馒头餐及葡萄糖耐量试验对2型糖尿病患者血清游离脂肪酸和β细胞功能影响的比较研究

目的:比较2型糖尿病患者馒头餐试验和口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)对血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)浓度和胰岛β细胞分泌功能的影响。方法:对78例病情稳定的糖尿病患者给予100g馒头餐试验,3天后再给予75g OGTT试验,观察空腹、馒头餐及口服75g葡萄糖后30分钟、60分钟和120分钟时血糖、血清游离脂肪酸、胰岛素和C肽的水平。结果:馒头餐试验与OGTT试验餐后血糖,两者比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);血清FFA水平变化OGTT高于馒头餐试验,有显著性差异(P<0.05);两者胰岛素水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),C肽水平的变化无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:选择馒头餐用来评价2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能,可减轻患者胰岛的负担,改善胰岛素的敏感性,减少对血FFA的影响。     

社区人群检测餐后2小时血糖筛查糖尿病的效果评价

目的探讨在体检人群中进行餐后2h指血血糖检测筛查糖尿病的临床意义。方法对2081例体检人群行100g标准粉馒头餐餐后2h指血血糖(2hPBG)检查，2hPBG≥6．5mmol／L者，进一步行75g口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)检查。结果经100g馒头餐后2hPBG筛查，2hPBG≥6．5mmol／L者609例，其中68例进行了75g OGTT检查，确诊糖尿病16例，葡萄糖调节受损者36例。结论在健康体检中加测2hPBG有助于早期筛查出糖尿病，减少漏诊。     

40岁以上女性空腹血糖与餐后2小时血糖500例监测分析

目的：探讨对高危人群诊断2型糖尿病时准确把握空腹血糖与餐后血糖的意义。方法：采用随机抽取的方法，对临湖镇两个社区500例40岁以上女性分别监测空腹血糖与餐后2小时血糖各1次。结果：在糖尿病早期，主要是餐后血糖增高，空腹血糖大多为正常或正常高限，不做餐后血糖或葡萄糖耐量试验（0GTT），必将漏诊上述部分患者。结论：及早发现糖尿病，必须对高危人群做OGTT试验，餐后2小时血糖检查实际上是一种简化的OGTT试验，由于这种方法较OGTT试验抽血次数少，简单易行，易于接受，是筛选和发现空腹血糖正常的糖尿病患者的最常用方法。     

馒头餐及葡萄糖耐量试验对2型糖尿病患者血清游离脂肪酸和13细胞功能影响的比较研究

目的：比较2型糖尿病患者馒头餐试验和口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）对血清游离脂肪酸（FFA）浓度和胰岛p细胞分泌功能的影响。方法：对78例病情稳定的糖尿病患者给予100g馒头餐试验,3天后再给予75gOGTT试验,观察空腹、馒头餐及口服75g葡萄糖后30分钟、60分钟和120分钟时血糖、血清游离脂肪酸、胰岛素和C肽的水平。结果：馒头餐试验与OGTI＂试验餐后疵糖,两者比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;血清FFA水平变化OGTY高于馒头餐试验,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;两者胰岛素水平比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,C肽水平的变化无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：选择馒头餐用来评价2型糖尿病患者胰岛B细胞功能,可减轻患者胰岛的负担,改善胰岛素的敏感性,减少对血FFA的影响。     

HbA1c与OGTT在糖尿病诊断中的应用比较

目的 评价糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)和口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)在糖尿病(DM)诊断中的应用价值,并探讨HbA1c与诊断为DM相关的临界点.方法 769例疑似DM的就诊者行OGTT并测定HbA1c.通过绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)获得HbA1c、FPG、2hP...     

