)of HbA1c was achieved after each treatment(human insulin mix 30/70:mean HbA1c=7.91%(95% CI:7.67%,8.15%);insulin lispro low mix 25:mean HbA1c=7.96%(95% CI:7.72%,8.20%)).The 95% CI(-0.20,0.10)of the difference between the two treatments satisfied the prespecified noninferiority margin of 0.3%(lower limit of 95% CI＞-0.3%).No statistically significant differences between treatments were observed for any of the secondary efficacy measures.The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events and hypoglycemia between the two treatments and treatment sequence groups was similar.Three serious adverse events were reported(human insulin mix 30/70 group:2 patients(1.7%,hypoglycemic coma and cardiac failure);insulin lispro low mix 25 group:1 patient(0.9%,stroke)).All serious adverse events were resolved and no patients died during the study.Conclusion The results support noninferiority of twice daily insulin lispro low mix 25 versus twice daily human insulin mix 30/70 in HbAlc control in Chinese patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes.     

Therapy in type 2 diabetes: insulin glargine vs. NPH insulin both in combination with glimepiride

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients often fail to achieve adequate glycemic control with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). Insulin has been shown to improve glycemic control in these patients but with increased risk of hypoglycemia. This study compared the efficacy and safety of insulin glargine and NPH insulin, both in combination with a once-daily fixed dose of glimepiride, in terms of glycemic control and incidence of hypoglycemia. METHODS: In this open-label, 24-week randomized trial in ten Latin American countries, T2DM patients poorly controlled on OADs (HbA1c > or = 7.5 and < or = 10.5%) received glimepiride plus insulin glargine (n = 231) or NPH insulin (n = 250) using a forced titration algorithm. The primary endpoint was the equivalence of 24-week mean changes in HbA1c. RESULTS: Insulin glargine and NPH insulin achieved similar HbA1c reductions (adjusted mean difference -0.047; 90% CI -0.232, 0.138; per-protocol analysis). Confirmed nocturnal hypoglycemia was significantly lower with insulin glargine vs. NPH insulin (16.9 vs. 30.0%; p <0.01; safety analysis). Patients receiving insulin glargine were significantly more likely to achieve HbA1c levels < 7.0% without hypoglycemia (27 vs. 17%; p = 0.014; per-protocol analysis). There was a more pronounced treatment satisfaction improvement with insulin glargine vs. NPH insulin (p <0.02; full analysis). The proportion of patients who lost time from work or normal activities due to diabetes was lower with insulin glargine vs. NPH (1.8 vs. 3.3%; full analysis). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with T2DM, inadequately controlled on OADs, once-daily insulin glargine plus glimepiride is effective in improving metabolic control with a reduced incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia compared with NPH insulin.     

糖化血红蛋白与急性脑桥梗死患者预后的关系

  目的  探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与急性脑桥梗死患者预后的关系。  方法  分析2016年5月—2018年4月合肥市第八人民医院神经内科的85例急性脑桥梗死患者既往糖尿病史、入院后空腹血糖、HbA1c等因素与患者90 d随访时的改良Rankin评分(mRS)、日常生活自理能力(ADL)评分的关系。  结果  HbA1c与脑桥梗死患者90 d预后良好(mRS＜3分)相关(OR=0.234,95% CI:0.073~0.784,P=0.014);HbA1c≥6.1%(OR=0.404,95% CI:0.138~1.188,P=0.100)、糖尿病史(OR=0.556,95% CI:0.197~1.565,P=0.266)、空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L(OR=0.516,95% CI:0.179~1.488,P=0.221)与患者90 d随访时日常生活自理能力(ADL＞60分)不相关。HbA1c相比较糖尿病史及空腹血糖具有更高的AUC值(mRS＜3分,AUC=0.725,95% CI:0.615~0.835,P=0.001;ADL＞60分,AUC=0.682,95% CI:0.556~0.808,P=0.016)。  结论  相比于糖尿病史及空腹血糖等因素,HbA1c在评价急性脑桥梗死患者预后方面可能更具有优势。      

Patient portal engagement and diabetes management among new portal users in the Veterans Health Administration

