鼻内镜下额窦开放术治疗额窦炎

目的探讨额窦炎经鼻内镜行额窦功能保全性开放手术的方法和疗效.方法慢性额窦炎和鼻息肉患者56例、108侧,术前鼻窦CT扫描均证实为额窦炎.依据钩突附着方式确定额窦引流通道,术中彻底切除额隐窝气房,开放额窦口.结果56例、108侧均顺利找到额窦开口,对额窦开口狭窄者行扩大术治疗,术后随访1～3年,内镜下观察额窦开口保持通畅102例.结论鼻内镜下彻底切除额隐窝气房能够保持额窦开口长期引流通畅,此手术是治疗额窦炎的有效方法.     

小钻孔鼻内双入路内镜下额窦开放术的临床价值研究

目的：探索小钻孔、鼻内双入路内镜下额窦开放术的临床价值。方法：根据术前鼻内镜及CT检查结果进行评估,挑选术中可能出现引流通道识别困难的26例慢性额窦炎患者进行研究。双入路组11例（13侧）,采用小钻孔、鼻内双入路内镜下额窦开放术,首先在额窦前壁钻直径4～5mm骨孔,通过注水冲洗、光照、顺行法放入导管等方法显示额窦引流通道位置,经鼻内、鼻外双入路行额窦开放术;鼻内镜组15例（18侧）,常规行鼻内镜下额窦开放术,采用Friedman的“钩突径路”术式。术后定期随访处理。结果：双入路组均顺利找到额窦开口,完成额窦开放,无手术并发症;鼻内镜组出现眶纸板损伤2例,筛前动脉损伤1例。随访10～24个月,双人路组额窦口通畅11侧（85％）,狭窄2侧;鼻内镜组通畅15侧（83％）,狭窄3侧;两组均无完全堵塞者。结论：前壁小钻孔、鼻内双入路内镜下额窦开放术治疗慢性额窦炎安全性高,疗效好,可提高术者对额窦引流通道解剖认知水平及额窦手术技能,值得在基层医院推广。     

鼻内镜下筛泡前径路额窦开放手术

目的探讨经鼻内镜筛泡前径路额窦开放术的技术路线,讨论该术式在额窦开放中的疗效和安全性。方法选取23例(36侧)确诊为慢性额窦炎的成人病例,采用经鼻内镜筛泡前径路术式开放额窦。术后随访观察评估其安全性及疗效。结果20例经该径路开放成功,3例经额钉补充定位后开放成功。全部病例均无严重并发症出现,术后随访12～39个月,术前症状均消失,无复发。经鼻内镜检查额窦口开放良好。结论经鼻内镜筛泡前径路额窦开放手术是一种解剖标志易辨认、技术路线安全、疗效肯定的术式。     

鼻内镜手术在额窦病变中的应用

目的 探讨鼻内镜下开放额窦口治疗额窦病变的适应证、方法和疗效。方法 76例患者术前常规行鼻窦CT证实有额窦病变,包括额窦囊肿9例,孤立性额窦炎7例,霉菌性额窦炎5例,额窦炎伴鼻息肉及其他鼻窦炎症55例。根据CT扫描行DrafⅠ型、Ⅱa/b型和Ⅲ型额窦引流术。结果 术后随访6个月, Ⅰ型引流治愈38侧, 有效18侧, 总有效率为90.3%;Ⅱa型引流治愈21侧, 有效11侧, 总有效率为91.4%;Ⅱb型引流治愈17侧, 有效10侧, 总有效率为93.1%;Ⅲ型引流治愈2侧, 有效1侧, 总有效率为100.0%。结论 经鼻内镜手术治疗额窦病变应密切参考CT扫描影像, 准确定位额窦口。鼻内镜下开放额隐窝,去除额隐窝处病变的关键是充分额窦口引流。     

鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖特征与额窦开放手术

目的　通过术中鼻内镜下解剖额隐窝 ,总结与内镜额窦手术相关的镜下额窦引流通道解剖特征 ,探讨额窦鼻内镜手术相关问题。方法　病例资料为慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者 30 1例 ( 5 6 2侧 ) ,有前期手术史者除外。术前鼻窦CT扫描证实合并额窦炎者 2 80例 ( 4 79侧 ) ,术前根据CT扫描判定额窦引流方式 ;术中以钩突为参考标志 ,2 5 0例 ( 4 2 1侧 )行鼻内镜下额窦开放手术 ,并对鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖结构特征进行分型。结果　冠状CT扫描提示额窦开口于钩突与中鼻甲之间为 2 0 3侧( 4 8 2 % ) ;额窦开口于钩突和眶纸板之间 2 18侧 ( 5 1 8% )。对应上述规律的鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖特征分型 :前者属Ⅰ型 2 0 3侧 ( 4 8 2 % ) ,后者属Ⅱ型 2 18侧 ( 5 1 8% )。结论　以额窦口为中心的额隐窝鼻内镜下解剖特征及分型 ,对额窦开放手术有重要意义 ;钩突上部为CT扫描和术中定位额窦口解剖参考标志     

