白血病患者NK细胞表面NKG2D受体及其配体MICA/B的研究

目的:研究白血病患者NK细胞表面NKG2D受体及其配体MICA/B的表达,探讨白血病细胞逃逸NK细胞杀伤的机制.方法:采用流式细胞术检测NK细胞表面NKG2D受体和骨髓有核细胞表面MICA/B配体.结果:治疗前组和完全缓解组NKG2D受体的表达均较健康组低(P＜0.05);且完全缓解组低于治疗前组(P＜0.05);治疗前组和完全缓解组MICA/B配体的表达均低于增生性贫血组(P＞0.50);完全缓解组与治疗前组比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论:白血病患者体内NKG2D-MICA/B介导的NK细胞功能受抑,这可能导致白血病细胞逃逸NK细胞的细胞毒作用;白血病化疗后完全缓解时其体内NKG2D-MICA/B介导的NK细胞功能仍未恢复,且较治疗前更低.     

NKG2D配体在鼻咽癌细胞的表达及其对NK细胞杀伤活性的影响

NK细胞对靶细胞的杀伤活性与其细胞表面的受体和靶细胞表面的配体密切相关，NKG2D为NK细胞活化性受体，表达于所有的NK细胞表面，是介导NK细胞识别和溶解肿瘤细胞的主要活化性受体。NKG2D配体为MHCⅠ类链相关基因产物（MICA、MICB）及ULBPS（人巨细胞病毒UL16蛋白的结合蛋白ULBP1、ULBP2、ULBP3），NKG2D的配体在多种肿瘤细胞表达，其在鼻咽癌细胞的表达尚未见报道。本文通过流式细胞仪技术探讨其在鼻咽癌细胞CNE2的表达情况，并进一步分析其在NK细胞杀伤CNE2细胞中的作用。     

MICA分子在NK细胞杀伤乳腺癌中的作用

目的 观察乳腺肿瘤细胞膜MHC Ⅰ链相关分子A(MHC class Ⅰ chain-related gene A,MICA)及血清中可溶性MICA表达,探讨MICA在NK细胞杀伤乳腺癌中的作用.方法 流式细胞术检测膜型MICA(mMICA)及NK细胞表面NKG2D表达,观察膜型MICA、可溶性MICA(sMIcA)对NKG2D表达的影响;免疫组织化学检测膜型MICA及可溶性MICA的表达及分布;抗体封闭法观察膜型MICA与NKG2D相互作用.结果 乳腺细胞膜型MICA在正常组织不表达,在良性肿瘤表达量为(38.5±7.5)%,恶性肿瘤表达量为(53.2±5.6)%.可溶性MICA含量在健康成年人为阴性,在乳腺良性肿瘤患者血清中含量(76.8±22.3)pg/mL,在恶性肿瘤患者中含量(205.36±71.27)pg/mL.经NKG2D或MICA抗体封闭后,NK细胞的杀瘤活性显著减弱.含可溶性MICA的血清可明显下调NKG2D的表达.结论 大部分乳腺肿瘤细胞膜都有MICA的表达,可作为乳腺肿瘤相关性抗原.膜型MICA与NKG2D的相互识别在介导NK细胞抗乳腺癌中起重要作用,而可溶性MICA通过下调NKG2D表达介导肿瘤免疫逃逸.     

