Palm oil versus hydrogenated soybean oil: effects on serum lipids and plasma haemostatic variables

The purpose of this study was to test if replacement of trans fatty acids by palmitic acid in an experimental margarine results in unfavourable effects on serum lipids and haemostatic factors. We have compared the effects of three different margarines, one based on palm oil (PALM-margarine), one based on partially hydrogenated soybean oil (TRANS- margarine) and one with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-margarine), on serum lipids in 27 young women. In nine of the participants fasting levels and diurnal postprandial levels of haemostatic variables on the 3 diets were compared. The sum of 12:0, 14:0, 16:0 provided 11% of energy (E%) in the PALM diet, the same as the sum of 12:0, 14:0, 16:0 and trans fatty acids in the TRANS-diet. Oleic acid provided 10-11E% in all three diets, while PUFA provided 5.7, 5.5 and 10.2 E%, respectively. Total fat provided 30-31% and the test margarines 26% of total energy in all three diets. Each of the diets was consumed for 17 days in a crossover design. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apoB between the TRANS- and the PALM-diet. HDL-cholesterol and apoA-I were significantly higher on the PALM-diet compared to the TRANS-diet while the ratio of LDL- to HDL-cholesterol was lower, although not significantly (P = 0.077) on the PALM-diet. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apoB were significantly lower on the PUFA-diet compared to the two other diets. HDL-cholesterol was not different on the PALM- and the PUFA-diet while it was significantly lower on the TRANS-diet compared to the PUFA-diet. Triglycerides and Lp(a) were not different among the three diets. The diurnal postprandial state level of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity was significantly decreased on the TRANS-diet compared to the PALM-diet. t-PA activity was also decreased on the PUFA-diet compared to PALM-diet although not significantly (P=0.07). There were no significant differences in neither fasting levels or in circadian variation of t-PA antigen, PAI-1 activity, PAI-1 antigen, factor VII coagulant activity or fibrinogen between the three diets. Our results suggest that dietary palm oil may have a more favourable effect on the fibrinolytic system compared to partially hydrogenated soybean oil. We conclude that from a nutritional point of view, palmitic acid from palm oil may be a reasonable alternative to trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil in margarine if the aim is to avoid trans fatty acids. A palm oil based margarine is, however, less favourable than one based on a more polyunsaturated vegetable oil.     

A comparison of the effects of 2 doses of soy protein or casein on serum lipids,serum lipoproteins,and plasma total homocysteine in hypercholesterolemic subjects

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that soy protein reduces some atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, although lipoprotein(a) concentrations may be increased. The dose response of soy protein has not been established; neither has its effect on plasma total homocysteine. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of 2 doses of soy protein on lipid, lipoprotein, and homocysteine concentrations. DESIGN: Four to 24 wk after being instructed to consume a lipid-lowering diet, 130 men and women with LDL-cholesterol concentrations > or = 4 mmol/L were studied during a parallel group trial in which 4 interventions were assigned randomly. Thirty grams isolated soy protein (ISP) and 10 g cotyledon fiber or 50 g ISP and 16.6 g cotyledon fiber or equivalent doses of casein and cellulose were consumed daily as a beverage for 16 wk. RESULTS: When the 2 groups who consumed ISP were compared with the 2 groups who consumed casein, the differences in the net changes from baseline to week 16 in the concentrations of LDL cholesterol and plasma total homocysteine were -0.26 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.43, -0.09 mmol/L; P = 0.01) and -0.8 micromol/L (-1.4, -0.2 micromol/L; P = 0.005), respectively. The effect of the ISP dose was not significant. There were no significant differences between the 2 ISP and the 2 casein groups in changes in lipoprotein(a), HDL-cholesterol, or triacylglycerol concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Adding 30-50 g soy protein/d to a lipid-lowering diet significantly reduced LDL-cholesterol concentrations without increasing lipoprotein(a) concentrations. Plasma total homocysteine concentrations also decreased, suggesting a novel, possibly antiatherosclerotic effect.     

