动态3D CE-MRV在颅内疾病诊断及治疗中的应用初探

目的：探讨动态3D CE-MRV在颅内静脉系统疾病诊断中的成像优势及其对颅内疾病临床诊断及治疗的指导意义.方法：可疑或确诊为颅内静脉病变者36例应用3T磁共振仪及3D TRICK技术行动态CE-MRV检查,9例无颅内静脉病变者同时行2D TOF序列MRV检查.分析动态3D CE-MRV图像,观察颅内深浅静脉系统主干及其分支的显示情况,比较其相对于2D TOF序列MRV的优势;分析动态3D CE-MRV对颅内疾病如静脉窦及静脉血栓、累及静脉的血管畸形、肿瘤和外伤等的诊断价值及其对临床治疗的指导意义.结果：与2D TOF序列比较,3D CE-MRV对静脉窦属支、上下吻合静脉及海绵窦等显示更清晰（P〈0.05）.动态CE-MRV显示36例受检者大致可分为4种结果：①正常者16例,含静脉发育变异6例;②累及静脉的颅内血管畸形3例;③静脉窦或静脉血栓11例,其中3例为溶栓术后复查显示再通;④肿瘤及外伤6例：脑膜瘤或颈静脉球瘤压迫或侵犯静脉窦者3例;外伤致颅内静脉异常者3例,其中1例为颈内动脉海绵窭瘘.结论：动态3D CEMRV对颅内静脉尤其是细小静脉的观察明显优于2D TOF序列的MRV;多时相显影和多方位重组可对颅内静脉变异、静脉畸形和累及静脉的疾患能清晰显示,为临床诊断、治疗方案的确定及疗效评价提供重要的影像依据.     

MRI联合磁共振静脉成像诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成的价值

目的:探讨MRI及磁共振静脉成像(MRV)对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析37例DSA确诊脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料及影像表现.37例中有30例行常规MRI检查,29例行MRV(2D TOF)检查.结果:30例常规MRI检查中28例静脉窦有异常信号,其中26例MRI表现为静脉窦T1WI、T2WI高信号,2例T1WI等信号、T2WI低信号,并部分伴有脑组织梗死、出血.29例MRV检查均发现静脉窦充盈缺损或中断.结论:MRI与MRV结合对诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成具有高度敏感性,是诊断静脉窦血栓形成的首选检查方法.     

直接三维增强MRV技术在下肢静脉血管造影中的应用

目的探讨直接三维增强MRV技术在下肢静脉血管造影中的应用。方法使用GE公司S igna 1.0T磁共振成像系统,对15例经手术、DSA或超声多普勒证实的下肢静脉疾病患者行MRV检查,观察直接三维增强MRV对下肢静脉病变的显示。结果15例患者均获得轮廓清晰、伪影少、信号强,且直观完整三维立体下腹、盆腔和下肢的深、浅静脉图像。结论直接三维增强MRV技术为一种良好的下肢静脉造影方法。     

透视触发三维快速梯度回波技术在颅内静脉成像的应用

目的探讨透视触发血管成像技术在脑静脉系统疾病诊断中的价值。方法使用三维快速梯度回波技术（Flash 3D）序列透视触发血管成像,通过调节扫描参数、薄层、高像素,并减少造影剂量等方法,对50例临床怀疑脑内静脉系统病变的患者进行对比增强静脉成像,并评价所获影像中血管主干及分支解剖显示情况。结果50例临床怀疑脑内静脉系统病变患者均成功完成了透视触发Flash 3D序列扫描血管成像,均能满意地显示血管影像,12例未见异常,脑静脉血栓4例,静脉型血管瘤19例,动脉静脉畸形6例,血液病浸润2例,肿瘤压迫及侵犯7例。结论Flash 3D对比增强血管成像能清楚地显示脑部静脉系统及其与病变的关系,为临床对疾病的诊断和治疗提供依据。     

