高级动态血流成像探测糖尿病患者胰十二指肠上前动脉

目的:了解正常人胰十二指肠上前动脉的多普勒参数及频谱形态特点;探讨糖尿病(DM)患者胰十二指肠上前动脉的多普勒参数及频谱形态变化.材料和方法:应用二维超声(2D-US)、彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)、彩色多普勒能量图(CDE)、脉冲多普勒(PW)和高级动态血流成像(ADF)探测101例(糖尿病组22例,正常老年组31例,正常成年组48例)胰十二指肠上前动脉、颈动脉、肾动脉,获得多普勒参数,进行组间对比分析.结果:胰十二指肠上前动脉总显示构成比为93.1%.糖尿病组较正常老年组胰十二指肠上前动脉阻力指数(RI)、收缩期最大血流速度(PSV)增高(P＜0.01);各级肾动脉舒张期末期血流速度(EDV)降低;RI增高(P＜0.01);颈总动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)增厚,斑块发生构成比增高(P＜0.01).结论:伴随着全身血管病变,糖尿病患者可出现胰十二指肠上前动脉多普勒参数的变化;ADF对胰腺动脉有较高显示率,能敏感地反映糖尿病胰腺动脉多普勒参数改变,有望成为糖尿病血管病变研究的新方法.     

彩色多普勒和磁共振对健康人颅内动脉影像学的比较研究

目的通过彩色多普勒和磁共振血管成像对健康人颅内动脉的检测,初步确定其操作规范及衡量标准。方法正常人200例,按照检查方法分为彩色多普勒血流显像(ColourDopplerFlowImaging,CDFI)组及磁共振血管成像(MagneticReso-nanceAngiography,MRA)组。CDFI组观察大脑中动脉(MiddleCerebralArtery,MCA)、椎动脉(VertebralArtery,VA)各段的血流动力学改变和相应点的血流束内径。MRA组检测相应血管对应部位的血管内径。结果同一条血管不同位置的血流速率有差异(P<0.05);同名血管相应位置的血流速率左侧略高于右侧,女组高于男组,但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。按年龄分组,相邻组间无显著性差异,相隔组间有显著性差异。CDFI所测血流束内径较MRA所测血管内径值偏高,且P<0.05,差异有显著性。结论a)应用CDFI能显示MCA,VA走行,可检测血管的血流动力学的改变。b)要提高临床脑血管疾病诊断的准确性,必须有规范的临床操作和可靠的检测指标。c)对血管内径的测量MRA更佳。     

乳腺癌的彩超诊断价值

目的:探讨乳腺癌的彩超声像图和彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)表现,评价其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析63例乳腺癌声像图资料,就其二维超声图像的特点进行分析,并对其中45例经多普勒能量图检测的病例的多普勒信号和指标进行总结。结果:高频超声的二维图像能显示乳腺癌肿块的内部呈低回声,境界不清,边缘呈多角形或蟹足样,回声衰减,纵/横比率(L/T)>1,钙化灶出现等。CDFI显示出肿块内部丰富血流,测定其动脉血流峰速大于12cm/s。结论:综合分析声像图和CDFI表现对乳腺癌的诊断具有重要价值。     

多普勒超声诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(RAL)中的应用价值.材料和方法应用二维超声、彩色多普勒血流图(CDFI)、彩色能量多普勒血流图(PDI),结合脉冲多普勒频谱对25例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤进行研究.结果CDFI对RAL内血流显示率36%,PDI对RAL血流显示率92%.RAL血流呈低速高阻型.阻力指数(RI)＞0.6(91.3%),动脉峰速55cm/s(86.96%).结论CDFI、PDI对RAL的诊断有重要价值.     

MSCT颈部血管成像在颈动脉体瘤诊治中的价值

目的:探讨MSCT颈部血管成像在颈动脉体瘤诊断中的价值.方法:对9例颈动脉体瘤患者行MSCT颈部CTA扫描,利用工作站对颈部血管及肿瘤血管进行重组,并对疾病进行诊断.所有患者同时行彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)检查,2种检查方法在3 d内完成.所有患者均经手术或数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实.结果:9例患者MSCT共发现肿瘤10个,1例为双侧发病,最大者11.6 cm×12 cm,最小者为1.7 cm×1.6 cm.MSCT均诊断为颈动脉体瘤,并可清晰显示肿瘤血管及肿瘤与邻近血管的关系.CDFI诊断颈动脉体瘤8例,1例诊断为神经纤维瘤,6例CDFI能显示肿瘤与邻近血管的关系.与手术及DSA结果对照,MSCT诊断准确率为100%,其显示的肿瘤血管及肿瘤与邻近血管的关系与DSA及手术所见相符合,CDFI诊断准确性为88.89%,但其不能立体、直观地显示肿瘤血管.结论:MSCT颈部血管成像不但能准确地诊断颈动脉体瘤,立体、直观地显示肿瘤血管,同时还能清晰地显示肿瘤与邻近血管的关系,为手术提供可靠的信息,是颈动脉体瘤首选的检查方法之一.     

