DMRIE-C、Lipofectamine2000和TransMessenger转染HCV RNA效率比较

目的比较和优化DMRIE-C、Lipofectamine2000和TransMessenger3种转染试剂的转染效率,选择适合建立丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）复制子或感染克隆的转染试剂和条件。方法将含有萤火虫荧光素酶报告基因的HCVRNA,分别通过上述3种转染试剂转染Huh7和Huh7.5.1细胞系,于转染24h后裂解细胞,测定荧光素酶活性。2~3周后,结晶紫染色细胞集落。结果在Huh7和Huh7.5.1细胞中,DMRIE-C比Lipofectamine2000和TransMes-senger的转染效率高。在Huh7细胞中,4μlDMRIE-C转染试剂组的荧光素酶活性比其他组高（P〈0.05）。在Huh7.5.1细胞中,3μlDMRIE-C转染试剂组的荧光素酶活性比其他组高（P〈0.05）。在细胞集落形成实验中,DMRIE-C组的细胞克隆数多于其他两种转染试剂组。结论在Huh7和Huh7.5.1细胞中,DMRIE-C比Lipo-fectamine2000和TransMessenger的转染效率高。当建立HCV复制子或感染克隆试验时,既要选择合适的RNA转染试剂,又要考虑细胞生长状态的影响。     

双链寡聚脱氧核苷酸／载体复合物在急性肺损伤肺泡巨噬细胞中的体外转染效率研究

目的：利用圈套dsODNs／载体基因技术,通过体外实验研究NF-кB decoy dsODNs／载体复合物在急性肺损伤肺泡巨噬细胞中的体外转染效率,为进一步的体内试验提供依据,从而在细胞分子水平为临床防治全血性炎症反应综合征／急性肺损伤（ SIRS／ALI）筛选精确药物靶点和寻求高效合理的治疗方案提供前瞻性的实验依据。方法制备失血性休克致ALI的实验动物模型,以Lipofectamine2000为载体,对巨噬细胞分组进行dsODNs干预：对照组、脂多糖（ lipopolysaccharide ,LPS）组、Lipofectamine2000组（ Lipo2000组）、NF-κB dsODNs／Lipofectamine2000组（ dsODNs组）。乳酸脱氢酶（ LDH）试剂盒检测巨噬细胞（ AM）毒性;观察并测定巨噬细胞的转染活性、最佳转染浓度和转染效率。结果 dsODNs／Lipofectamine2000浓度比率为1∶5,体外转染6h时,转染效率、荧光强度和细胞状态最佳,细胞毒性适中。结论 NF-кB圈套dsODNs与Lipofectamine2000在一定浓度范围内能有效提高圈套dsODNs的转染效率,并且最大限度降低各种刺激对细胞造成的损伤,为SIRS／ALI的临床防治提供了新的思路和途径,为临床治疗ALI筛选特异性的炎症治疗药物和开发临床药物确定了精确靶点。     

穿膜肽增强聚乙烯亚胺介导的基因转染效率的机制研究

目的研究穿膜肽增强支链聚乙烯亚胺（BPEI）在CHO-K1细胞中的基因转染效率的机制。方法分别合成蜂毒肽（melittin）及其疏水核心区MT20,利用圆二色光谱（CD）分析其二级结构;通过溶血试验比较二者穿透细胞膜的能力;加入蜂毒肽和MT20前后,观察钙黄绿素（calcein）在HeLa细胞内的分布情况。分别将蜂毒肽或MT20与BPEI按一定比例混合,以荧光素酶（luciferase）为报告基因,检测荧光素酶在CHO-K1细胞中的转染效率;以MTT法检测基因转染后的细胞毒性。结果在模拟膜环境的甲醇溶液中,蜂毒肽和MT20都呈现一定的α-螺旋结构,比例分别为59.63%和35.67%,说明其二级结构与之穿膜功能相关;蜂毒肽只能在中性条件下穿透细胞膜导致红细胞溶血,而MT20在中性和酸性条件下都具有穿膜能力;加入蜂毒肽和MT20后能够促进钙黄绿素在MT20组中呈弥散分布,在蜂毒肽组中呈颗粒状分布并且在核仁内蓄积;MT20和蜂毒肽都能够增强BPEI在CHO-K1细胞中的基因转染效率,其中MT20的增强作用更强且细胞毒性较蜂毒肽以及单独使用BPEI和Lipofectamine 2000时要低。结论蜂毒肽的疏水核心区MT20通过增加PEI/DNA复合物颗粒从内含体逃逸并促进其进入细胞核而增加其基因转染效率,是一种低毒的基因转染增强剂,有可能在难以转染的细胞系中发挥重要作用。     