不同方法MRA对脑动静脉畸形引流静脉显示价值的探讨

目的：探讨不同方法磁共振血流成像（MRA）对脑动静脉畸形（CAVM）引流静脉的显示价值。资料与方法：35例CAVM患者均接受了2D TOF MRA，18例同时接受了3D TOF、2D PC及3D PC MRA，10例还进行了3D CE MRA和DSA的检查。以DSA为标准，采用双盲法对CAVM的引流静脉经不同方法MRA检查后的显示情况进行回顾性分析，重点分析深、浅静脉的显示率及合并存在的引流静脉狭窄和扩张。结果：2D TOF可以较满意地显示深浅引流静脉，与DSA相比较，其符合率为90％，而对引流静脉的狭窄显示不清。3D TOF对引流静脉的显示符合率为50％，但可辨识静脉窦的血流方向。2D PC、3D PC在Venc=30cm/s或Venc=60cm/s时，其对引流静脉的显示符合率分别为87．5％和80％，PC法难以显示CAVMγ刀治疗后残存病灶的引流静脉。3D CE MRA可满意显示引流静脉的全程，静脉窦的狭窄以及其合并存在的动静脉瘘，显示符合率为100％。结论：2D TOF和3D CE MRA对CAVM引流静脉的显示有很高的符合率，应作为首选方法。     

CUBE T_2 FLAIR序列在脑内微小转移瘤诊断中的应用

目的 :探讨CUBE T2FLAIR序列对脑内微小转移瘤的临床应用价值。方法:对35例脑转移瘤患者行常规扫描后再行3D T1WI序列和CUBE T2FLAIR序列增强扫描,统计并比较2种序列显示转移瘤的数目、大小、位置等。结果:35例共129个病灶,CUBE T2FLAIR显示124个病灶,显示率98.4%;3D T1WI序列显示112个病灶,显示率86.8%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.014)。结论:在显示脑内微小转移瘤方面,CUBE T2FLAIR序列比3D T1WI序列更敏感。     

脑内静脉窦血栓形成MRI表现的再探讨和MR静脉成像的选择

目的：明确脑内静脉血栓形成的脑内MRI表现和MR血管造影的诊断及检查方法。材料和方法：共9例病人，男性2例，女性7例。年龄30－56岁，平均38．2岁。使用Siemens-vision-plus超导高场MRI系统，场强1．5T。采用常规SE序列，tuberSE，TOF血管成像（用于动脉血管显示），PC法20静脉血管成像和增强3D静脉血管成像（用于矢状窦显示）。结果：MR的动脉血管成像显示阳性率为0％，2D和3D静脉血管成像阳性率为100％，3D增强静脉血管造影可更好地显示阻塞的静脉。脑实质内均有阳性表现，表现为矢状窦旁白质区对称或非对称性异常改变，呈斑片状和片状，T1W为低信号，T2W为高信号。增强后脑膜强化2例。合并脑内出血5例。结论：MRI结合MR静脉血管造影，尤其增强3D静脉血管造影是诊断脑内静脉血栓形成的有效手段。     

颅内静脉系统的时间分辨MR血管成像:另外一种MR静脉成像技术

正摘要目的对照对比剂动力学时间分辨影像(TRICKS)MR血管成像(MRA)与二维时间飞跃(TOF)MR静脉成像(MRV)、三维对比增强(CE)MRV正常脑静脉与硬膜静脉窦的影像显示。方法35例连续病人纳入本前瞻性研究。所有病人均接受TOF MRV、TRICKS MRA与CE MRV检查;单一剂量静脉对比剂注射用于后     

MRI 3D-VIBE序列对胰腺癌的诊断价值和手术可切除性的评价

目的 探讨MRI三维容积插入法屏气扫描（3D VIBE）序列多期增强扫描对胰腺癌的诊断价值和手术可切除性评价. 资料与方法 30例胰腺癌常规MRI平扫后行动态增强扫描12例二维快速小角度激发成像（2D FLASH）,18例3D VIBE序列.测量增强后胰腺-病灶的信号值,计算对比噪声比（CNR）;采用双盲法判断胰腺癌周围浸润及转移情况,评价肿瘤可切除性并与手术病理结果进行比较. 结果 3D VIBE增强后各期胰腺-病灶的CNR均高于2D FLASH序列,尤以胰腺实质期明显且相差显著;VIBE序列显示邻近器官受侵、胰周血管受累及转移灶检出的敏感性及准确性均高于后者,其判断胰腺癌手术可切除性的准确性亦高于2D FLASH序列. 结论 3D VIBE序列多期增强扫描可显示肿瘤的解剖细节及血液动力学特征,结合三维重组技术可提高手术可切除性评价,对术前手术方案的制定有指导意义.     