高频彩色多普勒超声在乳腺肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒超声对鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块的应用价值。方法对86例经手术病理确诊的乳腺疾病患者（56例良性,30例恶性）进行术前彩超检查,对比性分析了两组间高频声像图、彩色多普勒血流成像（CDFI）、病灶内血流Adler分级、阻力指数（RI）、峰值流速（PSV）的差异。结果乳腺良恶性肿块声像图鉴别以肿块边界及形态特征最重要,彩色多普勒显示乳腺癌内的血流较良性肿块明显丰富（P〈0．05）,乳腺癌的血管分布异常、频谱多普勒示肿块内动脉血流PSV、RI也是显著高于良性肿块且有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论综合分析和评价血流Adler分级及频谱多普勒各项血流动力学参数（PSV,RI）指标,有助于对乳腺良恶性肿块的鉴别。     

彩色多普勒超声和二维超声诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤

目的:评价彩色多普勒超声和二维超声在诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(RAL)中的应用价值。方法:应用二维超声、彩色多普勒血流图(CDFI),检测26例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤。结果:二维超声显示26例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,分四型,高回声型,低回声型,无回声型,混合回声型,20个肿瘤彩色多普勒血流图其内可显示血流信号,6个肿瘤其内未显示血流信号。结论:彩色多普勒超声有助于对RAL的诊断。     

彩色多普勒血流成像在检测子宫动脉栓塞术前后卵巢血流变化中的应用

目的 应用彩色多普勒血流成像技术(CDFI)从血液动力学水平了解子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)对卵巢血供的影响.资料与方法 32例妇科良性疾病患者子宫动脉栓塞术前及术后1周、术后1个月和术后3个月分别用彩色多普勒血流成像技术测量子宫及卵巢动脉的血流变化参数,包括收缩期血流速度峰值(PSV)、舒张期末血流速度(EDV)及阻力指数(RI).结果 32例患者手术成功率为100％,术后所有患者临床症状均得到改善;栓塞前后卵巢动脉PSV、EDV及RI比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);栓塞前后子宫动脉PSV、EDV及RI比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 子宫动脉栓塞术治疗妇科良性疾病是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,彩色多普勒血流成像技术可作为妇科良性疾病手术前后的检测方法,用来评价子宫动脉栓塞术的临床疗效.     

彩色多普勒超声对活体移植肾检查的临床应用

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声监测活体移植肾(living renal transplantation,LRT)形态结构和动脉血流动力学变化的临床应用价值.方法:应用彩色多普勒血流显像(color Doppler flow imaging,CDFI),彩色多普勒能量图(color Doppler energy,CDE),二维超声图像(two - dimensional ultrasonography,2D),脉冲多普勒(pulsed wave Doppler,PW)超声技术,对78例活体肾移植术后连续动态观察:移植肾形态、内部结构及大小,观察肾内血流分布,灌注充盈情况,检测分析血流各项参数,峰值血流速度(Vmax)、舒末血流速度(Vmin)、阻力指数(RI)及搏动指数(PI),收缩期、舒张期血流速度比值等.结合临床及实验室检查,将患者分组为:移植肾正常组、急性排斥反应(acute rejection,AR)组和肾功能延迟恢复(delayed graft function,DGF)组,进行图像结构和血流参数对比分析.结果:移植肾正常组,2D图像显示基本正常,CDFI肾内各级血管树血流灌注良好,血流速度、RI均值在正常范围;AR组,2D图像移植肾横径增大,皮质增厚,锥体增大,血流明显减少,点条状血管树分布稀疏,收缩期单峰及舒末无血流信号,或可见反向血流频谱,RI值＞0.83;DGF组:2D图像与AR组大致相同,彩色多普勒超声检查血流信号丰富,充盈灌注较好,RI指数略高.结论:CDFI对亲属活体肾移植结构大小和肾内各级血管参数监测分析,对早期诊断、鉴别急性排斥反应与肾功能延迟恢复具有重要临床价值.     

原发性肝癌动脉栓塞术后螺旋CT和彩色多普勒超声比较和评价

目的讨论原发性肝癌经导管动脉栓塞术(TACE)后行螺旋CT和彩色多普勒超声评价的意义和必要性。方法68例原发性肝癌患者,经导管动脉栓塞术前和术后4周行螺旋CT平扫、增强扫描和(或)彩色多普勒超声检查,重点观察瘤体大小、坏死或复发、碘油沉积程度及血流动力学变化等与临床生存期密切相关的因素。比较术前、术后影像指标,分析两种检查方法,并评价影像学检查对临床的指导意义。结果两组68例肝癌病例共发现139个瘤体,术后瘤体有不同程度缩小、坏死,8个肝内转移灶,27个瘤灶碘油完全沉积,有14个瘤灶几乎无碘油充填。在判断肿瘤内碘油沉积类型上,两组检查方法有统计学差异,CT优于超声学检查。CT检查通过三期动态增强扫描间接了解TACE术后肿瘤血供,而彩色多普勒超声可直接观测肝脏、肿瘤内部和周边的血流动力学变化。结论TACE是治疗原发性肝癌的有效方法。TACE术前、术后有必要进行螺旋CT和(或)彩色多普勒超声检查,观察影像学变化,为下一步制订最佳治疗方案提供重要依据。     