ObjectiveThe study sought to investigate whether consistent use of the Veterans Health Administration’s My HealtheVet (MHV) online patient portal is associated with improvement in diabetes-related physiological measures among new portal users.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of new portal users with type 2 diabetes that registered for MHV between 2012 and 2016. We used random-effect linear regression models to examine associations between months of portal use in a year (consistency) and annual means of the physiological measures (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], low-density lipoproteins [LDLs], and blood pressure [BP]) in the first 3 years of portal use.ResultsFor patients with uncontrolled HbA1c, LDL, or BP at baseline, more months of portal use in a year was associated with greater improvement. Compared with 1 month of use, using the portal 12 months in a year was associated with annual declines in HbA1c of -0.41% (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.46% to -0.36%) and in LDL of -6.25 (95% CI, -7.15 to -5.36) mg/dL. Twelve months of portal use was associated with minimal improvements in BP: systolic BP of -1.01 (95% CI, -1.33 to -0.68) mm Hg and diastolic BP of -0.67 (95% CI, -0.85 to -0.49) mm Hg. All associations were smaller or not present for patients in control of these measures at baseline.ConclusionsWe found consistent use of the patient portal among new portal users to be associated with modest improvements in mean HbA1c and LDL for patients at increased risk at baseline. For patients with type 2 diabetes, self-management supported by online patient portals may help control HbA1c, LDL, and BP.     

空腹血糖、OGTT 2h血糖和糖化血红蛋白同糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性比较

目的比较空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、口服葡萄糖耐量实验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)2 h血糖(2-hplasma glucose,2hPG)和糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)同糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的相关性,评价诊断糖尿病的最佳方法。方法在北京市昌平区进行了一项有关慢性疾病和危险因素的健康调查,其中2 551人进行了OGTT、HbA1c测定和眼底检查。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价FPG、2hPG和HbA1c同DR的相关性,通过曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)的比较判断诊断糖尿病的最佳方法。结果与无DR组相比,合并DR组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、血压水平以及合并高血压的比例显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.001)。2hPG的曲线下面积(AUC)为86.9%(95%CI:82.2～91.7),和HbA1c的AUC为86.4%(95%CI:80.8～92.0)相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.796),和FPG的AUC为85.4%(95%CI:80.0～90.7)相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.501)。在排除接受降糖药物治疗的人之后,这3项血糖指标在检测DR方面也无显著差异。结论在中国人群中用FPG或HbA1c诊断糖尿病,同2hPG同样有效可靠。     

强化血糖控制对糖尿病肾脏病变影响的Meta分析

目的本研究拟通过荟萃分析,评价强化血糖控制对糖尿病患者肾脏病变的影响。方法制定原始文献的纳入标准和检索策略,在Medline、EMBASE及Cochrane图书馆内进行相关的检索。所有比较强化控制血糖和常规治疗对糖尿病患者肾脏病变影响的随机对照试验(RCTs)纳入分析。应用随机或固定效应模型处理预后指标的相对危险度(RR)。结果 6项RCT符合纳入标准。与常规治疗比较,强化控制血糖可降低糖尿病患者微量白蛋白尿(RR0.73,95%CI0.59～0.90;P<0.01)、白蛋白尿(RR0.64,95%CI0.55～0.75;P<0.001)和复合终点事件(终末期肾病或因肾脏病死亡)(RR0.47,95%CI0.33～0.67;P<0.001)的发生率。但强化血糖控制明显增加糖尿病患者严重低血糖事件的发生率(RR1.86,95%CI1.52～2.29;P<0.001)。结论强化血糖控制较标准治疗能显著降低糖尿病患者肾脏病变发生的危险性,但会增加严重低血糖事件发生的危险性。     

A prospective study of aspirin use and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women

OBJECTIVE. The aim of the study was to examine prospectively the association between regular aspirin use and the risk of a first myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events in women. DESIGN. Prospective cohort study including 6 years of follow-up. SETTING. Registered nurses residing in 11 US states. PARTICIPANTS. US registered nurses (n = 87,678) aged 34 to 65 years and free of diagnosed coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer at baseline. Followup was 96.7% of total potential person-years of follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. Incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular death, and all important vascular events. RESULTS. During 475,265 person-years of follow-up, we documented 240 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 146 nonfatal strokes, and 130 deaths due to cardiovascular disease (total, 516 important vascular events). Among women who reported taking one through six aspirin per week, the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of a first myocardial infarction was 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52 to 0.89; P = .005), as compared with those women who took no aspirin. After simultaneous adjustment for risk factors for coronary disease, the RR was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.58 to 0.99; P = .04). For women aged 50 years and older, the age-adjusted RR was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.84; P = .002) and the multivariate RR was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.50 to 0.93; P = .02). We observed no alteration in the risk of stroke (multivariate RR = 0.99; P = .94). The multivariate RR of cardiovascular death was 0.89 (P = .56) and of important vascular events was 0.85 (P = .12). When examined separately, the results were nearly identical for the subgroups who took one through three and four through six aspirin per week. Among women who took seven or more aspirin per week, there were no apparent reductions in risk. CONCLUSIONS. The use of one through six aspirin per week appears to be associated with a reduced risk of a first myocardial infarction among women. A randomized trial in women is necessary, however, to provide conclusive data on the role of aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.     