卵巢肿瘤患者自然杀伤细胞活化性受体NKG2D与其配体MICA表达的初步研究

目的:研究卵巢癌、良性卵巢肿瘤患者外周血NK细胞表面活化性受体NKG2D的表达及局部组织中相应配体MICA的表达情况,并结合临床病理因素分析探讨宿主NK细胞受体NKG2D在抗卵巢癌中的作用及其与肿瘤免疫逃逸的关系。方法:对4 2例卵巢癌、2 3例良性卵巢肿瘤及2 0例正常妇女,采用流式细胞术检测外周血NK细胞NKG2D的表达状况,RT PCR技术检测在上述部分相应组织标本中MICA的表达。结果:恶性、良性卵巢肿瘤患者及正常人外周血NK细胞NKG2D的表达水平分别为( 94 2 3±6 0 2 ) %、( 98 70±0 98) %、( 98 6 1±1 5 9) % ,恶性组与另两组之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0 0 5 ) ;相应配体MICA在卵巢癌组织中的表达率较良性卵巢肿瘤中明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P <0 0 1) ;在卵巢癌病人是否绝经、不同组织类型、分化程度、手术分期及是否淋巴转移等各组临床病理情况下,其表达率未见明显差异(P >0 0 5 )。结论:卵巢恶性肿瘤患者外周血NK细胞活性降低,其活化性受体NKG2D表达的下降是NK细胞活性下降的原因之一。NKG2D的配体MICA的基因表达可能与卵巢癌的恶性转化有一定的相关性,卵巢癌的免疫逃逸可能与NKG2D表达下调及其配体MI CA的表达升高有关     

抗NKG2D多克隆抗体抑制NK和LAK细胞细胞毒效应的研究

目的 :分析抗NKG2D多克隆抗体 ( pAb)对NK和LAK细胞毒作用的影响。方法 :应用密度梯度离心法分离外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC) ,经 10mg/LPHA和 1× 10 6U/LrhIL 2诱导LAK细胞产生 ,再应用流式细胞术 (FCM)分选NK细胞并进行表型检测。加入抗NKG2DpAb封闭NK和LAK细胞表面的NKG2D分子后 ,用MTT比色法检测其细胞毒效应。结果 :经FCM分析证实 ,获得高纯度、高活性的NK细胞。抗NKG2DpAb能显著抑制NK和LAK细胞对K5 6 2、HepG2细胞的细胞毒效应。NK细胞对两种靶细胞的细胞毒效应分别下降了 82 .9%和 75 .6 % ;LAK细胞对两种靶细胞的细胞毒效应分别下降了 5 2 .8%和 5 0 .2 %。但抗NKG2DpAb不能显著抑制两种效应细胞对人鼻咽癌细胞系CNE的细胞毒效应。结论 :抗NKG2DpAb可通过封闭NK和LAK细胞表面的NKG2D分子 ,抑制其对肿瘤细胞的细胞毒效应     

NK细胞受体识别的多样性

TCR和BCR介导T、B细胞的识别活化是现代免疫学研究的核心内容之一,比ICR和BCR更为复杂的是NK细胞的受体,迄今为止,已发现有数十种之多,分属抑制性受体和活化性受体两大类,各大类又包括数个家族,体现了NK细胞受体的多样性,介导了NK细胞的不同识别模式,分别传递不同的活化信号和抑制信号,各种信号在细胞表面如何整合,在细胞内部如何传递,最终赋予NK(细胞何种生物学功能,成为近期免疫学研究的热点问题。     

乏氧对人外周血NK细胞NKG2A、NKG2D及CD44表达的影响

目的： 观察乏氧微环境对人外周血自然杀伤细胞(NK)表面自然杀伤细胞2族成员A(NKG2A)、自然杀伤细胞2族成员D(NKG2D)及CD44分子表达的影响,探讨乏氧抑制NK细胞杀伤活性的分子机制。方法: 采用密度梯度离心法分离健康人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）,贴壁去除单核细胞获得外周血淋巴细胞（PBL）,分别置常氧（21％O2）、乏氧（1％O2）以及有或无人重组白细胞介素2(rhIL-2)（1×106 U/L）刺激条件下培养16 h,流式细胞术（FCM）检测不同 NK细胞亚群 NKG2A、NKG2D以及CD44分子的表达。结果: 常氧条件,人外周血CD3-CD56+NK细胞NKG2A、NKG2D表达的阳性率分别为16.16%和78.45%,乏氧条件下二者表达的阳性率分别为15.16%和71.08%;rhIL-2上调NKG2A和NKG2D的表达,乏氧不影响 rhIL-2对NKG2D、 NKG2A的上调作用;rhIL-2显著上调NK细胞CD44的表达,乏氧抑制CD44的表达（P<0.05）。结论: 乏氧下调外周血NK细胞表面受体NKG2D及CD44的表达,但对NKG2A的表达无显著影响。由此提示,NKG2D及CD44分子可能在乏氧引起的NK细胞杀伤活性抑制中具有重要作用。     

