原位核酸杂交法探讨柯萨奇B组病毒与云南亚急型克山病的关系

用光敏生物素标记的柯萨奇 B_3病毒 cDNA 探针,与云南病区20例经临床和病理检查确诊为亚急型克山病的心肌组织切片进行原位核酸杂交,以检测柯萨奇 B 组病毒 RNA。结果有18例出现阳性杂交信号,阳性率达90%。说明云南亚急型克山病心肌组织中有柯萨奇 B 组病毒 RNA 的存在。提示云南亚急型克山病的发生与柯萨奇 B 组病毒的持续感染密切相关。     

用原位核酸杂交法探讨柯萨奇B组病毒与克山病的关系──（黑龙江省急型克山病）

为探讨柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒感染与黑龙江省急型克山病的关系。本文用缺口平移法制备生物标记的柯萨奇Ｂ３病毒的ｃＤＮＡ探针与１３例急型克山病尸检心肌组织及脑外伤、ＣＯ中毒等意外死亡的正常成人心肌组织１０例，非病区７～８个月引产胎儿心肌组织１０例的石腊切片进行原位杂交。结果１３例急型克山病中有８例出现阳性杂交信号，即有柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒的ＲＮＡ存在，阳性率达６１．５％。对照组均为阴性，提示黑龙江省急型克山病有柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒感染，可能是急型克山病发病因素之一。     

柯萨奇B4病毒感染与克山病及其病区病毒性心肌炎

目的 探讨柯萨奇B4病毒与克山病及其病区病毒性心肌炎的关系。方法 采用寡核苷酸探针的原位核酸杂交方法,结合病理学观察,对比研究克山病与病毒性心肌炎的异同。结果 克山病与病毒性心肌炎各自具有特征性的病理学改变;发病区88．89％的病毒性心肌炎出现阳性杂交信号,而且几乎每例的所有心肌细胞均见阳性杂交信号;95．24％的亚急型克山病出现阳性杂交信号,且半数以上的标本几乎所有的心肌细胞内出现阳性杂交信号;阳性信号在病毒性心肌炎和亚急型克山病的心肌细胞内的分布及阳性信号颗粒的形态并无明显区别。结论 柯萨奇B4病毒与克山病及其病区病毒性心肌炎密切相关,其不同的病变特征可能是由于组成病因网的诸因素发生变动所致。     

克山病尸检心肌标本柯萨奇B组病毒RNA片段的序列分析

目的通过原位核酸杂交技术和RT-PCR技术探讨柯萨奇B组病毒感染与吉林亚急型克山病的关系.方法以柯萨奇B组病毒基因组的一段共同序列做寡核苷酸探针,于5′端行生物素标记,检测亚急型克山病患者尸检心肌组织标本中柯萨奇病毒的感染率;选取阳性标本做RT-PCR,并对PCR产物进行核苷酸序列分析,比较其与柯萨奇B组病毒各血清型之间的差异.结果 9例亚急型克山病患者尸检心肌组织标本中有7例原位核酸杂交结果阳性,阳性率为77.78%;所选3例原位核酸杂交结果阳性标本RT-PCR均有长541 bp的DNA条带出现,测序结果表明该片段与柯萨奇病毒B3同区域序列一致,与B1、B4、B5的同源性较大.结论亚急型克山病患者体内有柯萨奇B组病毒RNA存在,柯萨奇病毒可能在克山病的发生发展中扮演重要的角色.     

用原位核酸杂交技术探讨肠道病毒与急型克山病的关系

目的 探讨肠道病毒(柯萨奇病毒)与吉林省急型克山病的关系。方法 用柯萨奇病毒B3、B4、B5、A9共同序列作寡核苷酸探针对吉林省急型克山病尸捡心肌组织12例及病区与非病区尸捡正常心肌组织各7例进行原位核酸杂交。结果 吉林省急型克山病12例中有11例出现阳性杂交信号，即有肠道病毒RNA存在，阳性率为91．66％，对照组均为阴性。结论 吉林省急型克山病病人心肌组织中有肠道病毒感染，提示急型克山病的发病可能与肠道病毒感染有关。     

用原位核酸杂交法探讨柯萨奇B组病毒与黑龙江慢型克山病的关系

克山病是原因未明的地方性心肌病，慢型克山病有关病毒病因的研究未见有关报道，作者用生物素标记的柯萨奇Ｂ３病毒的ｃＤＮＡ探针与黑龙江病区慢型克山病尸检心肌组织及非正常死亡成人心肌组织和非病区７￣８个月引产胎儿心肌组织进行了原位杂交，以检测柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒ＲＮＡ。结果１３例慢型克山病中有９例呈现阳性杂交信号，阳性率达６９．２％，两对照组均为阴性。表明黑龙江慢型克山病心肌组织中有柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒ＲＮＡ的存在，     