3.0T MRI与MR静脉成像诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成的价值

 目的 探讨3.0T MRI与MR静脉成像(MRV)对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析10例经DSA确诊的脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床及MRI资料.结果 10例患者在常规MRI检查上均有不同脑区的皮质、皮质下脑组织静脉性脑梗死的MRI表现,8例伴明显脑肿胀;7例患者的静脉窦内有异常信号,其中6例MRI表现为静脉窦内T1WI、T2WI高信号,1例T1WI高及稍高信号、T2WI低信号.9例MRV检查均发现静脉窦充盈缺损或中断.结论 3.0T MRI结合MRV是诊断和随访静脉窦血栓形成的有效手段,可替代创伤性的DSA检查.     

脑磁共振静脉成像

目的：磁共振静脉成像(MRV)已被广泛应用于颅内静脉系统检查，特别是用来评价静脉窦血栓形成。本研究的目的是评价脑MRV描述正常颅内静脉系统解剖和变异的作用，评价它在诊断硬脑膜窦血栓形成过程中潜在的误诊因素。材料和方法：对79例常规磁共振表现正常的MRV图像进行分析，观察硬脑膜窦和主要静脉的表现和缺失情况。其中7例志愿者接受了MRV和3DPCMRA两种方法检查。结果：上矢状窦、直窦、Galen静脉和大脑内静脉显示率为100％，枕窦显示率为10％，基底静脉显示率为92％。横窦血流间隙显示率约为34％，均出现在非优势侧横窦，优势侧横窦没有出现流动间隙。结论：MRV是有效的评价颅内静脉系统方法。常规MR表现正常者中有34％可以发现横窦流动间隙，这些流动间隙不应被误诊为静脉窦血栓形成。     

磁共振脑静脉系血管成像技术及其临床应用

目的探讨磁共振脑静脉系血管成像的技术方法和最佳扫描方案，评价磁共振静脉系血管成像技术(MR venography，MRV)对静脉系疾病的诊断价值及临床意义。方法采用二维时间飞跃法MR血管造影(2D-TOF-MRA)、二维相位对比血管造影(2D-PCA)和三维对比增强MR血管造影(3D-CE-MRA)3种血管成像技术分别对20例健康志愿者和20例临床或MRI疑有静脉系疾病的患者行MRV成像，并采用最大强度投影(MIP)、多平面或曲面重建(MPR)及数字减影MRA(DSMRA)技术对图像进行后处理，观察脑静脉系在MRV中的显示情况及脑静脉系疾病在MRV中表现形式，制定脑静脉系成像的最佳方案。结果本组经3D-CE-MRA静脉系成像诊断为13例颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)及7例颅内肿瘤累及静脉系的阳性显示率为100％，均经临床治疗复诊及手术证实。2D-PCA及2D-TOF-MRA对细小引流静脉显示欠佳，且2D-TOF-MRA对复杂区域内静脉血管亦显示欠佳。结论3D-CE-MRA结合2D-PCA及2D-TOF-MRA静脉成像技术形成全脑静脉系成像，为脑静脉系的最佳成像方案，对临床术前评估和指导治疗有极其重要的意义。     

Intracranial venous system: gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR venography with auto-triggered elliptic centric-ordered sequence--initial experience

PURPOSE: To evaluate gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional auto-triggered elliptic centric-ordered (ATECO) magnetic resonance (MR) venography for imaging of the intracranial venous system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ATECO MR venography was performed in 23 patients, eight of whom also underwent two-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) MR venography for imaging of the intracranial venous system. Seventeen predefined venous structures were evaluated on all venograms by two neuroradiologists. Visualization of venous structures was defined as completely visible (including clearly pathologic), partially visible, or not visible. Readers were also asked to compare the visibility of these predefined structures on ATECO and TOF MR venograms, where available. RESULTS: Of the 23 patients, six had dural venous sinus disease. Of the remaining 17 healthy patients, five underwent both ATECO and TOF MR venography and 12 underwent ATECO MR venography alone. On ATECO MR venograms obtained in the healthy patients, visibility of the 17 predefined venous structures was complete in 92% (531 of 578) of evaluations. For the five normal TOF MR venograms, the rate of complete visibility of the same venous structures was 61% (104 of 170). The rate of complete visibility of the large dural venous sinuses was 99% for ATECO MR venograms and 75% for TOF MR venograms. CONCLUSION: ATECO MR venography provides high-quality images of the intracranial venous anatomy and was superior to TOF MR venography for consistent complete visibility of venous structures.     