结肠癌患者单核或树突状细胞MICA的表达及其与NK细胞活性的关联

目的:观察结肠癌患者单核或树突状细胞是否表达MHCⅠ类相关抗原A(MICA),并分析MICA+单核细胞的频率是否与患者体内NK细胞的活性相关联。方法:首先利用流式细胞仪检测MICA在外周血单核细胞和由单核细胞诱导而来树突状细胞(DCs)上的表达;并用IL-15和IFNα-刺激树突状细胞,观察MICA表达的变化;然后检测患者外周血NKG2D+、CD16+、CD69+NK细胞的频率及NK细胞的杀伤活性;最后分析MICA+单核细胞的频率是否与NK细胞表达NKG2D及其杀伤活性关联。结果:与健康个体相比,结肠癌患者MICA+单核细胞的频率无显著变化。未成熟DCs表达MICA,但受IL-15和IFNα-刺激后,结肠癌来源的DCs表面MICA的表达无显著上调。结肠癌患者外周血NKG2D+、CD69+NK细胞的频率显著降低,NK细胞的杀伤活性显著降低,而CD16+NK细胞的频率无明显变化。结肠癌患者MICA+单核细胞的频率与NK细胞表达NKG2D无明显关联,但与NK细胞杀伤靶细胞时CD107a的表达正相关。结论:结肠癌患者体内单核细胞表达MICA与NK细胞表达NKG2D无关,但高频率MICA阳性的单核细胞与NK细胞的抗肿瘤活性正相关。     

氧化应激可选择性诱导细胞的NKG2D配体的表达

目的 探讨氧化应激与细胞NKG2D配体表达的关系,分析氧化应激对NK细胞功能的影响。方法 加H2O2诱导培养的肿瘤细胞处于氧化应激状态。用RT-PCR、Real-time PCR和流式细胞仪等方法分析细胞多种NKG2D配体的表达。用CCK-8法检测NK92细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。结果 氧化应激可诱导肿瘤细胞多种NKG2D配体的表达,不同的肿瘤细胞诱导表达的NKG2D配体不同;NKG2D配体表达上调可有效提高NK细胞的细胞毒活性,此效应可被抗NKG2D抗体所阻断。结论 NKG2D配体可能在机体的免疫应答中发挥正向的调节作用。     

卵巢肿瘤患者外周血NK细胞受体NKG2A、NKG2D及NK活性检测的临床意义

通过研究卵巢癌及良性卵巢肿瘤患者外周血NK细胞表面受体的表达情况及NK活性的变化,分析探讨宿主NK细胞受体与肿瘤免疫逃逸的关系及其临床价值。分离受检者外周血单个核细胞,应用MTT法检测NK细胞的细胞毒活性,流式细胞术检测NK细胞受体NKG2D和NKG2A的表达,并结合临床病理因素作比较分析。结果显示,与良性卵巢肿瘤组和正常组相比,卵巢癌患者外周血NK细胞的细胞毒活性降低,NK细胞表面NKG2D的表达水平降低,而NKG2A的表达水平明显升高,其变化与卵巢癌的病情进展有关。此结果表明,卵巢癌患者机体NK细胞杀伤活性下降,NKG2D与NKG2A二者之间的平衡表达可能对NK细胞的功能状态起着重要的调节作用。     

Low expression of CD161 and NKG2D activating NK receptor is associated with impaired NK cell cytotoxicity in metastatic melanoma patients

