Chromosomal abnormalities among 246 fetuses with pleural effusions detected on prenatal ultrasound examination: factors associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with prenatally diagnosed pleural effusions and to identify factors associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the Genzyme Genetics database was performed for samples submitted from October 1994 to April 2003 with an indication of fetal pleural effusion. RESULTS: There were 246 samples in which pleural effusion was identified as an indication for prenatal chromosome analysis. Ninety-four were from fetuses with isolated pleural effusions and 152 had other abnormalities in addition to pleural effusion. The prevalence of chromosome abnormalities was 35.4% (95% confidence interval, 29.2-41.4%). Among the eight first trimester samples, the aneuploidy rate was 63%. Pleural effusion cases associated with additional sonographic findings had a significantly higher aneuploidy rate than the isolated pleural effusion cases (50% vs. 12%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Chromosome analysis is warranted after the prenatal detection of a fetal pleural effusion. The risk of aneuploidy is greater with first trimester detection and is significantly increased in the presence of other associated anomalies.     

应用Yagel式快速心脏检查法产前筛查先心病的价值研究

目的探讨Yagel式胎儿心脏快速扫描法在胎儿心脏产前诊断中的价值。方法病例选自2002年以来在中国医科大学附属盛京医院、沈阳市妇婴医院、大连妇产医院和锦州市妇婴医院就诊的孕妇7394例,均为单胎妊娠,其中先天性心脏畸形（CHD）高危患者1276例。应用Yagel5个心脏横面检查方法进行胎儿心脏快速检查,并对引产胎儿进行尸体解剖核对产前诊断的正确性;对产前诊断未发现明显异常胎儿进行临床随访,胎儿出生后进行新生儿或婴儿心脏超声检查,判定产前诊断的正确性。结果 1.7394例孕妇中,检查发现胎儿心脏结构异常为79例（1.07%）,其中31例（39.2%）患者来自于CHD高危人群。2.79例产前诊断为CHD患者中,72例选择了终止妊娠放弃胎儿,其中56例进行尸体解剖,其中1例患者病理诊断为永存动脉干畸形,产前诊断为法洛四联症;1例右心室双流出道,产前诊断为大动脉转位;1例为部分型肺静脉异位引流,产前诊断为左心发育不良;1例为主动脉缩窄,产前诊断为左心发育不良。3.79例产前诊断为CHD患者中,7例选择继续妊娠,其中室间隔缺损（VSD）3例,法洛四联症1例,永存动脉干1例,右心室占位病变（0.8cm×0.8cm）1例,轻度肺动脉狭窄伴三尖瓣返流1例。4.6118例产前诊断为正常胎儿心脏患者,新生儿或婴儿心脏超声检查发现室间隔缺损2例（0.03%）;动脉导管未闭2例;房间隔缺损1例;部分肺静脉异位引流1例,主动脉轻度狭窄1例,肺动脉轻度狭窄1例。5.应用Yagel胎儿心脏检查方法诊断胎儿心脏异常的敏感性为90.8%,特异性为100%。结论 1.Yagel式胎儿心脏快速扫描法是产前诊断胎儿心脏畸形的安全、简单和有效方法。2.对所有人群进行胎儿心脏结构产前检查,减少严重心脏病患儿的出生,具有重大的社会和经济意义。     

Rapid prenatal diagnosis using targeted exome sequencing: a cohort study to assess feasibility and potential impact on prenatal counseling and pregnancy management

