道德量表的初步编制

目的通过对道德概念的内涵及道德行为应包含的具体内容,编制1个用于测量道德外显行为水平的道德量袁。方法首先采用开放式问卷方法获取道德问卷的项目,然后编制了包含“爱心和尊重”、“公平正义”、“文明礼让”、“理性和责任”、“诚实守信”5个维度的初步道德自评量表。结果通过因素分析法对566名被试进行测试,发现总量表的α系数为0．846,5个维度的α系数介于0．570～0．804之间。结论道德行为测量量表具有良好的信度争效度,可以初步作为测量个体道德水平的工具。     

小学生应激性生活事件量表的编制

目的:编制小学生应激性生活事件量表并检验其效度和信度。方法:通过对小学生、家长及教师的开放式问卷调查和查阅文献,编制小学生应激性生活事件量表(SSLEPSS)。选取重庆市1所小学的学生386人进行预测,对初始量表进行条目筛选及探索性因子分析;在另外4所小学选取小学生1419人进行正式施测,对正式量表进行验证性因子分析及信度检验;采用中小学生心理健康量表(MHT)进行效标效度检验;两周后从中选取小学生99人进行重测。结果:SSLEPSS包含30个条目,分为5个维度,因子负荷在0.43~0.77之间,可解释总变异的51.14%;验证性因子分析结果显示因素模型拟合良好(χ~2/df=4.00,GFI=0.93,AGFI=0.91,CFI=0.85,IFI=0.86,RM SEA=0.05);除SSLEPSS师生关系维度得分与MHT自责倾向分量表得分的相关无统计学意义外,SSLEPSS总分及各维度得分与MHT总分及各分量表得分均呈正相关(r=0.24~0.57,均P0.01)。总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.89,各维度的Cronbachα系数为0.60~0.78;总量表重测信度(ICC)为0.81,各维度的重测信度为0.63~0.74。结论:小学生应激性生活事件量表有较好的效度和信度,能够作为测量小学生心理应激水平的工具。     

教养非理性信念量表的初步编制

目的:编制适合我国小学生父母群体的教养非理性信念量表(PIBS),并检验其效度和信度。方法:编制条目,选取307名小学生父母进行条目分析和探索性因子分析; 500名小学生父母进行验证性因子分析、效标效度检验和内部一致性信度检验,随机选取其中150名进行3周后重测。使用中文版功能失调性态度量表(DAS-A)作为效标效度检验工具。结果:量表共27个条目,分为糟糕至极、绝对化、价值认可、过度推断、自我贬低5个因子,各条目因子负荷在0.51～0.81之间,5因子可解释的总变异量为58.76%;验证性因子分析显示二阶5因子模型拟合程度较好(χ~2/df=3.23,AGFI=0.83,CFI=0.88,IFI=0.88,RM SEA=0.07);量表总分及各因子得分与DAS-A得分均呈正相关(r=0.49～0.72,均P <0.01)。总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.93,5个因子的α系数为0.76～0.87;总量表的重测信度为0.89,5个因子的重测信度为0.75～0.88。结论:本研究编制的教养非理性信念量表测评小学生父母显示较好的效度和信度。     

三维完美主义量表的编制和信效度检验

目的 根据Hewitt的理论编制三维完美主义量表,检验其信度、效度.方法 174名大学生回答新编项目,采用探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析确定量表结构与项目保留,选用内部一致性系数检验量表的信度.结果 因素分析表明因素结构与量表编制的理论构想一致,最后确定量表为3个维度、25项,各维度及总量表的α值在0.67～0.83之间.结论 三维完美主义量表具有很好的项目区分度、信度、效度.     