Natural killer (NK) cells play a role in the innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses. The activity of NK cells is regulated by functionally opposing, activating and inhibitory receptors whose balance ultimately determines whether target cells will be susceptible to NK cell mediated lysis. As melanoma is an immunogenic tumor, the effect of immunomodulating agents is consistently investigated. In this study in 79 metastatic melanoma (MM) patients and 52 controls NK activity, expression of activating NKG2D and CD161 receptors and KIR receptors, CD158a and CD158b, on freshly isolated PBL and NK cells were evaluated. Native NK cell activity of melanoma patients in clinical stage I–III and MM patients was determined against NK sensitive K562, NK resistant Daudi, human melanoma FemX, HeLa and HL 60 target tumor cell lines. In addition, predictive pretherapy immunomodulating effect after 18 h in vitro treatments of PBL of MM patients with rh IL-2, IFN-α (IFN), 13-cis retinoic acid (RA) and combination IFN-α and RA was evaluated with respect to NK cell lyses against K562 and FemX cell lines. In this study we show for the first time that low expression of CD161 and activating NKG2D receptors, without increased expression of KIR receptors CD158a and CD158b, as well as a decrease in the cytotoxic, CD16^bright NK cell subset, is associated with a significant impairment in NK cell activity in MM patients. Furthermore, the predictive pretherapy finding that IL-2, IFN, IFN and RA, unlike RA alone, can enhance NK cell activity of MM patients against FemX melanoma tumor cell line can be of help in the design and development of therapeutic regimens, considering that it has recently been shown that low-dose combination of different immunomodulators represents the most promising approach in the therapy of MM.     

The NKG2D receptor: immunobiology and clinical implications

NK cells are critical components of our immune system functioning, in part, to recognize and then eradicate virally infected or tumorigenic cells without previous sensitization. One of the best-characterized activating receptors expressed on NK cells is the NKG2D receptor, which is capable of transmitting co-stimulatory signals by subsets of T cells. Viruses and tumors have evolved strategies to evade NKG2D-mediated immune recognition thus highlighting the importance of this receptor in immunity. This review will focus on the structure of NKG2D and its interaction with its diverse array of ligands, as well as highlighting current knowledge regarding NKG2D signal transduction and biological mechanisms that govern its cell surface expression. The impact that NKG2D has in disease pathologies is also assessed.     

NKG2D真核表达载体的构建及其对YT细胞生物学功能的影响

目的：建立NK细胞受体NKG2D真核表达载体，通过转染NK细胞系YT，初步探讨NKG2D分子对YT细胞系杀伤功能的增强作用。方法：用RT-PCR方法从NK-92细胞中调取NKG2D基因片段，克隆到pGEM-TEasy载体并对克隆的DNA片段进行序列分析。用限制内切酶EcoRⅠ和BamHⅠ消化pGEM-T Easy／NKG2D重组质粒，分离NKG2D片段，并插入真核表达质粒pEGFP-N1的相应限制酶位点，酶谱分析鉴定重组表达载体pEGFP-N1／NKG2D。然后经脂质体介导转染CHO细胞和YT细胞。应用荧光显微镜观测、Western blot方法和免疫组化染色对转染细胞内pEGFP-NilNKG2D的表达进行鉴定，MTF方法观察YT细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤功能。结果：RT-PCR扩增获得650bp基因片段，经DNA序列分析证明所获得的DNA序列与文献报道的NKG2D序列一致。转染的CHO细胞在荧光显微镜下发出强绿色荧光，Western blot分析显示重组蛋白能特异地与抗人NKG2D单克隆抗体结合；免疫组化检测显示，转染的CHO中有棕色颗粒，证明所构建的NKG2D真核表达载体可以在细胞中表达；转染NKG2D真核表达载体的YT细胞对乳腺癌细胞具有更强的杀伤效果。结论：所获得的表达NKG2D分子的真核表达载体，通过转染YT细胞，初步鉴定所表达NKG2D分子具有生物学功能，可以提高NK细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。     

The CD94 and NKG2-A C-type lectins covalently assemble to form a natural killer cell inhibitory receptor for HLA class I molecules

CD94, a type II membrane protein containing a C-type lectin domain, has been shown to be involved in natural killer (NK) cell-mediated recognition of different HLA allotypes. The inhibitory form of the CD94 receptor has recently been identified by the specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) Z199. Herein, we demonstrate that the inhibitory receptor is in fact a complex formed by the covalent association of CD94 with the NKG2-A molecule (Mr ～ 43 kDa), another member of the C-type lectin superfamily, and that Z199 mAb specifically recognize NKG2-A molecules. Although the NKG2-A-encoding cDNA has been known for several years, the corresponding protein and its possible function remained undefined. Moreover, we show that the NKG2-B protein, an alternatively spliced product of the NKG2-A gene, can also assemble with CD94. Remarkably, both NKG2-A and NKG2-B proteins contain cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM). This may provide the molecular basis of the inhibitory function mediated by the CD94/NKG2-A receptor complexes.     