Effects of hempseed and flaxseed oils on the profile of serum lipids, serum total and lipoprotein lipid concentrations and haemostatic factors

Summary Background Both hempseed oil (HO) and flaxseed oil (FO) contain high amounts of essential fatty acids (FAs); i.e. linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), but almost in opposite ratios. An excessive intake of one essential FA over the other may interfere with the metabolism of the other while the metabolisms of LA and ALA compete for the same enzymes. It is not known whether there is a difference between n-3 and n-6 FA of plant origin in the effects on serum lipid profile. Aim of the study To compare the effects of HO and FO on the profile of serum lipids and fasting concentrations of serum total and lipoprotein lipids, plasma glucose and insulin, and haemostatic factors in healthy humans. Methods Fourteen healthy volunteers participated in the study. A randomised, double-blind crossover design was used. The volunteers consumed HO and FO (30 ml/day) for 4 weeks each. The periods were separated by a 4-week washout period. Results The HO period resulted in higher proportions of both LA and gamma-linolenic acid in serum cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) as compared with the FO period (P < 0.001), whereas the FO period resulted in a higher proportion of ALA in both serum CE and TG as compared with the HO period (P < 0.001). The proportion of arachidonic acid in CE was lower after the FO period than after the HO period (P < 0.05). The HO period resulted in a lower total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio compared with the FO period (P = 0.065). No significant differences were found between the periods in measured values of fasting serum total or lipoprotein lipids, plasma glucose, insulin or hemostatic factors. Conclusions The effects of HO and FO on the profile of serum lipids differed significantly, with only minor effects on concentrations of fasting serum total or lipoprotein lipids, and no significant changes in concentrations of plasma glucose or insulin or in haemostatic factors.     

The effect of vegetable oil-based cheese on serum total and lipoprotein lipids

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of rapeseed oil-based cheese (milk-fat substituted by rapeseed oil) on serum total and lipoprotein lipid concentrations and blood pressure in reference to ordinary, milk-fat-based cheese in subjects with mildly to moderately elevated serum cholesterol concentration. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, single-blind, cross-over clinical trial. SETTINGS: Outpatient dietary intervention with free-living subjects in Eastern Finland. INTERVENTIONS: The study began with a 2 week pre-trial period followed by two 4 week intervention periods. During the intervention study subjects replaced their ordinary cheese or cold cuts with 65 g of rapeseed oil-based or milk-fat-based control cheese. The type of test cheese was switched at 4 weeks of intervention. Altogether 31 subjects completed the study. RESULTS: Compared with the control cheese period the mean serum total cholesterol concentration was 6.7% (95% Cl -9.9 to -3.5%) lower after 2 weeks and 5.0% (95% Cl -7.5 to -2.5%) lower after 4 weeks of use of rapeseed oil-based cheese. Respectively, LDL cholesterol concentration was 7.0% (95% Cl -11.7 to -2.6%) lower after 2 weeks use and 6.4% (95% Cl -10.0 to -2.8%) lower after 4 weeks' use of rapeseed oil-based cheese. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that the rapeseed oil-based cheese reduces serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in mildly to moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects when replacing ordinary milk-fat-based cheese in the diet. SPONSORSHIP: Mildola Ltd, Tuusula, Finland and Kyr?nmaan Juustomestarit Ltd, lsokyr?, Finland.     

Dietary-fish effects on serum lipids and apolipoproteins, a controlled study

In Maastricht and Zeist, The Netherlands, and Troms?, Norway, a well-controlled study was performed on the effect of a fish-enriched diet on serum lipids, apolipoproteins A-1 and B, and fatty acid compositions of serum triglycerides and cholesterol esters. For 6 wk healthy male volunteers were given a daily dietary supplement consisting of 135 g mackerel paste (experimental group, n = 42) or meat paste (control group, n = 42). Dietary adherence was calculated on the basis of urinary excretion of a standard amount of lithium added to the supplements. Average compliance was 80%. Low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) and total serum cholesterol concentrations were unaffected. High-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased to a comparable degree in both groups. Triglyceride content of serum decreased in the fish group. Apolipoproteins A-1 and B (both in Maastricht subjects only) were only slightly affected. In the mackerel group the n-3 fatty acids increased significantly in serum cholesterol esters and triglycerides; the n-6 fatty acids decreased in cholesterol esters only.     

Effect of diets high in butter, corn oil, or high-oleic acid sunflower oil on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in men

This randomized blind crossover study compared serum lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in 20 men consuming 37-43% of energy as fat from diets based on corn oil, high-oleic acid sunflower oil, and butter. Each phase of the crossover design included 2 wk of butter-based diet followed by 5 wk of designated vegetable-oil-based diet with a 7-wk washout period between phases. Compared with values for the butter-based diet, the vegetable-oil-based diets reduced serum total cholesterol by 16-21% (p less than 0.001), LDL cholesterol by 21-26% (p less than 0.001), triglycerides by 10-21% (p less than 0.01 for the higher figure), and apolipoprotein B-100 by 22-29% (p less than 0.001). When values fell, they fell further on the corn-oil-based diet. There were no significant changes in serum HDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein A-1. These data suggest that when men on diets high in saturated fatty acids reduce their saturated fatty acid intake but not their total fat intake, many can still experience a significant lowering in serum total cholesterol.     