PurposeUnexpected fetal abnormalities occur in 2–5% of pregnancies. While traditional cytogenetic and microarray approaches achieve diagnosis in around 40% of cases, lack of diagnosis in others impedes parental counseling, informed decision making, and pregnancy management. Postnatally exome sequencing yields high diagnostic rates, but relies on careful phenotyping to interpret genotype results. Here we used a multidisciplinary approach to explore the utility of rapid fetal exome sequencing for prenatal diagnosis using skeletal dysplasias as an exemplar.MethodsParents in pregnancies undergoing invasive testing because of sonographic fetal abnormalities, where multidisciplinary review considered skeletal dysplasia a likely etiology, were consented for exome trio sequencing (both parents and fetus). Variant interpretation focused on a virtual panel of 240 genes known to cause skeletal dysplasias.ResultsDefinitive molecular diagnosis was made in 13/16 (81%) cases. In some cases, fetal ultrasound findings alone were of sufficient severity for parents to opt for termination. In others, molecular diagnosis informed accurate prediction of outcome, improved parental counseling, and enabled parents to terminate or continue the pregnancy with certainty.ConclusionTrio sequencing with expert multidisciplinary review for case selection and data interpretation yields timely, high diagnostic rates in fetuses presenting with unexpected skeletal abnormalities. This improves parental counseling and pregnancy management.     

染色体微阵列分析技术在高龄孕妇产前诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨染色体微阵列分析(chromosomal microarray analysis,CMA)对于高龄孕妇异常妊娠的检测价值。方法:回顾分析562例高龄孕妇的CMA检测结果、妊娠结局及新生儿的随访结果。结果:在562份羊水样本中,共检出胎儿染色体异常73例(12.99%),包括21例(3.73%)染色体非整倍体和...     

青岛地区1206例孕妇羊水染色体核型分析

目的评价羊水细胞的染色体核型分析对妊娠中期的高危孕妇进行产前诊断的意义。方法对妊娠19～23周的高危孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺术并进行细胞培养染色体核型分析。结果羊水细胞培养成功率99.9%,检出染色体异常47例,包括21-三体23例,18-三体2例,性染色体异常5例,22-三体1例以及其他染色体结构异常16例。结论孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型检查,能安全有效的对胎儿染色体异常进行产前诊断,对于减少具有染色体病患儿的出生具有重要的指导意义。     

Postmortem chorionic villus sampling: correlation of cytogenetic and ultrasound findings

We performed chorionic villus samplings (CVS) in 795 cases in the first trimester during a 13-month period. Of these 35 were found to have a blighted ovum or missed abortion prior to the procedure. Nineteen women consented to have CVS. Ultrasonographic and cytogenetic findings in these 19 pregnancies were correlated. Expected gestational age was determined by last menstrual period. Observed gestational age was determined by crown rump length (CRL) (12 pregnancies) or gestational sac (GS) (7 pregnancies without fetal pole). The differences in days between the estimated and observed gestational ages was determined for each pregnancy. In all 19 CVS samples cytogenetic diagnosis documented aneuploidy. Ten cases had chromosome abnormalities virtually always lethal in the embryonic period (group I). Nine pregnancies had defects with moderate potential for fetal viability (group II). Gestations with low viability potential (group I) had estimated minus observed gestational age discrepancies (23.4 +/- 8.3 days) significantly greater than gestations with moderate viability potential (group II) (8.9 +/- 4.3 days) (P less than .001). The absence of a fetal pole was more common in group I. CVS in pregnancies with missed abortion or blighted ovum is feasible and has a high likelihood of documenting aneuploidy. Furthermore, the more severe the anomaly the more likely there will be very early fetal demise or intrauterine growth retardation.     

