自身免疫性肝炎的诊断和治疗

自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)是一种累及肝脏实质的特发性疾病.临床上,AIH以高血清转氨酶、高γ-球蛋白/Ig、高滴度自身抗体和肝组织学上以界面性肝炎(interface hepatitis)为特点,但需排除其他原因所致慢性肝病的可能.该病一般对糖皮质激素治疗应答良好.基于血清免疫学发现,AIH可分为二型:Ⅰ型AIH是最常见的疾病类型,与抗核抗体(ANA)和/或平滑肌抗体(SMA)、抗肌动蛋白抗体、非典型P-ANCA及抗可溶性肝抗原/肝胰抗体(抗SLA/LP)等有关;Ⅱ型AIH主要发生于儿童,以抗肝/肾微粒抗体1型(抗LKM -1)和抗肝细胞溶质-1抗体(抗LC-1)为主.大约有10％的患者血清自身抗体可呈阴性.按基因型可分为HLADR3( DRBI^0301)、HLA -B8和HLA - DR4CDRBI^0401,0405)等类.在存在相应的组织学改变的基础上,AIH的诊断还需结合临床和生化特点、血清自身抗体和免疫球蛋白水平.     

自身免疫性肝炎的特异性T淋巴细胞免疫

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是一种器官特异性自身免疫性疾病,以肝组织内T淋巴细胞浸润、高Y球蛋白血症、血清自身抗体阳性、具有人类白细胞抗原(HLA)遗传背景、常伴发其他自身免疫性疾病和对免疫抑制治疗有效为特征[1].自身免疫反应介导的肝细胞损伤是AIH发病机制之一,且遗传因素也参与了AIH的发病,而在AIH免疫发病机制方面,自身反应性T淋巴细胞,尤其是AIH靶抗原特异性T淋巴细胞起至关重要的作用,但具体机制尚未阐明. 一、AIH特异性靶抗原的认识 自身抗原是自身抗体和自身反应性T淋巴细胞作用的靶点,是自身免疫反应的基础.自身抗原必须满足4个条件:(1)必须存在一个相应的高滴度器官特异性自身抗体;(2)需证实T淋巴细胞对相对应的抗原致敏;(3)存在疾病特异性的B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞表位;(4)需有抗体和(或)自身反应性T淋巴细胞致病的证据.     

自身免疫性肝炎的临床诊治

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是由异常自身免疫反应介导的肝实质炎症性病变,以高丙种球蛋白血症、血清自身抗体阳性和对免疫抑制治疗应答为特点[1].在环境因素、免疫耐受失衡和遗传易感状态的共同作用下,机体出现T淋巴细胞介导的针对肝抗原的异常免疫攻击,进而导致肝内进行性炎症坏死和纤维化过程.     

自身免疫性肝炎发病机制进展与临床干预新靶点

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是一种以肝细胞受损为主的免疫介导性肝病，以高免疫球蛋白G血症及自身抗体阳性为特征，组织学可见汇管区大量淋巴-浆细胞浸润所致的界面性肝炎。AIH发病机制尚未完全阐明，目前主要以糖皮质激素联合硫唑嘌呤进行非特异性免疫抑制治疗，多数患者应答良好。但在药物减量过程中以及停药后容易出现反跳或复发，故而大多数患者需长期维持治疗。本文就AIH发病机制进展及临床干预的潜在新靶点进行简要综述，以期为临床转化研究提供参考。     

自身免疫性肝病43例临床分析

目的比较自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）与原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）的临床及实验室检查特点,以利于临床早期诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对26例AIH患者、17例PBC患者的临床和实验室检查资料进行回顾性分析。结果 AIH与PBC多发于中年女性,AIH患者肝功能异常以转氨酶增高为主,PBC以总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶升高为特点,AIH中可出现多种自身抗体异常,以抗核抗体为主,而PBC患者以抗线粒体抗体及其分型M2异常为主。结论 AIH及PBC的诊断可结合临床、生化、自身抗体检查的结果,其中自身抗体的检测尤为重要。     