餐后2h血糖筛查糖尿病的效果评价

目的　探讨在体检人群中进行餐后 2h指血血糖检测筛查糖尿病的临床意义。方法　本研究对2 0 81例体检人群行 1 0 0g标准粉馒头餐餐后 2h指血血糖 (P2BG)检查 ,P2BG≥ 6 5mmol/L者 ,进一步行 75g口服葡萄糖耐量 (OGTT)检查 ,统计学处理由SPSS软件包完成。结果　经 1 0 0g馒头餐后P2BG筛查 ,P2BG≥ 6 5mmol/L者 6 0 9例 ,其中 6 8例进行了 75gOGTT检查 ,确诊糖尿病 1 6例 ,葡萄糖调节受损者 36例。结论　在健康体检中加测P2BG有助于早期筛查出糖尿病 ,减少漏诊。     

上海地区1,931人口服葡萄糖耐量试验结果分析

本文报道上海地区10万人口糖尿病调查中的1,931人作口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)的结果。试验对象先以餐后2小时尿糖或/和餐后2小时血糖进行初筛;40岁以下者先以葡萄糖氧化酶尿糖试纸检查餐后2小时尿糖,如尿糖阳性,则作餐后2小时血糖测定:40岁以上者同时检查餐后2小时血糖和尿糖;凡餐后2小时血糖>140毫克%者,进一步作 OGTT。1,931人OGTT 的结果为:正常1,137人(58.9%),糖耐量异常285人(14.7%),糖尿病509人(26.4%)。50岁以下各组在正常人中服糖后血糖无明显差异,50岁以上者随年龄增长而递增。超重与不超重者 OGTT 结果有非常显著差异。年龄、性别对糖尿病、糖耐量异常者的 OGTT 结果无明显的影响。并根据正常组不超重的1,018人各时限血糖值与年龄直线回归方程运算,提出 OGTT 的正常指标、糖耐量异常和糖尿病的诊断标准。     

葡萄糖耐量试验与餐后2h血糖测定对糖尿病的诊断价值

目的:研究葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)与餐后2h血糖(2hPG)测定对糖尿病(DM)的诊断价值。方法:应用OGTT检测2 0 0例拟诊为DM者(及少数健康体检者)的血糖,根据ADA(1997)和WHO(1985 )诊断标准,并以2hPG11.10mmol/L为截点,将研究对象分成两组,计算各组OGTT曲线下面积,经统计学处理后各组内均值两两比较。结果:各组内均值比较结果均P <0 .0 1,都具有非常显著的统计学意义。结论:2hPG的检测比空腹血糖(FPG)测定对DM的诊断更可靠,且与WHO(1999)糖尿病诊断标准相一致,可以作为OGTT的替代试验。     

餐后2h血糖测定的临床应用评价

餐后2 h血糖的测定与口服糖耐量试验(OGTT)相比具有测定简单和病人痛苦少的优点.而OGTT是一种葡萄糖负荷试验,用以了解机体对葡萄糖的调节能力,协助诊断糖代谢紊乱的疾病.但与之相比其能否真实准确反应机体对葡萄糖的调节能力还未见报道.因此,我们找了一组对象,对餐后2 h血糖测定的临床应用进行评价.现报告如下.     

311例餐后2小时血糖≥140mg%者与以OGTT诊断糖尿病患者的符合率

葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)是诊断糖尿病的重要方法之一,当餐后2小时血糖≥140mg％时,应做口服 OGTT,进一步确定是否为糖尿病。根据糖尿病的诊断暂行标准,如餐后2小时血糖160mg％以上,尿糖阳性则不必作糖耐量检查,而可诊断为糖尿病。本文就餐后2小时血糖≥140mg％与以 OGTT 诊断糖尿病患者的符合率进行探讨。     