怀化地区7859例孕中期唐氏筛查和产前诊断结果分析

目的探讨孕中期唐氏筛查和产前诊断对检出胎儿染色体异常和妊娠不良结局的临床价值。方法应用时间分辨荧光免疫法对7859例孕中期(14-20周)妇女进行血清标记物三联方案(hA;FP+free-β-hCG+uE3)检测。筛查结果应用Multical软件计算21三体、18三体综合征和开放性神经管畸形的风险(rish)概率。对于高风险孕妇经遗传咨询,知情同意,自愿选择行产前诊断,于孕18-24周左右在超声引导下进行羊膜腔穿刺,抽取羊水培养进行胎儿染色体核型分析。并继续追踪胎儿和孕妇情况。结果在7859例孕妇中,筛查到高风险732例,唐氏筛查阳性率为7.65%(601/7859)。其中367例接受羊水或脐血穿刺产前诊断,占筛查高风险孕妇的50.13%(367/732);发现胎儿染色体异常16例,异常检出率4.36(16/367),其中6例唐氏综合征、5例18-三体综合征、4例Turner’s综合征、1例9号染色体臂间倒位。唐氏筛查高风险和低风险组不良妊娠结局分别为6.15%和1.46%,呈显著性差异(<0.05)。结论孕中期产前筛查是预测异常胎儿和不良妊娠结局的有效指标。结合羊水培养或脐血培养等产前诊断技术和方法,对预防先天缺陷儿出生、提高人口素质有重要临床应用价值。     

Trisomies 13 and 18: population prevalences, characteristics, and prenatal diagnosis, metropolitan Atlanta, 1994-2003

In recent years, prenatal diagnosis and elective pregnancy termination have affected the reported birth prevalence of trisomies 13 and 18. We examined the prevalence and characteristics of these conditions using 1994-2003 data from a population-based surveillance system, the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program. Including fetal deaths and elective terminations increased the number of affected pregnancies by 58.7% for trisomy 13 and 72.2% for trisomy 18. Prenatal cytogenetic testing was reported in 70.8% of trisomy 13 cases and 76.1% of trisomy 18 cases. Among those with prenatal cytogenetic tests, 60.8% of trisomy 13 and 59.7% of trisomy 18 cases were electively terminated. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic black race was associated with a decreased frequency of prenatal cytogenetic testing for both trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 (OR 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08-0.78 and OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.14-0.69, respectively). The reported rates of prenatal cytogenetic testing remained stable throughout the period. As expected, maternal age > or =35 years was a risk factor for both conditions. However, while 67.1% (n = 55) of the trisomy 18 case mothers were > or =35 years, only 46.9% (n = 15) of the trisomy 13 case mothers were > or =35 years. Among live-born infants, the sex ratio among trisomy 18 infants showed an increased proportion of females: 60.4% female versus 39.6% male. However, the proportion was 48.3% female and 51.7% male among fetuses that were electively terminated in the second trimester. Inclusion of pregnancies that are prenatally diagnosed is critical for accurate surveillance and population-based analyses of these conditions.     

孕中晚期21三体产前诊断的结果分析

目的通过孕中晚期21三体、18三体产前诊断的结果分析,评价孕中晚期产前诊断的价值。方法对怀孕16～29周符合产前诊断条件的孕妇经知情同意后,在B超介导下对孕16-24周孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺,抽取羊水;孕25-29周孕妇行胎儿脐静脉穿刺,抽取脐带血,进行细胞培养,染色体核型分析。结果在2689例产前诊断病例中发现异常核型149例,异常率为5.54%。常染色体结构异常-倒位核型43例、平衡易位18例、罗氏易位8例,常染色体非整倍体数量异常（21三体、18三体、13三体）48例,性染色体数量异常15例,性染色体结构异常12例,其它核型异常5例。常染色体非整倍体数量异常（21三体、18三体、13三体）占发现异常核型的32.2%（48/149）,为主要异常核型。结论羊水细胞、脐带血染色体核型分析是目前产前诊断21三体、18三体、13三体染色体异常胎儿必不可少的检查方法,对于预防缺陷儿出生,提高人口素质,优生优育具有十分重要的意义。     

Pregnancy outcome and prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome abnormalities in Hawaii, 1986-1999