鼻内镜下经上颌骨额突-鼻丘径路的额窦手术

目的改进鼻内镜下的额窦开放手术,提高额窦炎的治愈率。方法显微镜下观察10例解剖标本的钩突位置,并测量鼻丘的大小,结合39例(61侧)复发性慢性额窦炎患者鼻窦CT扫描结果进行分析,采用鼻内镜下经上颌骨额突-鼻丘径路额窦开放术式,对上述患者进行额窦开放术。结果10例(18侧)标本鼻丘气房的前后径、左右径和高度分别为(5.6±1.3)mm、(4.1±1.1)mm和(6.2±2.5)mm,所有钩突均附着于上颌骨额突及中鼻甲骨与额突的交界处,上端单纯附着于眶纸板14侧(70%),单纯附着于颅底3侧(15%),交叉附着于眶、颅底或中鼻甲3侧(15%)。CT扫描结果显示,慢性额窦炎复发与鼻丘气房未完全切除相关(P<0.001)。39例患者经改进的术式治疗后,治愈率为90.2%。结论额窦开口周围的钩突和鼻丘气房变异大,鼻丘气房清除不彻底可能是慢性额窦炎复发的主要原因,鼻内镜下经上颌骨额突-鼻丘径路额窦开放是治疗复发性慢性额窦炎的有效方法。     

鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖特征与额窦开放手术

目的 通过术中鼻内镜下解剖额隐窝，总结与内镜额窦手术相关的镜下额窦引流通道解剖特征，探讨额窦鼻内镜手术相关问题。方法 病例资料为慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者301例(562侧)，有前期手术史者除外。术前鼻窦CT扫描证实合并额窦炎者280例(479侧)，术前根据CT扫描判定额窦引流方式；术中以钩突为参考标志，250例(421侧)行鼻内镜下额窦开放手术，并对鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖结构特征进行分型。结果 冠状CT扫描提示额窦开口于钩突与中鼻甲之间为203侧(48．2％)；额窦开口于钩突和眶纸板之间218侧(51．8％)。对应上述规律的鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖特征分型：前者属Ⅰ型203侧(48．2％)，后者属Ⅱ型218侧(51．8％)。结论 以额窦口为中心的额隐窝鼻内镜下解剖特征及分型，对额窦开放手术有重要意义；钩突上部为CT扫描和术中定位额窦口解剖参考标志。     

额下入路颅脑术后并发额窦炎的原因及处理

目的 探讨额下入路颅脑手术后并发额窦炎的原因、临床表现和治疗原则.方法额下入路颅脑手术后出现额窦炎的患者共33例,其中7例合并额窦脓肿,4例前额皮肤破溃瘘道.传统鼻外进路额窦手术23例,术后放置鼻额引流扩张管3个月以上;鼻内镜下额窦手术9例,鼻内镜和鼻外联合进路额窦手术1例,引流扩张管在出院前或出院后1个月内拔除.两种术式均需彻底清除额窦内骨蜡异物和炎性肉芽组织.复习颅脑手术病历结合鼻窦CT影像和额窦手术所见探讨并发额窦炎的原因.结果 33例患者均有颅脑术中开放额窦,将额窦黏膜下推或刮除,并以骨蜡填塞额窦的记录,其中5例有发生额窦炎后重新刮除额窦内黏膜并再次以骨蜡彻底封闭额窦的病史.所有患者均在拔除硅胶鼻额引流扩张管后随访半年以上.除2例鼻外进路手术的患者出院后1个月内鼻额引流扩张管脱落,经2次手术外,余31例均为1次手术.33例中30例治愈,3例好转.两种手术方式治疗效果相同.无脑脊液鼻漏等并发症.结论 额下入路颅脑术后并发额窦炎与颅脑术中额窦处理不当、额窦内骨蜡异物存留有关,此类额窦炎易形成额窦脓肿、瘘道等严重临床表现,治疗原则以清除额窦内骨蜡异物、清除炎性肉芽组织、开放额隐窝引流为主.传统鼻外进路额窦外科和鼻内镜额窦外科都可以达到治疗目的,但鼻内镜额窦外科具有微创、不必长期佩戴扩张管等优点.     