胰高血糖素样多肽-1对超重2型糖尿病患者的临床意义

【目的】探讨不同体质指数2型糖尿病患者血浆胰高血糖素样多肽-1(Glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)水平变化。【方法】选取2型糖尿病患者87例,其中正常体质指数组47例,超重组40例,选取正常体检者30例作为对照组,所有入选者检测空腹血糖、胰岛素及GLP-1,进食100 g馒头餐后测定餐后30 min、120 min血糖、胰岛素、GLP-1水平。【结果】(1)2型糖尿病患者餐后30 min及120 min GLP-1曲线下面积低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。(2)2型糖尿病患者超重组餐后30 min、餐后120 minGLP-1、GLP-1曲线下面积低于正常体质组(P<0.01)。【结论】超重2型糖尿病患者比正常体质指数2型糖尿病患者GLP-1分泌减少。     

Comparison of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity between normal and impaired glucose tolerance subjects with normal fasting plasma glucose

To examine glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in the normal subjects and patients with impaired glucose tolerance, we performed the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and modified insulin suppression test in 34 non-obese subjects. The plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured during fasting and every 30 min up to 120 min following 75 g of oral glucose loading. Ten subjects were classified as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 24 subjects were as having normal glucose tolerance. In addition, the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was estimated in all subjects by measuring the final 30 min steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) of a continuous infusion of somatostatin, insulin and glucose for 4 hours (modified insulin suppression test). The mean plasma glucose concentrations of fasting and 60, 90, 120 min during OGTT study were significantly higher in the IGT subjects than in the normals. In addition, the mean incremental glucose areas under the curve during OGTT study were also greater in the IGT subjects than in the normals. The mean serum insulin concentrations were significantly higher at 90 and 120 minutes in the IGT patients than in the normals. During the modified insulin suppression test, the mean SSPG concentrations were significantly higher in the IGT patients than in the normals under the similar steady-state plasma insulin in both groups. There was a good correlation between the incremental insulin areas under the curve (OGTT) and the SSPG in the normal subjects (p less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

初诊2型糖尿病患者中肝脏胰岛素清除率与临床特点及胃肠激素相关性的初步分析

目的 探讨我国初诊2型糖尿病患者中肝脏胰岛素清除率(hepatic insulin clearance,HIC)与胰岛素抵抗、胰岛功能及胃肠激素的相关性。方法 纳入首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院内分泌科初诊2型糖尿病患者112例,收集临床资料,行120 min口服葡萄糖耐量(oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT)试验,同时检测0、3、60及120 min葡萄糖、胰岛素及C肽浓度,并采用多重检测系统测定血清中肠抑胃肽(gastric inhibitory polypeptide, GIP)、胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)及饥饿素(ghrelin)的浓度。根据OGTT实验结果,计算患者HIC值。再依据HIC值的中位数将患者分为高HIC组与低HIC组,比较两组患者临床特征及胃肠激素浓度的差异。结果 高HIC组患者OGTT后血糖明显高于低HIC组 (P<0.05);胰岛素抵抗方面,低HIC组患者稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment-IR, HOMA-IR)较高、反映胰岛素敏感性的Matsuda指数较低(P<0.05);高HIC组患者稳态模型胰岛β细胞功能指数(homeostasis model assessment-β,HOMA-β)等评估胰岛功能的指标明显降低(P<0.05);高HIC组患者空腹ghrelin降低,葡萄糖负荷后120 min对ghrelin的抑制程度显减弱 (P<0.05);但两组患者空腹及葡萄糖负荷后的GIP与GLP-1浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 在汉族2型糖尿病患者中,较高的肝脏胰岛素清除率与较差的胰岛功能相关,较低的肝脏胰岛素清除率与相对严重的胰岛素抵抗相关,同时胃肠激素ghrelin可能与患者肝脏胰岛素清除率存在相关性,为我国T2DM患者防治工作提供新的理论依据。     