成年人智能手机成瘾量表的初步编制

目的:编制成年人智能手机成瘾量表,并对其进行信效度检验。方法:通过开放式问卷调查和深度访谈收集原始项目,采用内容分析法整理归纳得到初始条目47条,样本1(n=851)用于项目分析及探索性因素分析,样本2(n=1004)用于验证性因素分析及信度检验。在样本2中随机选取89名被试于4周后进行重测。结果:智能手机成瘾量表最后保留26个条目,归纳为App使用、App更新、戒断反应、突显性、社会功能受损、生理不适6个因子,累积解释总方差的58.43%;具有良好的结构效度(χ~2/df=2.13,RMSEA=0.043,CFI=0.94,IFI=0.94,GFI=0.94)。总量表的α系数为0.909,6个维度的α系数为0.706~0.820;总量表的重测信度系数为0.931,6个维度的重测信度系数为0.743~0.850。结论:本研究编制的量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以用来测量成年人的智能手机成瘾情况。     

父母对大学生生涯发展期望量表的编制

目的:编制适合中国国情的父母对大学生生涯发展期望的量表。方法:在文献分析的基础上,通过开放式问卷调查和专家评定的方法形成87个题目的初始量表,然后采用项目分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析的方法确定量表结构。结果:父母对大学生生涯发展期望量表由30个项目构成,包含4个维度。验证性因素分析表明,量表有良好的结构效度(χ2/df=2.61,NNFI=0.94,CFI=0.95,RMSEA=0.079);总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.93,各维度的α系数在0.85~0.90之间。结论:父母对大学生生涯发展期望量表具有良好的信度和效度,可用于进一步研究。     

大学生集体自尊量表的修订

目的修订适合中国大学生的集体自尊量袁。方法对420名大学生进行集体自尊量表的施测,然后进行项目区分度、量表信度、效度的检验。结果集体自尊量表项目区分度良好;总量表和分量表的克隆巴赫一致性系数在在0．69～0．84之间;因素分析结果表明,量表的4个维度可解释总方差的56．89％,各维度因子载荷在0．431～0．758之间．结构效度良好。结论集体自尊量表有较好信度和效度,适合于调查中国大学生的集体自尊情况。     

中学生心理韧性问卷结构与编制

目的:通过查阅相关文献、开放式问卷调查(n=102)和半结构式访谈(n=22)编制初始问卷。方法:选取1973名中学生进行探索性因素分析,选取1932名中学生进行验证性因素分析以及信度与效度检验;2个月后抽取168人进行重新测试。结果:1探索性因素分析表明,量表的结构维度包括自我效能感、目标与控制、问题解决、社会交往与乐观5个因子,能解释总方差的53.802%;2验证性因素分析表明5因素与构想模型拟合较好;3量表得分与抑郁焦虑得分呈显著负相关,总量表的α系数为0.920,各分量表的α系数在0.718~0.839之间;总量表的重测信度为0.883,各分量表的重测信度在0.717~0.838之间。结论:本研究编制的中学生心理韧性量表的信度和效度符合心理测量学要求,可以作为测量中学生心理韧性的有效工具。     

早期父子关系量表中文版的信效度检验

目的：考察父子关系量表中文版的信度和效度。方法：对400名幼儿的父亲进行了父子关系量表的测查，并间隔一个月进行重测，还对106名幼儿进行了9个月的追踪测查。结果：验证性因素分析显示数据与测量模型的拟合程度较好；以儿童行为问题和社会能力为效标的效标关联效度检验表明，总量表及亲密性、冲突性维度与儿童当时及9个月后的行为问题、社会能力均普遍存在显著相关；信度检验也发现，总量表的克伦巴赫α系数为0．71，重测信度系数为0．68（P〈0．001）。结论：本研究修订的父子关系量表总量表具有较好的信、效度。     

同性恋态度量表的构建及其信度、效度检验

目的:构建适合中国社会文化背景的同性恋态度量表并检验其信效度。方法:根据同性恋态度相关研究的性别差异以及态度的三维模型,从男、女两个层面,认知、情感、行为三个维度来构建同性恋态度量表;整群选取长沙某大学学生353名进行测试,通过4种条目筛选方法进行条目筛选。应用新编制的同性恋态度量表在404名大学生以及533名社区居民中进行了信度和效度检验。对其中193名学生,在初测10天后进行了重测。结果:同性恋态度量表共20个条目;该量表10天后重测信度为0.959,Cronbach’sα系数为0.898,分半信度为0.912。因子分析提取3个公因子,包括道德评判、情感反应以及社会交往。结论:同性恋态度量表信度和效度可接受,可用于同性恋态度研究。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.