A comparison of the effects of soya-bean protein and casein on bile composition, cholelithiasis and serum lipoprotein lipids in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops)

1. Two groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were fed on high-cholesterol diets which differed only with respect to the protein source. In one group casein was the only protein source, while the other group received only soya-bean protein. 2. Samples of blood, bile and liver biopsy material were collected at the commencement of the study and at 3-monthly intervals until termination 12 months later. 3. At the end of the experimental period all the animals (n 19) had high plasma cholesterol levels and had developed pigment gallstones, the compositions and weights of which were not related to the protein source or to plasma cholesterol levels. Gallstone weight was related to the presence of acidic and sulphated mucins in gallbladder mucosa. We were also unable to confirm the hypocholesterolaemic effect of soya-bean protein which has been demonstrated previously in rhesus monkeys and hamsters. Bile composition and plasma lipids did not differ significantly between the casein-fed and soya-bean fed animals. Lithogenic index was below 1 for both groups and did not differ significantly between the two groups. 4. No significant difference was found in the severity of cholelithiasis between the casein-fed and the soya-bean-fed animals.     

脑卒中患者血清可溶性CD14、同型半胱氨酸和7项血脂结果分析

目的探讨血清中可溶性CD14(s CD14)、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)和7项血脂指标与脑卒中的相关性。方法采用ELISA法检测195例脑卒中患者及120例健康对照组血清s CD14;使用罗氏C7O2全自动生化分析仪检测195例脑卒中患者及120例健康对照组血清HCY和7项血脂,并对检测结果进行分析。结果脑卒中患者中s CD14、HCY、TG、CHOL、HDL、LDL-C、Apo A、Apo B、LP(a)含量分别为(79.98±36.67)μg/m L、(20.78±17.98)μmol/L、(1.48±0.78)mmol/L、(5.19±0.93)mmol/L、(1.15±0.31)mmol/L、(2.62±0.83)mmol/L、(1.34±0.26)g/L、(0.97±0.76)g/L、(188.07±167.68)mg/L;脑卒中患者血清s CD14、HCY、TG、CHOL、LDL-C含量明显升高,与健康对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而脑卒中患者HDL、Apo A、Apo B、LP(a)含量与健康对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论脑卒中患者血清s CD14、HCY和TG、CHOL、LDL-C明显相关,对了解患者的发病和辅助诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

Effects of dietary cold-pressed turnip rapeseed oil and butter on serum lipids,oxidized LDL and arterial elasticity in men with metabolic syndrome

Background  

Rapeseed oil is the principal dietary source of monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the Northern Europe. However, the effect of rapeseed oil on the markers of subclinical atherosclerosis is not known. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dietary intake of cold-pressed turnip rapeseed oil (CPTRO) and butter on serum lipids, oxidized LDL and arterial elasticity in men with metabolic syndrome.     

A comparison of the digestion and absorption of cocoa butter and palm kernel oil and their effects on cholesterol absorption in rats

Digestion and absorption of cocoa butter and palm kernel oil and their effect on cholesterol absorption were studied in adult male rats. Duodenal and thoracic duct catheters were inserted surgically into the anesthetized rats. After an overnight fast, animals were given a single duodenal dose of an aqueous emulsion containing [1,2-3H]cholesterol and one of the following: corn oil, cocoa butter or palm kernel oil. Digestion and absorption were estimated by recovering the total fatty acids in the thoracic duct lymph over a 24-h collection period (after subtraction of the baseline "endogenous fatty acids" in the lymph). Intestinal absorption of cholesterol into the thoracic duct lymph was reduced significantly (P less than 0.05) in the presence of cocoa butter, compared to absorption when palm kernel oil or corn oil was administered. Compared to the absorption of corn oil (arbitrarily defined as 100%), the absorption of palm kernel oil and cocoa butter was 82 and 63%, respectively. The present study suggests that palm kernel oil absorption was not significantly different from that of corn oil. The lower absorbability of cocoa butter and its inhibitory effect on cholesterol absorption may explain in part why cocoa butter is less hypercholesterolemic and atherogenic than other equally saturated fats.     