用原位核酸杂交法探讨柯萨奇B组病毒与云南慢型克山病的关系

为了探讨柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒感染与云南慢型克山病的关系，本文用缺口平移法制备生物素标记的柯萨奇Ｂ３病毒的ｃＤＮＡ探针与云南慢型克山病尸检心肌组织１５例及脑外伤等非正常死亡的尸检心肌组织１０例石腊切片及引产胎儿心肌组织１０例的石腊切片进行原位杂交。结果云南慢克１６例中有１１例出现阳性杂交信号，即有柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒（ＣＶＢ）ＲＮＡ存在，阳性率达７３．３％。脑外伤等非正常死亡的心肌及胎心均为阴性。提示云南慢型克     

用原位核酸杂交法探讨柯萨奇病毒与克山病的关系

为进一步探讨柯萨奇病毒与克山病的关系，采用柯萨奇Ｂ３病毒（ＣＶＢ３）制备的ｃＤＮＡ探针与黑龙江、山东、云南三省病区克山病尸检心肌组织及胎儿克山病心肌组织的石蜡切片进行了原位核酸杂交，并用脑外伤、ＣＯ中毒等意外死亡健康成人及冠心病、风心病尸检心肌组织和病区、非病区７～８个月引产胎儿心肌组织的石蜡包埋切片作为对照。结果急型克山病８／１３、慢型克山病３４／５０、亚急型克山病２２／２９呈现阳性杂交信号，提示有柯萨奇病毒ＲＮＡ的存在，冠心病２／１５、风心病１／１５、显著低于克山病，而健康成人对照组均为阴性，胎儿克山病一例呈阳性反应，病区引产胎儿心肌组织１０例中有２例也检出柯萨奇病毒ＲＮＡ，而非病区胎心则为阴性。结果提示在一些克山病的发生和发展过程与柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒的感染高度相关。     

柯萨奇B_4病毒感染与克山病及其病区病毒性心肌炎

目的　探讨柯萨奇 B4病毒与克山病及其病区病毒性心肌炎的关系。方法　采用寡核苷酸探针的原位核酸杂交方法 ,结合病理学观察 ,对比研究克山病与病毒性心肌炎的异同。结果　克山病与病毒性心肌炎各自具有特征性的病理学改变 ;发病区 88.89%的病毒性心肌炎出现阳性杂交信号 ,而且几乎每例的所有心肌细胞均见阳性杂交信号 ;95 .2 4%的亚急型克山病出现阳性杂交信号 ,且半数以上的标本几乎所有的心肌细胞内出现阳性杂交信号 ;阳性信号在病毒性心肌炎和亚急型克山病的心肌细胞内的分布及阳性信号颗粒的形态并无明显区别。结论　柯萨奇 B4病毒与克山病及其病区病毒性心肌炎密切相关 ,其不同的病变特征可能是由于组成病因网的诸因素发生变动所致     

用原位核酸杂交法探讨慢型克山病与柯萨奇B组病毒的关系

为探讨山东慢型克山病与柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒的关系，用缺口平移法制备生物素标记ＣｏｘＢ３病毒的ｃＤＮＡ探针与慢型克山病１４例尸检心肌组织及１０例脑外伤，ＣＯ中毒等意外死亡的正常成人心肌组织及１０例非病区７￣８个月引产胎儿的心肌组织切片进行原位杂交，１４例慢克中有９例检测到柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒的ＫＮＡ，阳性率达６４％，而对照组均为阴性。提示柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒感染可能是山东慢型克山病发病因素之一。     

Mechanisms of disease: the adrenocorticotropin receptor and disease

The action of the peptide hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) to stimulate glucocorticoid production by the adrenal gland is an essential physiologic process, yet is dependent on a single unique genetic component--the ACTH receptor or melanocortin 2 receptor. Genetic defects that cause abnormalities in this receptor or in a protein required for its expression at the cell surface result in a potentially fatal disease (familial glucocorticoid deficiency). Overexpression of this receptor or inability to desensitize it is found in adrenal adenomas or hyperplasia associated with glucocorticoid overproduction (Cushing syndrome). These disorders are uncommon, but there are considerable data to show that the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is overactive, or in some circumstances underactive, in more common situations including depressive illness and septic shock. The origin of these latter disturbances is undoubtedly complex and multifactorial, but there is good evidence that a component of this phenomenon is an altered responsiveness of the ACTH receptor to ACTH. Understanding the basis of ACTH responsiveness might, therefore, contribute to the understanding of disorders such as these and perhaps enable the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to be manipulated beneficially in these circumstances.     