封闭型空间细胞培养板研制与验证

目的为适用于空间特殊实验环境,并在细胞培养实验中更高效地使用试剂、提高细胞培养用品的污染防护能力,提出了一种内部流动路径可控、具备防渗漏、防污染能力的全透明和全封闭细胞培养板。方法基于有限元仿真对培养板核心结构—流路控制挡板进行了优化,以优化后的培养板为核心部件搭建细胞培养回路,并开展了中长周期细胞培养试验。结果最优化的三坝-纵向排列细胞培养板,可有效控制其内部流体的流动路径,进出口流速1 m L/min时流体剪切力仅4.8×10~(-5)Pa,流动死区几乎为0,以该培养板为核心构建的细胞培养回路中培养的细胞可正常生长15 d。结论该细胞培养板,可使腔内新旧细胞培养试剂更换及残留气体排出更彻底,防渗漏防污染能力大大提升,试剂使用率提高,能满足空间实验常用典型细胞系的中长期培养需求,适合于我国目前及将来的空间医学生物学实验应用场合。     

pH敏感脂质体作为基因载体的研究进展

pH敏感脂质体作为基因载体具有较高的转染效率、低细胞毒性、在体环境中稳定存在等优点，是一种良好的基因载体，近来受到广泛关注。本文概述了pH敏感脂质体介导的药物转运过程及其分类，着重介绍pH敏感脂质体作为基因载体的研究进展。     

水芹提取物对HBV—DNA克隆转染2215人肝细胞分泌HBsAg和HBeAg的抑制作用

目的观察水芹提取物在乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因转染的人肝癌细胞系2215细胞培养中,对细胞的毒性及其分泌的表面抗原(HBsAg)和e抗原(HBeAg)的抑制作用.方法 (1)药物对细胞的毒性实验,在接种2215细胞后24 h,加2倍稀释的6个稀释度药液12.00、8.00、4.00、2.00、1.00、0.50mg     

载报告基因壳聚糖纳米粒制剂体外转染活性考察

目的 考察壳聚糖纳米粒体外基因转染活性及壳聚糖纳米粒经表面修饰的体外转染活性变化。方法 用复凝聚法制备纳米粒，透射电镜观察粒子形态，体外基因转染实验评价纳米粒的体外转染活性，用倒置荧光显微镜观察和流式细胞仪测定转染结果。通过考察递送不同剂量的基因和转染后不同时间的转染效率，寻找本递送系统较好的转染条件。用纳米粒表面连接PEG以及半乳糖基白蛋白，对纳米粒进行修饰，通过体外转染实验，评价表面修饰对其转染活性的影响。结果 未经表面修饰的载基因纳米粒能够转染人胚胎肾细胞(HEK293)和肝癌细胞(HepG2)，但转染效率仍不如脂质体转染试剂，且在转染实验后约72h较高，递送基因较佳的剂量是4μg，在以上两种细胞中，转染效率也不同。经PEG表面修饰的纳米粒仍保持纳米粒的体外转染活性。连接半乳糖基牛血清白蛋白的纳米粒转染活性却反而略有下降。结论 壳聚糖纳米粒能将基因递送到细胞内，并且报告基因能在细胞内表达。因此，可以用作基因递送的载体系统，值得进一步研究。经PEG表面修饰和冷冻干燥处理,保持生物活性．为基因药物制剂化的可能性提供了证据。对于靶向配基的选择．宜继续进行筛选。     

