青少年和青年友好服务

无论在发达国家还是发展中国家,青少年和青年人群都面临着生殖健康的诸多问题,如:首次性行为低龄化、多性伴侣和无保护性行为发生率高,非意愿妊娠以及不安全流产,性传播疾病和HIV/AIDS的威胁。然而这些国家在政策、社会文化、医疗机构、青少年本身和服务提供者等方面的因素阻碍了青少年和青年人群获得生殖健康服务。在20世纪90年代末,国际组织提出了青少年/青年友好服务的模式,强调友好服务的内容应该反映每一个国家流行病学、经济发展、社会和文化的特点,并积极倡导多部门协调合作的机制。     

关注青少年生殖健康拓展青少年友好服务

近年来，随着报刊杂志、新闻媒体经常报道有关少女妊娠、未婚先孕、少女妈妈等事件，加上媒体大肆渲染炒作，普通人群对现在年轻人的关注焦点开始转移到他们的交友、校外生活，包括性行为等方面。人们开始关心学校、家庭、社会是否应该加强对80后、90后孩子的教育，开始考虑性教育的内容和形式是否符合当今青少年的需求和发展，政府和专业人员也开始关注青少年的生殖健康教育和服务。     

青少年使用手机短信聊天情况分析

手机短信已经成为手机族们最时尚的沟通方式,也逐渐占据了青少年交往行为的重要位置.而短信聊天是青少年短信交往行为的主要方式.聊天的特点在于它的无目的性,与传统聊天、网络聊天都有基本相似的功能,即可以交流情感、促进友谊、传递信息、满足表达欲望;但又与传统聊天的面对面交流和网络聊天的虚拟性有所区别.为此,笔对青少年使用手机短信聊天的状况进行了调查.     

青少年心理健康障碍因素及心理保健要点分析

学校在向素质教育转轨中．要培养学生良好的心理素质．必须要给学生提供心理健康教育和心理健康咨询。     

青少年友好服务的由来和发展

1994年在埃及开罗召开的国际人口与发展大会上提出了生殖健康，尽管当时没有专题提到青少年问题，但2000年联合国大会通过的《联合国千年宣言》中的“千年发展目标（MDG）”中8大方面中绝大多数与青少年的生殖健康状况直接相关，青少年是社会的未来，他们自身的生殖健康状况也直接影响他们的下一代的健康。同样在1994年的国际人发大会的行动方案中要求各国政府为青少年提供可获得的、可及的、可接受的和可负担的生殖健康服务。     

青少年对青少年保健门诊服务内容的需求调查

目的 了解农村地区青少年对青少年保健门诊服务内容的需求,为在农村地区开展青春期保健服务提供依据.方法 选取我国东、中、西部的吉林省东辽县、河北省承德县、重庆市铜梁县作为本研究的现场.整群随机抽取校内青少年、完全随机抽取校外青少年,共2 734人,进行问卷调查.结果 有70.6%的青少年希望青少年保健门诊能够提供心理咨询服务;男性在生殖系统发育问题、生殖器的卫生保健、避孕、性病防治相关知识和服务方面的需求普遍高于女性;随着年龄的增长,青少年对性方面的服务需求逐渐增加;校外青少年对怀孕及避孕方面的服务需求较校内青少年高.结论 要重视青少年生理、心理发育的特点以及不同性别、年龄对生殖健康的需求,拓展现有青春期门诊的服务内容.青春期保健门诊不仅要针对青春期体格发育问题,还应重视和加强心理保健以及性与生殖健康问题.     

不同类型农村家庭青少年健康相关行为与保健服务利用情况

比较农村地区不同类型家庭的青少年健康相关行为和保健服务利用情况,为提高我国农村青少年身心健康水平及完善青少年保健服务系统提供科学参考.方法 从安徽、河北、河南、湖北及重庆等5个省(市)方便抽样14个项目县,每个县按照人口规模比例法抽取5个乡镇,每个乡镇再抽取3个村,每个村等距抽样40户家庭.最终调查青少年家庭1 178户,由青少年填答结构式问卷.结果 不同类型家庭青少年吃早餐、吸烟、饮酒、每天睡眠时间、1个月内情绪低落及处理方式等报告率差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);青少年每周上网时间超过28 h的二代户家庭占5.3%,三代户家庭占3.9%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).青少年保健知识主要获得途径为学校(二代户家庭为42.5%,三代户家庭为47.7%).青少年近1a参加健康体检的二代户家庭占33.8%,三代户家庭占27.2,且80%以上为有关机构(主要为学校)组织.近1 a内青少年进行健康咨询的家庭均不足10%.结论 不同类型农村家庭青少年健康相关行为与保健服务利用情况存在差异.社会、学校和家庭应发挥不同作用,关注青少年身心健康发展.     