NKG2D in NK and T Cell-Mediated Immunity

One of the best characterized NK cell receptors is NKG2D, a highly conserved C-type lectin-like membrane glycoprotein expressed on essentially all NK cells, as well as on γδ-TcR⁺ T cells and αβ-TcR⁺ CD8⁺ T cells, in humans and mice. Here we review recent studies implicating NKG2D in T cell and NK cell-mediated immunity to viruses and tumors, and its potential role in autoimmune diseases and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.     

Tumor cell recognition by the NK cell activating receptor NKG2D

Evidence for increased tumor incidence in NKG2D-deficient mice has set NKG2D as the first innate immune receptor implicated in immunosurveillance of tumors. In this viewpoint article, we discuss recent genetic insight into NKG2D-mediated suppression of spontaneous tumor development in the context of NKG2D signaling properties. Moreover, we identify unresolved issues and consider how an understanding of NKG2D-receptor and -ligand biology can facilitate successful therapeutic intervention of human cancer.     

The molecular basis of Natural Killer (NK) cell recognition and function

Natural Killer cells are likely to play an important role in the host defenses because they kill virally infected or tumor cells but spare normal self-cells. The molecular mechanism that explains why NK cells do not kill indiscriminately has recently been elucidated. It is due to several specialized receptors that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules expressed on normal cells. The lack of expression of one or more HLA class I alleles leads to NK-mediated target cell lysis. Different types of receptors specific for groups of HLA-C, HLA-B, and, very recently, HLA-A alleles have been identified. While in most instances, they function as inhibitory receptors, an activatory form of the HLA-C-specific receptors has been identified in some donors. Molecular cloning of HLA-C-, HLA-B- or HLA-A-specific receptors has revealed new members of the immunoglobulin superfamily with two or three Ig-like domains, respectively, in their extracellular portion. While the inhibitory form is characterized by a long cytoplasmic tail associated with a non-polar transmembrane portion, the activatory one has a short tail asociated with a Lys-containing transmembrane portion. Thus, these human NK receptors are different from the murine Ly49, that is a type II transmembrane protein characterized by a C-type lectin domain. A subset of activated T lymphocytes expresses NK-type class I-specific receptors. These receptors exert an inhibiting activity on T cell receptor-mediated functions and may provide an important mechanism of downregulation of T cell responses.     

5-氟尿嘧啶增强HeLa细胞对自然杀伤细胞敏感性研究

目的 用5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)处理HeLa细胞,检测其NKG2D 配体 MICA 的表达及其对NK92细胞杀伤敏感性的变化.方法 不同浓度的 5-FU处理 HeLa细胞,在不同时间点用半定量PCR及流式细胞术检测HeLa细胞表面的NKG2D配体MICA在RNA及蛋白水平的表达变化情况,用MTT法检测NKG2D抗体封闭NK92细胞的NKG2D受体前后, NK92 细胞对HeLa细胞的杀伤作用.结果 不同浓度的5-FU作用于 HeLa 细胞后,半定量RT-PCR结果显示MICA表达随5-FU作用浓度增加逐渐增高.而且40 μg/ml 5-FU作用于HeLa细胞后随着作用时间的延长(0、8、16、24 h)MICA表达增加,流式细胞术检测结果表明,MICA表达的增加主要依赖于未凋亡细胞的 MICA表达.在40μg/ml 5-FU作用24 h,效靶比为2.5∶ 1,5∶ 1,10∶ 1,20∶ 1时都检测到NK92细胞对HeLa细胞的杀伤增强,杀伤作用可部分被NKG2D抗体抑制.结论 5-FU 能够上调HeLa细胞表面NKG2D配体MICA的表达,增强HeLa细胞对NK92细胞的敏感性,提示化疗联合NK细胞免疫治疗宫颈癌可产生协同作用,提高治疗效果.