自身免疫性肝炎不典型发作1例报告

<正>自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)是一种免疫介导的慢性炎症性肝病,其特点是血清转氨酶和免疫球蛋白Ig G升高、血清自身抗体阳性以及特征性组织学异常^[1]。AIH也是一种相对罕见,并在临床表现、实验室检查和肝组织病理学表现方面存在很大异质性的疾病^[2-3]。AIH的发病率近年来有上升趋势,目前已经建立其临床诊断标准,但部分AIH发作时的表现不典型,10%～15%的患者在AIH急性发作时已知的自身抗体检测为阴性,但在疾病发展过程中出现自身抗体的阳性,自身抗体的存在并不是诊断AIH的先决条件[4]。部分AIH发作时不典型,早期难以诊断,易漏诊和误诊。     

自身免疫性肝炎与药物性肝损伤:鉴别诊断和处理

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是由异常自身免疫反应介导的肝实质炎症性病变,多发于女性,以高丙种球蛋白血症、血清自身抗体阳性和对免疫抑制剂治疗应答为特点.药物性肝损伤(drug-induced liverinjury,DILI)是与用药相关的肝功能损伤,同样多见于女性,有时可出现自身抗体阳性,严重病例需免疫抑制剂治疗.两者究竟存在怎样的关系,如何在初诊时予以鉴别和适当治疗是临床医生需要重视的问题. 一、AIH和DILI的关系 在临床工作中存在这样的现象:DILI患者恢复后再次使用相同或相似的药物可出现AIH样表现.Lucena等[1]从西班牙药物性肝损中心选取9例两次出现DILI的患者(9/742),其中8例第二次肝损伤的类型和第一次相同(肝细胞型为主),4例患者两次肝损伤前后使用药物的结构相似,2例作用靶点相似.     

造血干细胞移植后新发自身免疫性肝炎临床特点诊断与治疗

异基因造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, HSCT) 后可出现各种自身免疫性疾病,但新发 自身免疫性肝炎(de novo autoimmune hepatitis,de novo AIH) 较为罕见。De novo AIH 在成年患者中男性多于女性, 儿童患者中男女各仅有1 例报道,移植至发病间隔为135 d 至2 年不等,移植前基础病包括急慢性白血病、淋巴瘤、 骨髓增生异常综合征和代谢性疾病等。De novo AIH 无特异性症状或体征,主要临床表现为以转氨酶升高为主、伴 或不伴黄疸的肝脏生化异常、免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G, IgG) 升高、多种自身抗体阳性,组织学特点为汇管区 淋巴浆细胞浸润、界面性肝炎、肝细胞坏死、纤维化等,对激素和硫唑嘌呤反应良好, 但有复发倾向。     

自身免疫性肝炎相关自身抗体及临床意义

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是一种靶向肝细胞、自身免疫反应介导的肝脏实质炎症,以血清中存在自身抗体及高IgG和(或)高γ-球蛋白血症为特征。大多数AIH患者血清中存在一种或多种自身抗体,这些自身抗体是AIH的重要特征和诊断的重要依据,部分自身抗体还与AIH的不同临床表现、疾病活动、治疗应答以及预后相关。对AIH相关自身抗体及其临床意义进行了探讨。     

自身免疫肝病抗体谱检测的临床意义

目的通过自身免疫肝病抗体谱的检测,为临床对自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）的诊断及治疗提供一项科学依据。方法采用线性免疫（Liver-lia）分析法对肝功能异常患者进行血清自身免疫肝病抗体谱检测。结果本研究共检测955例患者,其中有一项或多项自身抗体阳性的患者共112例,自身抗体阳性检出率为11.7%;抗线粒体（AMAM2）抗体、抗-SP100抗体、抗-gp210抗体在原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）及隐源性肝炎患者中检出率显著高于其他各类型肝炎（P〈0.05）,抗肝肾微粒体1（LKM-1）抗体在酒精性肝炎患者中检出率显著高于其他各类型肝炎（P〈0.05）。结论自身免疫肝病抗体谱检测,有利于临床对Ⅰ～Ⅲ型AIH的诊断及鉴别诊断,尤其对隐源性肝炎患者确诊为PBC及AIH提供了科学依据。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.