Point-of-care testing of HbA1c and blood glucose in a remote Aboriginal Australian community

OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy of point-of-care (POC) measurements of capillary blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels in a remote Aboriginal community with high diabetes prevalence. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study comparing POC capillary glucose and HbA(1c) results with those from corresponding venous samples measured in a reference laboratory. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 152 residents aged 11-76 years (representing 76% of population aged over 11 years) had POC glucose measurement in November 2003; 88 with POC glucose level > or = 5.0 mmol/L, or self-reported diabetes, had POC HbA(1c) and laboratory glucose and HbA(1c) measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: POC fasting capillary levels of glucose (HemoCue Glucose 201 analyser, Medipac Scientific, Sydney) and HbA(1c) (DCA 2000+ analyser, Bayer Australia, Melbourne); correlation and mean difference between capillary POC and venous blood laboratory measurements of glucose and HbA(1c). RESULTS: Mean and median POC capillary glucose levels were 7.99 mmol/L and 6.25 mmol/L, respectively, while mean and median laboratory venous plasma glucose concentrations were 7.63 mmol/L and 5.35 mmol/L. Values for POC capillary HbA(1c) and laboratory HbA(1c) were identical: mean, 7.06%; and median, 6.0%. The correlation coefficient r for POC and laboratory results was 0.98 for glucose and 0.99 for HbA(1c). The mean difference in results was 0.36 mmol/L for glucose (95% CI, 0.13-0.62; limits of agreement [LOA], - 2.07 to 2.79 mmol/L; P = 0.007) and < 0.01% for HbA(1c) (95% CI, - 0.07% to 0.07%; LOA, - 0.66% to 0.66%; P = 0.95), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: POC capillary HbA(1c) testing, in particular, offers an accurate, practical, community-friendly way of monitoring diabetes in rural and remote clinical settings. POC capillary glucose results should be confirmed by a laboratory test of venous plasma if the results are likely to significantly influence clinical decisions.     

An ambulatory stabilisation program for children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes

OBJECTIVES: (i) To evaluate the benefits and adverse effects of a Diabetes Day Care Program (DDCP); and (ii) to compare outcomes in two cohorts diagnosed before and after implementing the DDCP ("pre-DDCP" and "post-DDCP"). DESIGN: Outcomes from the pre-DDCP cohort were compared with those of the post-DDCP cohort. SETTING: The study was conducted from March 2001 to October 2002 at the Children's Hospital at Westmead. PARTICIPANTS: The pre-DDCP cohort comprised all children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes from March 2000 to November 2000 (n = 49). The post-DDCP cohort were those diagnosed from November 2000 to August 2001 (n = 61). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Length of stay, adverse events, insulin requirement and glycohaemoglobin (HbA(1c)) level over the first year after diagnosis were ascertained from medical records. Questionnaires to measure parents' knowledge of diabetes, emotional adjustment to diabetes, and responsibility for and conflict over specific diabetes management tasks were completed by parents at 6-monthly intervals. RESULTS: Median length of hospital stay decreased from 5.14 days (range, 2-10) to 1.70 days (range, 0-10) (P < 0.001). There were no differences between the two cohorts in insulin requirement at 12 months (pre-DDCP: 0.9 U/kg [95% CI, 0.8-1.0]; post-DDCP: 0.8 U/kg [95% CI, 0.7-0.9]; P = 0.22), HbA(1c) level at 12 months (pre-DDCP: 8.4% [95% CI, 8.0%-8.9%]; post-DDCP: 8.2% [95% CI, 7.9%-8.5%]; P = 0.37) and adverse events over the first year after diagnosis. Both groups reported similar scores for the parental questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory stabilisation of children with type 1 diabetes provides similar metabolic outcomes for the child, and comparable levels of diabetes knowledge and similar psychosocial outcomes for the family, to inpatient stabilisation programs.