The impact of diabetic autonomic neuropathy on the incretin effect

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (AN) on the incretin effect in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). MATERIAL/METHODS: Forty patients with DM2 (20 with and 20 without AN) and 10 healthy controls were studied. The subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and 7-14 days later an intravenous infusion of 25 g glucose. Blood samples were drawn for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) determination during the tests. The incretin effect was calculated from the total integrated amount of insulin or C-peptide during OGTT (A) and intravenous glucose infusion (B) according to the formula (A-B)/Ax100. RESULTS: Total insulin and C-peptide responses during OGTT were significantly higher than those after IV glucose infusion in the group of normal subjects, but not in the groups of diabetic patients. After the oral glucose load, GIP levels presented a significant increase in normal subjects and patients without AN, whereas GLP-1 levels increased only in normal subjects. Calculated either with the insulin or C-peptide responses, the incretin effect presented no significant difference between the two diabetic groups. However, using insulin responses, only the patients with AN had significantly lower incretin effect than controls, whereas when using C-peptide responses, both diabetic groups did. CONCLUSIONS: The incretin effect was impaired in both groups of diabetic patients. Autonomic neuropathy may further impair the incretin effect in DM2 through interference with GIP secretion or hepatic insulin extraction.     

初发2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平变化及OGTT对其影响

目的　观察初发 2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平变化及糖负荷对瘦素分泌的影响 ,进而探讨瘦素与肥胖、2型糖尿病间的关系。方法　测定 4 0例正常对照者 (肥胖与非肥胖各为 2 0例 )及 5 0例初发 2型糖尿病者(肥胖者 2 0例 ,非肥胖者 30例 )空腹及口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)后血清瘦素、胰岛素、血糖水平 ,同时测定糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油及胆固醇水平。结果　 ( 1)对照组和初发 2型糖尿病组肥胖者血清瘦素水平均高于非肥胖者 (均P <0 .0 0 1) ,但 2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平与对照组差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;( 2 )不论是对照组 ,还是 2型糖尿病组 ,糖负荷后血清胰岛素水平升高 ,而瘦素水平呈下降趋势 ,但无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;( 3)相关分析显示 ,空腹血清瘦素水平与性别、体重指数和胰岛素水平具有相关性。结论　初发 2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平无显著变化 ;短期血胰岛素水平升高对血清瘦素水平无明显影响。     

保留不同长度十二指肠的DJB术后GK大鼠肠道激素的研究

目的 建立保留不同长度十二指肠十二指肠-空肠转流术（DJB）手术动物模型,探讨术后GK大鼠肠道激素的变化规律.方法 雄性GK大鼠24只随机分为4组（n=6）,Ⅰ组：假手术组;Ⅱ组：DJB手术组;Ⅲ组：十二指肠保留8mmDJB手术组;Ⅳ组：十二指肠保留18mmDJB手术组.分别于DJB术后9周进行颈动脉置管术,置管后1周行口服糖耐量试验及采血检测肠道激素GLP-1及GIP的变化情况.结果 所有大鼠都能长期存活;Ⅲ组GK大鼠的糖耐量、第一时相胰岛素分泌量及GLP-1的分泌量均较Ⅰ组有显著提高（P＜0.05）,GIP初始分泌量较Ⅰ组有显著降低（P＜0.05）; Ⅳ组GK大鼠的糖耐量、第一时相胰岛素及GLP-1的分泌量、GIP初始分泌量较Ⅰ组无明显差异（P＞0.05）; Ⅱ组GK大鼠的第一时相胰岛素及GLP-1的分泌量显著高于Ⅳ组（P＜0.05）,在30 min时GIP分泌量显著高于Ⅳ组（P＜0.05）.结论 胃肠转流手术控制血糖的水平一方面是通过重新建立抑胰岛素分泌激素及促胰岛素分泌激素新的分泌量平衡;另一方面则是通过降低GIP的分泌量,使机体的胰岛素抵抗情况得以改善.     