全球视野下青少年卫生综合性课程体系建设

面向世界培养青少年卫生创新人才是中国公共卫生教育在新时期面临的新使命.随着青少年卫生领域日新月异的发展,教学与培训模式已无法与时代同步.本文介绍世界知名高水平大学和重要国际组织有关青少年卫生教育与培训课程核心内容和成功经验,为全球化背景下我国青少年卫生人才培养提供借鉴和理论参照.     

妇幼保健机构实施青少年友好服务的可行性研究

目的:分析全国妇幼保健机构现有的青春期门诊现状,探索实施青少年友好服务的可行性.方法:采用信函调查的方式,从财政资源、硬件条件、服务提供情况、物资与健康教育材料、信息系统、青年参与、相关制度与政策支持、人力资源八个方面来综合评价.结果:青春期门诊的开设情况不理想,区域间发展不均衡;多数三级和二级妇幼保健机构尚不具备青少年友好服务实施的可行性.结论:环境布置对青少年友好服务、多种信息宣传方式、面向青少年的多种服务模式以及青年参与青春期门诊的设计和运营可以有效提高友好服务实施的可行性.     

多部门合作促进青少年友好型生殖健康服务利用的干预研究

观察多部门合作促进青少年友好型生殖健康服务提供和利用的综合干预措施对促进青少年友好服务利用的效果,为建立相关长期工作机制提供依据.方法 以黑龙江、江苏、山东3个城镇地区作为对照地区,在另外广东、重庆、贵州3个城镇地区实施《多部门合作促进青少年友好服务提供和利用的行动方案》1.5 a后观察干预效果.调查对象为12 ~24岁未婚校内、外青少年,干预前分别为1 104,1 149名,干预后分别为983,962名.采用x2检验比较干预地区和对照地区干预前后的差异.结果 干预后干预地区青少年在遇到生殖健康问题时就医频率、在当地妇幼保健院就诊的比例及对服务的满意度较干预前均显著增加,分别由19.2%(男)和25.8%(女)增至41.6%(男)和56.6%(女),32.2%增至68.1%,49.2%(县医院)和64.4%(县妇幼保健院)增至73.6%(县医院)和88.0%(县妇幼保健院),并且均高于对照地区.干预地区干预后青少年友好服务的数量增加了3倍,由1 525人次增至6 816人次;而对照地区仅由140人次增至340人次.干预地区青少年遇到生殖健康问题时常见的5个未就医原因是“不认为是个问题”(45.6%)、“害羞,担心遇到熟人”(17.9%)、“不需要看医生”(15.2%)、“不知道哪个医院更好”(14.1%)“没有时间”(13.4%),比例和顺位在干预后未呈现统计学意义的改变.结论 在我国现有卫生服务体系中所实施的行动方案对于促进青少年友好服务的利用是必要可行、有效的,可为政策制定者提供相关参考.     

我国4城市儿童少年食物好恶及其影响因素调查

目的：了解我国城市儿童少年食物好恶现状及其影响因素，为制订营养教育措施提供科学依据。方法：采用三阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法，从广州、上海、济南和哈尔滨等4城市抽取10216名儿童少年作为调查对象，采用问卷调查的方法收集数据。结果：92．3％的学龄前儿童、87．0％的小学生和68．8％的中学生中有食物喜好，他们最喜欢吃的前5种食物依次为水果、肉类、甜食、米饭和西式快餐，食物的味道和气味是影响他们食物喜好的主要因素。分别有64．3％的学龄前儿童、68．5％的小学生和67．4％的中学生厌恶某些食物，他们不喜欢吃的前4种食物是肥肉、鱼、苦瓜和绿叶蔬菜，食物的味道是他们厌恶这些食物的主要原因。结论：大多数城市儿童少年有食物好恶，这会影响他们的膳食摄入，应制订有效的营养教育措施以培养儿童少年健康的饮食行为。     

Family characteristics and smoking among urban and rural adolescents living in China