鼻内镜手术治疗额窦病变

目的 探讨经鼻内镜手术治疗额窦病变的方法及疗效。方法 经CT明确诊断的额窦病变33例(56侧),以CT扫描成像为基础在鼻内镜下以鼻丘气房、钩突附着上缘及筛泡前上缘为标记开放额隐窝及额窦。结果 所有手术最终找到并开放额窦,无严重并发症发生。术后鼻内镜检查,随访3～18个月。27侧痊愈,额窦口开放引流良好,炎症全部消失;21侧有效,症状明显改善;8侧无效。结论 经鼻内镜手术治疗额窦病变应密切参考CT扫描影像,准确定位额窦口。去除额隐窝处病变,充分开放额窦口引流是治疗额窦病变的关键。     

鼻内镜下治疗额窦炎38例

目的通过鼻内镜下开放额窦口治疗额窦炎性病变。方法38例患者术前常规鼻窦CT证实有额窦炎性病变。根据CT扫描以钩突附着为参考标志,判断额窦引流方式,以其进行额窦R开放引流。结果38例患者均为额窦口阻塞,原因分别为额窦口被肿胀黏膜、息肉样变黏膜和过度发育气房阻塞,额窦引流受阻引发额窦炎。术后随访6个月至18个月,治愈22例,好转9例,复发7例。结论额窦炎性病变主要原因是额窦口引流受阻,为额隐窝及窦口鼻道复合体处病变阻塞所致。鼻内镜下充分开放额隐窝,去除额隐窝处病变,充分开放额窦口引流是治疗额窦炎的关键问题。     

Use of computer-aided surgery for frontal sinus ventilation

OBJECTIVES: To review our experience and evaluate the utility of computer-aided surgery for frontal sinus and frontal recess disease. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of 31 consecutive patients undergoing computer-aided surgery for frontal sinus ventilation. METHODS: The hospital charts of 31 patients were reviewed. Previous sinonasal procedures, etiology of sinonasal disease, preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan findings, preoperative symptoms, endoscopic and intraoperative findings, type of frontal sinus ventilation procedure, complications, imaging system registration method or accuracy, and postoperative course were noted. RESULTS: In all 31 patients the surgery was successfully completed, and no intracranial or orbital complications were encountered during or after surgery. Six patients required additional surgery including revision transnasal endoscopic frontal sinus ventilation or osteoplastic flaps with fat obliteration. In the six cases requiring additional surgery, disease severity, most commonly, aspirin triad disease, predisposed to failure of frontal sinus ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Computer-aided surgery is a useful adjunctive device for safe, efficient identification and surgery of the frontal sinus. However, it is not a replacement for sound surgical technique, anatomical knowledge, and experience. In particular, patients with aspirin triad disease with frontal recess and frontal sinus involvement are highly suited for computer-aided surgery and thorough removal of disease, although failures occur despite this technique. The long-term benefit of computer-aided surgery of the frontal sinus has not yet been demonstrated by this or other studies.     

鼻内镜下额窦手术

目的：探讨应用鼻内镜进行额窦手术。方法：总结201例鼻内镜下额窦手术。其中额窦炎症性病变190例，额窦粘液囊肿10例，额窦骨瘤1例，合并其它鼻腔病变247侧。术前行鼻窦CT扫描，结合术中鼻内镜准确定位额窦开口，清除或纠正额窦开口及其周围结构病变或变异，以建立良好的符合生理性的额窦通气引流通道。结果：术后随访3～18个月，全部病例症状消失或改善，无一例复发，无术后严重并发症。结论：鼻内镜下额窦手术不失为一种安全、有效及微创的手术方式，适用于大多数额窦病变。     

Microbiology of chronic frontal sinusitis

OBJECTIVES: To determine bacterial and fungal organisms that are present in patients undergoing surgery for chronic frontal sinusitis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, nonrandomized study. METHODS: Retrospective, nonrandomized bacterial and fungal cultures were performed on 46 sinus aspirates obtained by frontal sinus trephination performed on 30 consecutive patients with chronic frontal sinusitis. RESULTS: Six patients were having sinus surgery for the first time, 19 patients had undergone prior functional endoscopic sinus surgery without instrumentation of the frontal sinus/recess, and the third group included 5 patients who had undergone prior frontal sinus/recess surgery. Preoperative computed tomography scan of the frontal sinuses revealed complete opacification in 63% (29/46 frontal sinuses) and partial opacification in 22% (10/46), and no data were available for 15% (7/46). Aerobic cultures revealed that 38% (13/35 cultures) had no growth, 21% (7/35) grew Staphylococcus aureus, 21% (7/35) grew coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 9% (3/35) grew Haemophilus influenzae, and 26% (9/35) grew a variety of other organisms. Anaerobic cultures were positive in 3% (1/32) of sinuses, and fungal cultures were positive in 4% (1/24). Haemophilus influenzae was most common in primary cases, whereas coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was most common in patients undergoing revision frontal sinus surgery. There were no other significant differences between cultures from patients undergoing revision frontal sinus surgery, revision functional endoscopic sinus surgery without prior frontal surgery, and primary surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that organisms involved in chronic inflammatory disease of the frontal sinus may change after previous sinus surgery. The study failed to support a significant role for anaerobes. The role for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus as a potential pathogen or a contaminating agent remains unclear.     