大豆蛋白对大鼠血脂调节的作用机制

目的 探讨大豆蛋白对大鼠血脂代谢的影响及其可能的作用机制.方法 SPF级雄性SD大鼠48只,进食基础饲料适应性喂养2周,随机分为4组:大豆蛋白组,酪蛋白组,大豆蛋白高脂组,酪蛋白高脂组.进食实验饲料28d.测定试验蛋白中氨基酸含量,大鼠血清中血脂、胰岛素和胰高血糖素水平.结果 与酪蛋白相比,大豆蛋白的赖/精比值小,蛋氨酸含量低,胱氨酸含量高.大豆蛋白组大鼠TC、HDL-C浓度及TC/HDL-C比值比酪蛋白组低.大豆蛋白高脂组大鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C浓度及TC/HDL-C比值比酪蛋白高脂组低.大豆蛋白组大鼠血清胰岛素浓度比酪蛋白组低.大豆蛋白高脂组大鼠血清胰岛素浓度比酪蛋白高脂组低,胰高血糖素浓度比酪蛋白高脂组高.结论 大豆蛋白可通过影响血清中胰岛素/胰高血糖素比率及其氨基酸种类和含量来调节血脂水平,其作用机制还需进一步探讨.     

An international and interregional comparison of haemostatic variables in the study of ischaemic heart disease. Report of a working group

Levels of haemostatic variables that may be involved in thrombogenesis have been compared in groups of men of similar mean age in communities at very low (Gambia), high (England and Czechoslovakia) or very high (Scotland and Finland) risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). There was a consistent gradient of higher factor VII levels with higher IHD risk and also suggestive gradients in the case of two other vitamin K dependent factors, factors II and X. Mean platelet counts were lower and mean fibrinolytic activity was greater in Gambian men than in European men. There was a suggestive though not entirely consistent association between mean fibrinogen levels and IHD risk in the groups from IHD-endemic countries. The results as a whole, and particularly those on factor VII, strengthen the case for the increasingly detailed epidemiological as well as laboratory investigation of the role of the haemostatic system in thrombogenesis and IHD.     

Copper and iron deficiencies: effects on serum lipids and tissue minerals

To study the interrelationship between iron and copper on serum lipid concentrations, four diets were fed to growing rats: iron and copper deficient, copper-deficient, iron-deficient, iron and copper adequate. After 18 weeks, concentrations of iron and copper in organs and lipids in sera were determined. Iron deficiency alone or combined with copper deficiency resulted in reduced body weights, hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrits, and iron concentrations in liver, spleen, and heart. Hepatic copper was elevated 8-fold in iron deficiency. Copper deficiency alone or combined with iron deficiency resulted in reduced copper concentrations of liver and spleen and reduced ceruloplasmin. Serum triglycerides and cholesterol did not differ among experimental treatments. No significant effects of the interaction between dietary iron and copper on serum lipid levels were found.     

Freeze-dried powdered yacon: effects of FOS on serum glucose,lipids and intestinal transit in the elderly

Background and aims

Freeze-dried powdered yacon (FDY) can be considered a prebiotic product due to its fructooligosaccharides (FOS) content. The effect of 9 weeks of daily intake of FDY containing 7.4 g of FOS on glucose, lipid metabolism and intestinal transit in a group of elderly people was investigated.

Methods

Seventy-two elderly (mean age 67.11 ± 6.11) men and women were studied for 9 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. They were randomly assigned to the supplement group (which received 7.4 g of FOS as FDY) or the control group. At the beginning and end of the study, anthropometric measurements, blood sampling, clinical analyses and dietary intake were assessed.

Results

A daily intake of FDY containing 7.4 g of FOS for 9 weeks was associated with a mean decrease in serum glucose (p = 0.013), but supplementation did not reduce serum lipids in the study group. The administered dose did not adversely affect intestinal transit. It did not cause bloating, flatulence or intestinal discomfort.

Conclusion

Freeze-dried powdered yacon is a good source of FOS, and daily consumption can have a favourable effect on serum glucose in the elderly. It is also practical, easy and safe to use and store.     

Consumption of brown onions (Allium cepa var. cavalier and var. destiny) moderately modulates blood lipids, haematological and haemostatic variables in healthy pigs

Although garlic and onions have long been associated with putative cardiovascular health benefits, the effects of different commercially available onions and level of intake have not been studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential health benefits of raw onions using the pig as a biomedical model. Twenty-five female (Large White x Landrace) pigs were used in a (2 x 2)+1 factorial experiment. Pigs were fed a standard grower diet supplemented with 100 g tallow/kg with the addition of Allium cepa var. cavalier or var. destiny at 0, 10 or 25 g/MJ digestible energy for 6 weeks. Overall, the consumption of onions resulted in significant reductions in plasma triacylglycerol; however, the reductions were most pronounced in pigs fed destiny onions (-26 %, P=0.042). Total plasma cholesterol and LDL:HDL ratios were not significantly different. Onion supplementation, regardless of the variety, resulted in dose-dependent reductions in erythrocyte counts and Hb levels, while the white blood cell concentrations, particularly lymphocytes, were increased in pigs that consumed onions. Furthermore, indices of blood clotting were largely unaffected by onion consumption. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with raw brown onions has moderate lipid-modulating and immunostimulatory properties. However, daily onion intake >25 g/MJ digestible energy could be detrimental to erythrocyte numbers.     