The performance of color deficient individuals on airfield color tasks

BACKGROUND: The pseudo-isochromatic plate (PIP) test (e.g., Ishihara test) is the clinical test commonly used to assess color vision. Upon failure of this test, candidates are typically reassessed using the Farnsworth Lantern (FALANT) test to determine their fitness for occupations which require normal color vision. We were interested in determining to what extent clinical tests can predict real life color naming performance, particularly in the context of "airside drivers" (any airport vehicle operators who drive on the airfield). METHODS: There were 24 male subjects with a color vision deficiency, as defined by the Ishihara test, who participated in this study. They were further assessed using the D-15 and lantern color vision tests. All subjects then participated in two separate color naming tasks. These tasks consisted of naming surface colors and colored-lights of the type used on the airfield of the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA). RESULTS: Of the 24 subjects, 15 failed both D-15 and the FALANT tests. Out of these 15 subjects, 8 also failed the naming tasks. The FALANT test showed very good agreement (87.5%) with the Ishihara test. Similar to the Ishihara, FALANT tests had 100% sensitivity in identifying the subjects who failed the naming tasks. The agreement between the Ishihara and D-15 tests was 62.5%. DISCUSSION: In common with previous studies, our results show that clinical tests cannot predict accurately who will fail color naming tasks of the type normally encountered in the real-life work environment. The high false positive values of the clinical tests in relation to color naming tasks suggest that people with color deficiency may not be given a fair opportunity to demonstrate their true ability in performing the task.     

Perivascular color artifact: pathologic significance and appearance on color Doppler US images

A distinctive type of artifactual extravascular assignment of color was identified in 49 color Doppler ultrasound (US) examinations in 43 patients. This artifact appeared as a random localized mixture of red and blue assigned to perivascular soft tissues; the artifact varied with the cardiac cycle, being most prominent in systole and absent or less prominent in diastole. The artifact was seen in 26 patients (32 examinations) at an anastomotic site or stenotic lesion associated with surgically created arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. It was also observed in ten patients with accidental iatrogenic arteriovenous fistulas (renal transplant [n = 6], femoral artery [n = 3], and iliac artery [n = 1]), five with stenotic arteries not associated with arteriovenous fistulas, and two with arterial aneurysms. The authors believe this artifact reflects perivascular tissue vibration caused by turbulent intravascular blood flow. If properly recognized and accurately interpreted, the artifact can be a valuable color Doppler US sign of underlying vascular abnormality.     

Aviation-relevent epidemiology of color vision deficiency

INTRODUCTION: The Colour Vision Study Group of Transport Canada undertook a prevalence review to ascertain the degree and type of color vision deficiency (CVD) common in different populations. This was performed as a first step toward establishing whether a bone fide occupational requirement for color vision in aviation can be determined. LITERATURE SEARCH: Peer-reviewed articles with large populations and appropriate methodology for measuring CVD were assessed. Those pertaining to congenital CVD were cross-sectional prevalence studies with greater than 100 subjects assessed with a combination of pseudoisochromatic plates (PIPs) and Farnsworth D15 and/or an anomaloscope. Of 162 papers reviewed, 36 met these criteria for inclusion in the congenital CVD section. Acquired CVD papers were included based on the quality of color vision tests employed. CONGENITAL CVD: Data on congenital and acquired CVD are presented separately in parts 1 and 2. Part 1 demonstrates that although the prevalence numbers for North American and European populations are consistent with those reported in reference texts, congenital CVD is actually less prevalent in Asian, African, and Native populations. Therefore, the reported overall 8% prevalence of CVD in men applies only to Euro-Caucasians and is significantly lower in other racial groups. Possible evolutionary implications of dichromatism in humans are explored. ACQUIRED CVD: In this section the current understanding of acquired color vision deficiency, with an estimated prevalence ranging from 5 to 15% (51,95), is reviewed. Acquired CVD is frequently associated with significant impairment of visual acuity and/or visual field. However, many ocular diseases and drugs do primarily affect color vision, independent of other visual function, and one must remain vigilant to their presence. CONCLUSION: Congenital CVD is present in a consequential percentage of men, but considerable variability exists in different populations (2-8%). Acquired CVD may elude detection, but if severe is also associated with loss of visual acuity and/or visual field. Senescence remains the most common and increasingly prevalent cause for acquired CVD.     

彩色多普勒及多普勒能量图对不全流产的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒（color doppler flow imaging,CDFI）及多普勒能量图（color doppler energy,CDE）对不全流产的诊断价值。方法 120例早孕流产伴不规则阴道流血患者,均经二维超声、CDFI及CDE检查,脉冲多普勒（pulsedwave,PW）测量宫内残留物的血流频谱及参数。患者均行清宫术,刮出物送病理检查。结果 71例患者宫腔残留物CDFI显示血流信号,89例病灶CDE显示血流信号,病理证实均可见残留的绒毛组织;31例宫腔残留物CDFI、CDE未探及明确血流信号,刮出物为组织碎片及陈旧性血块。结论 CDFI、CDE具有无创、经济的优点,是诊断不全流产首选检查方法。