Imaging of the intracranial venous system with a contrast-enhanced volumetric interpolated examination

A contrast-enhanced interpolated, three-dimensional (3D) gradient-echo MR sequence with asymmetric k-space sampling, which we refer to as volumetric interpolated brain examination (VIBE), was evaluated for its depiction of the normal intracranial venous system and compared with two-dimensional (2D) time-of-flight (TOF) MR venography (MRV). Fifteen subjects underwent contrast-enhanced VIBE imaging (TR/TE 8 ms/4.4 ms, flip angle 18°, acquisition time, 2 min 20 s, voxel size approximately 1.5 mm³) and standard 2D TOF MRV (TR/TE 27 ms/9 ms, flip angle 35°). The presence of 19 venous structures per subject was assessed on maximum intensity projections (MIP) of the whole data set (whole-brain MIP) and on MIP images reconstructed spontaneously from source images (interactive MIP/source images). Results from a consensus reading where all imaging techniques and display modalities were available were taken as the standard of reference for the presence of venous structures. In addition, 10 subjects underwent both unenhanced and enhanced VIBE imaging. The value of subtracted data sets (unenhanced VIBE subtracted from enhanced VIBE) was then evaluated. Overall, VIBE provided a superior visualization of the cerebral veins than 2D TOF MRV (VIBE, sensitivity (reader 1/reader 2): 98%/99%, negative predictive value 64%/71%; TOF sensitivity: 85%/84%, negative predictive value 15%/15%; Wilcoxon signed-rank test VIBE vs TOF, p<0.001 for both readers). The VIBE interactive MIP/source images were superior to whole-brain MIP reconstructions. Image subtraction was not necessary for delineation of venous structures but improved small vein conspicuity. Contrast-enhanced VIBE acquisitions are faster and enable a visualization of the normal intracranial venous system superior to that of 2D TOF MRV. Electronic Publication     

More reliable noninvasive visualization of the cerebral veins and dural sinuses: comparison of three MR angiographic techniques

PURPOSE: To compare the visualization of cerebral veins and dural sinuses at contrast material-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) fast low-angle shot (FLASH) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography, and phase-contrast MR angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors prospectively compared the two-dimensional source images, multiplanar reconstructed images, and maximum intensity projection angiograms obtained at contrast-enhanced 3D radio-frequency-spoiled FLASH MR angiography in 20 patients with those obtained at TOF and phase-contrast MR angiographic examinations. Two neuroradiologists in consensus determined the number of visualized cortical veins and graded the quality of visualization of veins and sinuses as intense and continuous, faint and continuous, or noncontinuous. Statistical analysis was performed with the nonparametric sign test and the Wilcoxon matched pairs sign rank test. RESULTS: The cortical veins, inferior sagittal sinus, and cavernous sinuses were visualized best with FLASH MR angiography (P <.003). The Trolard and Labbé veins were visualized equally well with the FLASH and TOF sequences. For septal, internal cerebral, and Rosenthal left basal vein visualization, phase-contrast MR angiography was inferior to the FLASH and TOF MR angiographic examinations (P <.05). The quality of visualization of the thalamostriate and Galen veins and of the superior sagittal, rectal, and transverse sinuses was the same at all MR angiographic examinations. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional FLASH MR angiography depicts some venous structures better than do TOF and phase-contrast MR angiographic examinations. The depiction of other veins is the same with 3D FLASH and TOF sequences.     