含缓释淀粉的肠内营养剂对T2DM餐后血糖的影响

目的通过含缓释淀粉的肠内营养剂与阿卡波糖、普通肠内营养剂对2型糖尿病患者餐后血糖影响的比较研究,探讨含缓释淀粉的肠内营养剂部分或全部代替降糖药的可能性。方法30例2型糖尿病患者,采用双周期交叉设计的自身对照方法比较食用精白馒头、食用精白馒头和阿卡波糖50mg、食用等能量的糖尿病专用肠内营养剂安素益力佳SR以及食用等能量非糖尿病专用的普通肠内营养剂的餐后2h血糖。结果食用精白馒头和阿卡波糖50mg、食用安素益力佳SR的餐后2h血糖,均明显低于食用精白馒头的餐后2h血糖(P<0.01),也低于食用普通肠内营养剂的餐后2h血糖(P<0.05),服用阿卡波糖与安素益力佳SR的餐后2h血糖之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),食用精白馒头与普通肠内营养剂的餐后2h血糖之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论含缓释淀粉的肠内营养剂对餐后血糖的控制效果与阿卡波糖相近,比普通肠内营养剂更适合糖尿病患者使用。     

Impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 during oral glucose tolerance test in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objectives:

To assess glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion after oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to clarify changes in GLP-1 secretion during the course of T2DM.

Methods:

In this cross sectional study, 80 subjects were divided into the NGT, IGT, and T2DM groups after undergoing a 75 g OGTT from March to December 2014 at the School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China. Plasma total GLP-1 was measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), islet β-cell function (HOMA-β), Gutt index, Matsuda index, incremental GLP-1 (ΔGLP-1), and areas under the curves of GLP-1 (AUC_glp-1), glucose (AUC_g), and insulin (AUC_ins) were calculated.

Results:

Plasma total GLP-1 at 30-120 minutes and ΔGLP-1 at 30-120 minutes were lower in the T2DM group than in the IGT and NGT groups (p<0.05). Peak GLP-1 levels were 35% lower in the T2DM group than in the NGT group. Plasma total GLP-1, ΔGLP-1, and AUC_glp-1 correlated negatively with HOMA-IR and AUC_g, and positively with HOMA-β, Gutt index, Matsuda index, and AUC_ins (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

The GLP-1 secretion after 75 g OGTT was impaired in newly diagnosed T2DM patients, inversely proportional to IR and hyperglycemia, and positively correlated with β-cell function and insulin sensitivity.Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder with multiple pathophysiological abnormalities. Currently, T2DM is one of the most common chronic diseases in almost every country. China has the largest population of diabetes patients. The prevalence of diabetes among adults in China is 11.6%, which is equivalent to 114 million patients.1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by L-cells in the distal parts of the intestines in response to nutrient ingestion.2 The GLP-1 regulates blood glucose levels deriving from several mechanisms. It stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells in a glucose-dependent manner and suppresses glucagon secretion.3,4 The GLP-1 also affects gastrointestinal motility, enhances satiety, promotes weight loss, and increases β-cell mass.5-9 Therefore, impaired GLP-1 secretion may contribute to the initiation and development of DM. As a consequence of these properties, GLP-1 based therapies (GLP-1 agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) are currently playing a cornerstone role in the treatment of T2DM. Since GLP-1 plays an important role in the pathophysiology of DM, the assessment of GLP-1 secretory responses in individuals with different glycometabolism states is of great interest. The outcomes of GLP-1 secretion after the administration of an oral glucose load in individuals with and without diabetes are controversial. Toft-Nielsen et al10 reported a 53% reduction in integrated incremental GLP-1 concentrations in T2DM patients relative to healthy controls, while participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) had an intermediate GLP-1 response. However, other studies11,12 have reported that GLP-1 secretion was not reduced in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), or meal test in patients with T2DM. The mode of GLP-1 secretion in Asians may be different. Thus far, limited data are available on comparisons of GLP-1 levels among Chinese individuals with newly diagnosed T2DM, IGT, and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Therefore, this study was conducted to measure GLP-1 levels during a standard OGTT in Chinese subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM, IGT, and NGT, in order to characterize the changes in GLP-1 secretion during the course of T2DM development. We also investigated the relationship between GLP-1 secretion, insulin resistance (IR), and insulin β-cell function.