BACKGROUND: Adolescent smoking is a public health concern in China. Although the family is an important social influence in China, few associations among family characteristics and adolescent smoking have been examined using Chinese samples. METHODS: Survey data on psychosocial variables and smoking were collected from a sample of 3629 7th grade adolescents (46% female; 54% male; mean age 12.7 years) in Wuhan, China. For adolescents, past 30-day smoking, family relationships, parents' negative sanctioning of smoking, parents' agreement with smoking, and parents' smoking behaviors are assessed. To account for the clustered data structure, hierarchical logistic regression analyses controlling for demographics (urbanization, age) examined the independent and multivariate effects of family characteristics for each gender. RESULTS: Girls are less likely than boys to report smoking and are more likely to report positive family relationships, and having parents with negative attitudes toward them smoking. Positive family relationships and age were strongly associated with smoking for both genders. No significant differences exist by gender. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the quality of family relationships are important for adolescent female and male smoking in China.     

Analysis of morbidity among adolescents in rural areas

The analysis of the level and pattern of morbidity among rural adolescents indicates that the leading causes of visits both to out-patient and in-patient facilities are diseases of respiratory and digestive tract, diseases of the central nervous system and sense organs. To promote better health of rural adolescents it is recommended to establish in summer months preventive facilities at industrial training classes which will enable the adolescents to undergo a course of physiotherapy and drug treatment, medical physical exercises and phytotherapy.     

南京市城区儿童少年夏季饮品摄入现状

目的通过了解南京市儿童少年各类饮品饮用频率、饮用量及其相关影响因素,为开展营养宣教和干预工作提供依据。方法用问卷调查的方法,收集南京市288名儿童少年的基本情况和各类饮品饮用情况。结果调查对象经常喝的白开水、瓶装水平均饮用量分别为603、630 ml,碳酸饮料、果蔬汁饮料、牛奶及酸奶平均饮用量分别为483、396、310和152ml。随着年龄增长,儿童少年白开水、牛奶、瓶装水、碳酸饮料饮用频率的差异均有统计学意义;而碳酸饮料饮用情况呈现性别差异,家庭收入水平对饮品摄入没有影响。结论应该对孩子及其家长开展广泛的营养教育和行为干预,引导儿童少年每天足量饮水,合理选择饮料,促进儿童少年养成良好的饮品摄入习惯。     

Prevalence and correlates of condom use at last sexual intercourse among in-school adolescents in urban areas of Uganda

OBJECTIVES: Correct and consistent condom use remains an important public health intervention against the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and other sexually transmitted infections. There is paucity of information on sexual behaviour of in-school adolescents in Uganda. We, therefore, used secondary data of the Uganda Global School-based Health Survey (UGSHS) conducted in 2003 to determine the prevalence and correlates of condom use at last sexual intercourse in urban areas of Uganda. METHODS: A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to obtain a representative sample. Altogether 1709 students participated in the survey in urban areas of whom 179 (14.9% of males, and 7.9% of females) had sexual intercourse within 12 months before the survey. RESULTS: Overall 77.3% (79.7% of male, and 72.3% of female) adolescents used a condom at last sexual intercourse. Adolescents who drank alcohol and used drugs were 64% (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.54, 1.75) and 68%, (OR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.56, 1.81) more likely to have used a condom, respectively. Meanwhile, adolescents who ever got drunk, and who reported to ever had 2 or more sex partners were 55% (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.42, 0.48) and 35% (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.62, 0.68) less likely to have used a condom compared to those who had never got drunk, and who ever had 1 sex partner, respectively. Finally, adolescents who reported receiving no parental supervision were 45% (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.53, 0.58) less likely to have used a condom compared to those who reported receiving parental supervision. CONCLUSIONS: Parental supervision may be effective in promoting condom use among adolescents. Furthermore, drinking alcohol was associated with condom use probably due to peer pressure and easy access of condoms in drinking places as condoms are not actively promoted in schools. There is need for further research on how in-school adolescents could access condoms.     

The impact of community care services on the preference for ageing in place in urban China

This paper examines the relationship between community care services and ageing in place in urban China. Using data from the 2010 Sample Survey on Aged Population in Urban/Rural China, and within the framework of a revised version of Andersen's model, the paper applies multilevel models and analyses the effects of community care on the preference between ageing in place and institutional care, and reveals that ageing in place is preferred even in urban China. However, the existence of community care services had no significant effect on the preference for ageing in place. The paper concludes by arguing that China needs to develop its community care services and promote the idea of community care in both culture and policy. Realising ageing in place also requires a multidisciplinary approach. A model of shared care, between family and state, is particularly appropriate for China.