Sex chromosome abnormalities such as Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, triple X syndrome, and 47,XYY can be prenatally diagnosed and electively terminated. This investigation examined the pattern of pregnancy outcome of prenatally and postnatally diagnosed sex chromosome abnormalities in Hawaii during 1986-1999 and calculated prenatal diagnosis and subsequent elective termination rates for various factors. Data were obtained from a statewide population-based birth defects registry. The study included 205 detected sex chromosome abnormality cases of which 93 (45%) were live births, 18 (9%) late fetal deaths, 37 (18%) early fetal deaths, and 57 (28%) elective terminations. Pregnancy outcome distribution varied by type of sex chromosome abnormality. Prenatal diagnosis was reported for 132 (64%) of the cases, of which 46 (35%) were subsequently electively terminated. Eleven cases were elective terminations where the sex chromosome abnormality was diagnosed after delivery. Elective termination rates subsequent to prenatal diagnosis differed by sex chromosome abnormality, being highest for 45,X (54%), followed by 47,XXY (46%), 47,XYY (29%), and 47,XXX (17%). Although prenatal diagnosis rates increased significantly over the time period (P = 0.006), the subsequent elective termination rate declined slightly, albeit the trend was not statistically significant (P = 0.440). The prenatal diagnosis rate was highest for the 35-39-year maternal age group, although this age group did not have subsequent elective termination rates higher than other maternal age groups. Pregnancy outcome distribution and prenatal diagnosis and subsequent elective termination of sex chromosome abnormalities appeared to depend on the type of sex chromosome abnormality, year of delivery, and maternal age.     

无创产前筛査对于检测胎儿16号染色体非整倍体的价值

目的通过多种技术验证及追踪随访妊娠结局,探讨无创产前筛査(non-invasive prenatal screening,NIPS)对于检测胎儿16号染色体非整倍体的价值。方法选取7972例孕周>10周的单胎妊娠孕妇,经知情同意后对其进行NIPS检测。对结果提示16号染色体异常者进行侵入性产前诊断,对羊水进行染色体核型和染色体微阵列分析(chromosomal microarray analysis,CMA).结果16例孕妇NIPS检测提示胎儿存在16号染色体异常,检出率为0.2%。孕妇平均年龄为(33.5±5.24)岁,平均孕周为(19.88±2.47)周。羊水核型分析显示3例胎儿为染色体嵌合体,1例为9号染色体臂间倒位,阳性预测值(positive predictive value,PPV)为1&8%;CMA检测的PPV则高达43.8%o 16例孕妇中有11人分娩出正常婴儿,占68.8%.结论对于NIPS提示16号染色体非整倍体高风险的孕妇,应结合多种技术对结果进行评估。CMA等分子检测手段优于传统的核型分析,在临床诊断时应首选。     

胎儿心内强回声病灶出现的临床意义探讨

目的探讨胎儿心内强回声病灶出现的意义和临床处理原则。方法对产前超声检查发现的163例胎儿心内强回声病灶（EIF）孕妇进行临床追踪随访（其中,存在其他染色体异常高危因素的孕妇为43例）。对自愿选择并愿意承担羊膜腔或脐静脉穿刺风险的孕妇,行产前染色体核型分析。对同时存在其他胎儿异常而选择终止妊娠放弃胎儿,在家属知情同意情况下行尸体解剖和病理检查。对继续妊娠者,在新生儿期至2岁内行心脏结构和功能复查。结果 1.163例胎儿EIF中,124例EIF仅存在于左心室（76.1%）,34例EIF仅存在于右心室（20.9%）,5例EIF同时存在于两左右心室（3.1%）。2.163例胎儿EIF中,3例合并心脏畸形（1.8%）,3例合并染色体异常（1.8%）。其中1例为法洛四联征伴发21-三体;1例为伴发室间隔膜部缺损伴发21-三体,1例为三尖瓣下移畸形（染色体正常）,另1例为18-三体。此4例患者行引产放弃胎儿,胎儿病理解剖结果显示EIF为心室乳头肌钙化灶。3.其他159例仅存在EIF而不伴其他超声异常者,21例选择孕期行羊膜腔或脐静脉穿刺（19例存在高危因素）,染色体核型分析结果提示染色体均正常。余138例中,114例（82.6%）分娩时取脐带血行染色体核型分析,1例9号染色体臂间倒位,其余染色体均正常。另1例伴发左手6指畸形。4.在临床随访中发现11例（6.9%）EIF消失,其中2例于妊娠晚期消失,9例于2岁内消失。其余148例EIF在随访期内与胎儿期表现相同,但没有任何不良临床表现。结论 1.当胎儿存在EIF时,其发生心脏畸形的风险略高于正常人群。2.孤立存在的胎儿EIF没有病理意义,没有明显增加胎儿染色体异常风险,胎儿临床结局良好。3.对于伴发胎儿其他结构异常或存在染色体异常高危因素的胎儿心内EIF,其存在染色体异常的风险较高。     