Mechanisms of disease: the developmental origins of disease and the role of the epigenotype

There is accumulating evidence that many chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease might originate during early life. This evidence gives rise to the developmental origins of disease hypothesis, and is supported by epidemiological data in humans and experimental animal models. A perturbed environment in early life is thought to elicit a range of physiological and cellular adaptive responses in key organ systems. These adaptive changes result in permanent alterations and might lead to pathology in later life. Aging organs and cells seem therefore to retain a 'memory' of their fetal history and adaptive responses. The mechanisms underlying the developmental origins of disease remain poorly defined. Epigenetic tagging of genes, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, controls the function of the genome at different levels and maintains cellular memory after many cellular divisions; importantly, tagging can be modulated by the environment and is involved in onset of diseases such as cancer. Here we review the evidence for the developmental origins of disease and discuss the role of the epigenotype as a contributing mechanism. Environmentally induced changes in the epigenotype might be key primary events in the developmental origins of disease, with important clinical implications.     

Fabry disease: raising awareness of the disease among physicians

Fabry disease is an X-linked inherited lysosomal disorder due to dysfunctions of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A, causing insufficient breakdown of glycolipids, which are stored in the eyes, kidneys, autonomic nervous system, skin, vessels and cardiovascular system. Manifestations of Fabry disease include progressive renal and cardiac insufficiency, neuropathic pain, stroke and cerebral disease, skin and gastrointestinal symptoms. Clinical onset usually occurs in childhood, but many severe patients are diagnosed in adulthood. Females may be severely affected as males and both may die prematurely due to stroke, heart disease and renal failure. Enzyme replacement therapy can stabilize or reduce the progression of the disease. There is a need to improve the knowledge of Fabry disease, as an early therapy may prevent complications of the disease. This brief overview aims to raise awareness of the signs and symptoms of Fabry disease and to summarize the effects of treatments.     

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and the risk of cardiovascular disease

BackgroundWith the gradual adoption of new metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) definitions in clinical practice, the relationship between MAFLD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains unclear. Similarly, clinical differences between MAFLD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the relationship between MAFLD and CVD risk are unclear.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study using the 1988–1994 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES III) database, including 11,673 individuals. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to test relationships between MAFLD and the 10-year CVD risk.ResultsMAFLD was more significant than NAFLD in medium/high 10-year CVD risk (according to Framingham risk score) (1064 (29.92%) vs. 1022 (26.37%), P < 0.005). MAFLD patients were stratified according to NAFLD fibrosis scores (NFS's). In univariate regression analysis, when compared with non-MAFLD patients, unadjusted-OR values for MAFLD with different liver fibrosis stages, which were tiered by NFS (NFS < -1.455,-1.455 ≤ NFS < 0.676, and NFS ≥ 0.676) in the medium 10-year CVD risk (according to Framingham scores) were 1.175 (95% CI 1.030–1.341), 3.961 (3.449–4.549), and 5.477 (4.100–7.315), and the unadjusted or values of different MAFLD groups in the high 10-year CVD risk were 1.407 (95% CI 1.080–1.833), 5.725 (4.500–7.284), and 5.330 (3.132–9.068). Then, after adjusting for age, sex, race, alcohol consumption, and smoking, or adjusting for age, race, alcohol consumption, smoking, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and other confounding factors, the incidence of medium and high 10-year CVD risk was statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsWe showed that patients with MAFLD had a higher 10-year CVD risk when compared with patients with NAFLD. Increased MAFLD hepatic fibrosis scores were associated with a 10-year CVD risk.     

Aspects of the epidemiology of diverticular disease and ischemic heart disease

Diverticular disease (DD) of the colon is common in populations where the intake of cereal fiber in the diet has been reduced dramatically for several decades. Also it has been shown that the addition of fiber in the form of wheat bran relieves the symptoms of the uncomplicated forms of the disease. Both diverticular and ischemic heart disease (IHD) have become major problems of the industrial nations of the Western world in this dentury. Consequently, it has been suggested that a deficiency of dietary fiber may play a part in the causation of IHD. The historical emergence and the geopraphical distribution of both DD and IHD are discussed and are shown to support this contention. New data regarding their prevalence in rural Africa and Asia have been obtained from over 170 hosptals, together with details of the radiological incidence of diverticulosis in India and South Africa. Admittedly the incidence of both diseases is known in very few countries with any degree of accuracy, but it is still crystal clear that DD and IHD appeared on the clinical scene together and that they are very closely associated geographically. Frequently they are found together in the same patient. This paper proposes that fiber deficiency may help to cause not only diverticulosis but also IHD.     

Lyme disease and the Lyme disease vaccines.

Both OspA vaccines, with or without adjuvant, are effective and safe. People must receive repeated doses of the vaccine, however, to receive effective protection. If the vaccines are to be part of a Lyme disease prevention strategy, doctors and patients must pay attention to booster shot timing. Maximum public health benefit can be achieved only if the Lyme disease vaccines are integrated into broad individual and community-based efforts to prevent Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases. Only people at significant risk of contracting Lyme disease should consider vaccination, and vaccination should merely complement--not replace--personal precautions for avoiding tick bites.