三维时间飞跃法MR血管成像检出颅内动脉瘤的研究

目的分析三维时间飞跃法MR血管成像(3D TOF MRA)检出颅内动脉瘤的价值。资料与方法 36例进行了3D TOF MRA且有数字减影血管造影(DSA)和/或手术结果为对照的患者纳入本研究。以DSA和/或手术结果为参照标准,以患者为分析单位评价3D TOF MRA检出颅内动脉瘤的能力。对3D TOF MRA均检出动脉瘤者,分别测量动脉瘤的长径、短径和瘤颈,进行相关性分析。结果 36例患者中DSA和/或手术检出28例患者有28个动脉瘤,8例患者无动脉瘤;3D TOF MRA检出31例患者31个动脉瘤,5例患者无动脉瘤。以DSA和/或手术结果为参照,以患者为分析单位,3D TOF MRA检出颅内动脉瘤的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为89.3%、75.0%、75.0%。3D TOF MRA和DSA在显示颅内动脉瘤长径、短径和瘤颈的差别无统计学意义,并且有很好的正相关性。结论 3D TOF MRA在诊断颅内动脉瘤方面具有高的敏感性和中等的特异性,高的假阳性率提示在作出小动脉瘤的诊断时需谨慎。     

颅内血管性病变的磁共振时间飞跃法血流成像

报告了３０例颅内血管性病变的磁共振时间飞跃法（ＴＯＦ）血流成像资料，包括动脉瘤８例、动静脉畸形１３例和血管闭塞９例。其中２１例作了与ＤＳＡ的对照。结果发现，ＴＯＦ血流成像方法无创伤、危险小、检查时间短，对颅底动脉环和动脉瘤显示较好，可显示动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）的供血动脉和引流静脉，大血管的闭塞诊断准确。缺点是图像欠清晰、伪迹较多。三维成像分辨力高、图像对比好，但对慢血流不敏感。笔者认为ＭＲＴＯＦ血流成像具有明显的临床实用价值。     

肾透析旁路磁共振血管成像的临床应用

目的 探讨磁共振血管成像（ＭＲＡ）在肾透析旁路显示中的应用。材料与方法 １９例２０人次建立肾透析旁路患者经磁共振扫描。全部病例均采用二维时间飞跃法血管成像（２Ｄ－ＴＯＦ）,９例采用二维相位对比法血管成像（２Ｄ－ＰＣ）。其中２例行ＤＳＡ检查。结果 １９例２０人次透析旁路ＭＲＡ２Ｄ－ＴＯＦ法均显示透析旁路全貌。静脉支不同程度狭窄５例,动静脉吻合部发现闭塞７例,狭窄１例,２Ｄ－ＰＣ技术９例均能显示透析旁     

磁共振血管成像在脑血管病中的诊断价值

目的:探讨三维时间飞跃法MR血管成像(3D TOF MRA)和三维增强MR血管造影(3D CE-MRA)检查技术,评价两种方法对脑血管病的诊断价值。方法:磁共振血管成像检查150例,全部行3D TOF MRA检查;9例进行3D CE-MRA检查,钆对比剂(Gd-DTPA)0.2mmol/kg,注射流率3ml/s,增强前、增强后动脉期及静脉期3次扫描;所有MRA图像进行三维重建,同期12例行DSA检查。常规MRI包括横断面T1WI、T2WI,矢状面T1WI。结果:56例中颅内血管显示正常56例,颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞者46例,颅内动脉瘤22例,颅内动静脉畸形21例,颈内动脉海绵窦瘘3例,烟雾病(moyamoya dis-ease)2例。结论:3D TOF MRA和3D CE-MRA是无创、快速、有效的检查技术,对诊断脑血管病有较高的价值,结合原始图像和常规MRI检查,一次检查即能为临床提供较为全面的信息,可作为脑血管病的筛选和首选诊断方法。     

3.OT高时间分辨率对比增强MRA颅内血管成像

目的:评价3.0T高时间分辨率对比增强磁共振血管成像(TR 3D CE-MRA)在颅内血管成像的技术可行性和临床应用价值.方法:经医院伦理委员会批准,回顾性搜集21例患者,采用3.0T磁共振,首先行常规序列T1 WI、T2 WI和TOF MRA扫描,然后在确定痛变处用TR 3D CE-MRA即快速小角度激发梯度回波序列...