Short-term effects of fat emulsion on serum lipids in postoperative patients

The effect of short-term infusion of intravenous fat on serum lipids was assessed in 23 patients who had elective cancer operations and were given 20% Intralipid for 5 days postoperatively as part of a standard total parenteral nutrition regimen. Serum lipids were measured prior to, during and after the 5-day infusion period. The percentage of cholesterol as high-density lipoproteins (HDL) fell from a mean preinfusion value of 34.7 +/- 2.8 to 27.9 +/- 2.5 (p less than 0.05), while the percentage of cholesterol as low-density lipoproteins (LDL) increased from 40.7 +/- 2.2 to 46.8 +/- 3.4 (p less than 0.05). Serum triglycerides fell significantly (p less than 0.01) from 106.2 +/- 13.7 mg/dl to 64.6 +/- 8.8 mg/dl at 3 days, being 85.3 +/- 3.7 mg/dl at 5 days. No significant change in percent cholesterol as very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), or levels of serum total cholesterol or phospholipids occurred. Lipoprotein X was detectable in six patients after 5 days. To study triglyceride clearance 1.7 g/kg of fat emulsion was infused over 8 hr and serial blood samples obtained. Within 3 hr of stopping the fat infusion, triglyceride levels had fallen to preinfusion values.     

潜变量、显变量和贝叶斯中介效应模型比较

目的  比较潜变量、显变量和贝叶斯中介效应模型的中介效应及模型拟合优劣。方法  数据来源于一项关于大学生行为与健康的专项调查。6种饮料消费评分为自变量,匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表 7个维度评分为中介变量,9项患者健康问卷评估抑郁症状评分为因变量。分别使用潜变量、显变量和贝叶斯中介效应模型分析睡眠质量在饮料消费与抑郁症状关联中的中介效应。结果  3种模型的中介效应值分别为0.12、0.06和0.06,中介效应分别占总效应的71%、43%和43%,中介效应与直接效应之比分别为2.49、0.76和0.76。显变量中介效应模型和贝叶斯中介效应模型的中介效应几乎一致,而潜变量中介效应模型的中介效应估计值、中介效应与总效应之比和中介效应与直接效应之比分别是前2种模型的2.00倍、1.65倍和3.27倍。结论  3种模型均显示存在中介效应,潜变量中介效应模型估计的中介效应值更高,贝叶斯中介效应模型拟合评价指标更丰富。     

Dietary lipids and serum lipids in adolescents, based on the Geneva study of the precursors of atherosclerosis

Resume 160 adolescents des deux sexes ont été interrogés sur leur alimentation. Le cholestérol et les triglycérides (valeurs totales et fraction des lipoprotéïnes) ont été mesurés a jeun. Les corrélations qui font également intervenir l'indice pondéral et l'activité physique sont établies par l'analyse multifactorielle de la variance (Tableau I).

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Summary The relationship between serum lipids and nutrition, physical activity and body mass index were studies with a multifactorial analysis of variance in a group of 160 adolescents of both sexes (Table I). These relationships are complex and difficult to demonstrate; they give rise, however, to certain considerations of presumptive characteristics possibly linked with adolescence.

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Zusammenfassung Die Blutfettwerte von 160 Jugendlichen beiden Geschlechts wurden aus der Siche ihrer Ernährung, physischen Aktivität und relativen Körpergewichts mit einer multifaktoriellen Varianzanalyse untersucht (Tafel I). Die Zusammenhänge sind zwar schwer zu ermitteln, geben jedoch Anlass zu einigen Betrachtungen, möglicherweise altersabhängigen Eigenschaften.

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Travail financé par une subvention du Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique No 6.175.1-75     

Caffeine, blood pressure, and serum lipids

To study the effects of caffeine on serum lipids and blood pressure, we conducted a double-blind, randomized trial with two parallel groups in 69 young, healthy subjects. After a 3-wk run-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups receiving either 4-6 140-mL cups filtered decaffeinated coffee per day and an equal number of pills containing 75 mg caffeine or 4-6 140-mL cups filtered decaffeinated coffee per day and an equal number of placebo pills, for 9 wk. In both groups caffeine intake from other sources was not allowed. The main finding of this study is that abstinence from caffeine for a period of 9 wk has no effect on either serum lipids or blood pressure.