携带Bcl-2基因的慢病毒对原代培养的人卵巢颗粒细胞的影响

目的探讨携带Bcl-2基因的慢病毒对体外培养的原代人卵巢颗粒细胞感染效率及对细胞凋亡的影响。方法构建携带Bcl-2基因的慢病毒载体,包装成高滴度慢病毒,将重组慢病毒在体外分别以不同感染复数(MOI)值(10、50、100、200、400)感染人卵巢原代颗粒细胞,观察感染24、48、72、96h后的感染效率及细胞增殖情况;将人卵巢颗粒培养24h后,分为3组。实验组:加MOI值为100的重组慢病毒GC-FU-Bcl-2;空白对照组:不加病毒;空载体对照组:加空载病毒GC-FU-EGFP。转染后第3、7天,采用Western blotting及反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分别检测目的基因Bcl-2在人卵巢原代颗粒细胞中的蛋白及mRNA的表达水平。同时转染后第3天采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。结果原代培养的人卵巢颗粒细胞24h即贴壁,集落样生长,呈多角形或梭形;当MOI为100时,细胞的形态和生长不受影响,且感染效率较高,感染后72h达高峰,感染率达60%。携带Bcl-2基因的慢病毒感染靶细胞后,实验组中检测到Bcl-2基因及蛋白的表达,且卵巢颗粒细胞的凋亡率明显低于空载体对照组。结论携带Bcl-2基因的慢病毒感染原代培养的人卵巢颗粒细胞后可过度分泌Bcl-2蛋白,抑制细胞凋亡。     

游离NgR促进新生大鼠背根神经节突起体外生长

目的 观察生物合成的游离NgR对新生大鼠原代背根神经节(DRG)神经元突起生长的影响.方法 以ViraPowerTM慢病毒将NgR(310)ecto基因转染人培养的骨髓基质细胞,收集培养上清获得游离NgR.分离新生大鼠DRG神经元并分为两组,对照组直接将神经元种植到经含中枢神经系统(CNS)髓鞘蛋白包被的培养皿中培养;实验组先将骨髓基质细胞培养上清加入含CNS髓鞘蛋白的培养皿中,孵育4 h后再植入DRG神经元.两组细胞均在培养24 h后固定,进行βⅢ-tubulin免疫组织化学染色,图像观察神经元及其突起生长情况.结果 基因修饰的骨髓基质细胞,转染后48 h间接免疫荧光的方法检测可见胞浆内荧光表达.种植24 h后对照组DRG细胞很少有突起长出;而实验组DRG细胞中60%的神经元长出突起,且突起较长.结论 游离NgR能够竞争性结合脊髓损伤后局部分泌的轴突生长抑制因子,从而保护生理性NgR,可能是促轴突再生和脊髓功能恢复的一种新策略.     

HGF非融合蛋白真核表达载体的构建及其在骨骼肌细胞中的表达

目的构建以HGF为目的基因、以EGFP为报告基因的非融合蛋白真核表达载体pCMV-HGF-IRES-EGFP,并观察HGF基因在原代培养的大鼠骨骼肌细胞中的表达。方法利用BamHI单酶切质粒pcDNA3-HGF,得到HGF基因片段,将其正向插入到真核表达载体pCMV-IRES-EGFP的CMV后方BamHI的单克隆位点。脂质体介导转染至原代培养的大鼠骨骼肌细胞,在荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达,并用ELISA法检测HGF的表达情况。结果构建了HGF的非融合蛋白真核表达载体pCMV-HGF-IRES-EGFP,转染原代培养的大鼠骨骼肌细胞24~72h后,见30%的细胞表达EGFP。ELISA检测细胞培养液证实转染后第1天即有HGF的表达,第4天HGF浓度为(5402.0±227.9)ng/L。结论成功构建了非融合蛋白真核表达载体pCMV-HGF-IRES-EGFP,其在原代培养的大鼠骨骼肌细胞中能有效表达。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）