Salvage frontal sinus surgery: the endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Until recent years, the osteoplastic flap with frontal sinus obliteration has been the gold standard for recalcitrant frontal sinusitis. The present series evaluated the role of the endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure, which has recently been advocated as an alternative. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective non-randomized interventional case series. METHODS: The study prospectively assessed 83 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure. The mean age was 52.4 years (SD = 13.6 y) with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. Patients had a mean of six previous sinus surgical procedures with 17 patients having undergone previous frontal sinus obliteration with mucocele formation. Seventy-six patients (91%) had frontal pain or headache as their primary presenting symptom, with 72 having nasal discharge. There were 14 patients who presented with 17 complications of frontal sinus disease. There were eight erosions of the posterior table of the frontal sinus with extension of the mucocele intracranially, seven orbital complications, and one cerebrospinal fluid leak. Twenty-four patients (30%) had fungus cultured from their sinuses at the time of surgery. RESULTS: Six of the 83 patients (7%) developed frontal ostium stenosis resulting in a 93% primary success rate after an average follow-up of 21.9 months (SD = 6.1 mo). These patients all underwent a revision modified Lothrop procedure and had a patent frontal ostium at their last review. Twenty-one patients (25%) developed recurrent symptoms, which were managed medically. Of these 21 patients, 9 with previously diagnosed fungal sinusitis developed mucosal changes again in their frontal sinuses, but their ostia have remained patent. Four patients have had recurrent infections in the frontal sinuses, and three patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma and polyps have developed polyps again in their frontal sinuses. Five patients continued to have frontal pain without radiological evidence of further frontal disease. No patients required an osteoplastic flap procedure. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic Lothrop procedure is a successful short-term management option for recalcitrant and complicated frontal sinusitis caused by a wide range of diseases.     

Long-term results after endoscopic sinus surgery involving frontal recess dissection

OBJECTIVE: To assess long-term follow-up on a cohort of patients who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus surgery with identification and preservation of the natural frontal outflow tract. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Retrospective chart review, telephone interview, and endoscopic evaluation on a previously studied cohort of patients at a university affiliated medical center. RESULTS: Two hundred patients who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus surgery were previously studied and reported after short-term (mean = 12.2 mo) follow-up. One hundred fifty-two (76%) patients were available for long-term (mean 72.3 mo) follow-up and assessment of subjective symptoms. Fifty-seven of 152 (37.5%) patients also had nasal endoscopy for evaluation of objective findings. The percentage of patients responding to telephone interview reporting overall improvement after surgery was 92.4%. Endoscopic assessment revealed patency of the frontal sinus in 67.6% of the patients after initial surgery. Thirteen additional patients had patent sinuses after revision procedures, bringing overall patency rate to 71.1%. We found statistically significant correlation of asthma and smoking and poor subjective and objective outcome. CONCLUSION: Long-term assessment of subjective and objective findings in our previously reported cohort of patients who underwent frontal sinus surgery indicates that the frontal sinus, similar to any other sinus, can be successfully treated surgically by preserving the natural frontal sinus outflow tract.     

筛泡基板前上端在鼻内镜额窦手术中的定位作用

目的寻找适合鼻内镜手术下开放额窦的解剖学标志,以降低手术并发症的发生率。方法对30例(60侧)慢性鼻窦炎病人行鼻窦CT扫描,根据CT扫描中筛泡基板前上端向上附着的部位与纸样板/筛顶的关系,术中以筛泡基板前上端为标志,寻找额窦开口,进行鼻内镜额窦手术。并与同期40例(75侧)依据前筛顶额突为标志进行鼻内镜额窦开放术的手术并发症的发生率进行比较。结果30例(60侧)病人在以筛泡基板前上端为解剖标志进行鼻内镜额窦开放术中,手术并发症的发生率为3.3%(1/30),与同期40例(75侧)病人依照颅底额突作解剖标志进行鼻内镜额窦开放术的手术并发症的发生率20%(8/40)进行比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在鼻内镜额窦手术中以筛泡基板前上端为解剖标志,能有效地帮助寻找额窦开口,降低手术并发症的发生率。