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prenatal Aneuploidy Screening and Diagnostic Testing from Korean Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine: (2) Invasive Diagnostic Testing for Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities

The Korean Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine proposed the first Korean guideline on prenatal aneuploidy screening and diagnostic testing, in April 2019. The clinical practice guideline (CPG) was developed for Korean women using an adaptation process based on good-quality practice guidelines, previously developed in other countries, on prenatal screening and invasive diagnostic testing for fetal chromosome abnormalities. We reviewed current guidelines and developed a Korean CPG on invasive diagnostic testing for fetal chromosome abnormalities according to the adaptation process. Recommendations for selected 11 key questions are: 1) Considering the increased risk of fetal loss in invasive prenatal diagnostic testing for fetal genetic disorders, it is not recommended for all pregnant women aged over 35 years. 2) Because early amniocentesis performed before 14 weeks of pregnancy increases the risk of fetal loss and malformation, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is recommended for pregnant women who will undergo invasive prenatal diagnostic testing for fetal genetic disorders in the first trimester of pregnancy. However, CVS before 9 weeks of pregnancy also increases the risk of fetal loss and deformity. Thus, CVS is recommended after 9 weeks of pregnancy. 3) Amniocentesis is recommended to distinguish true fetal mosaicism from confined placental mosaicism. 4) Anti-immunoglobulin should be administered within 72 hours after the invasive diagnostic testing. 5) Since there is a high risk of vertical transmission, an invasive prenatal diagnostic testing is recommended according to the clinician''s discretion with consideration of the condition of the pregnant woman. 6) The use of antibiotics is not recommended before or after an invasive diagnostic testing. 7) The chromosomal microarray test as an alternative to the conventional cytogenetic test is not recommended for all pregnant women who will undergo an invasive diagnostic testing. 8) Amniocentesis before 14 weeks of gestation is not recommended because it increases the risk of fetal loss and malformation. 9) CVS before 9 weeks of gestation is not recommended because it increases the risk of fetal loss and malformation. 10) Although the risk of fetal loss associated with invasive prenatal diagnostic testing (amniocentesis and CVS) may vary based on the proficiency of the operator, the risk of fetal loss due to invasive prenatal diagnostic testing is higher in twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies. 11) When a monochorionic twin is identified in early pregnancy and the growth and structure of both fetuses are consistent, an invasive prenatal diagnostic testing can be performed on one fetus alone. However, an invasive prenatal diagnostic testing is recommended for each fetus in cases of pregnancy conceived via in vitro fertilization, or in cases in which the growth of both fetuses differs, or in those in which at least one fetus has a structural abnormality. The guidelines were established and approved by the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. This guideline is revised and presented every 5 years.     

孕妇产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系

目的探讨产前诊断指征和产前诊断胎儿染色体异常间的关系。方法选择2018年6月至2018年12月于贵港市人民医院就诊的孕妇100例,收集所有孕妇产前诊断指征的资料,同时收集羊膜腔穿刺术检测胎儿染色体核型分析的结果。结果胎儿染色体异常共9例,总异常率占9.00%,其中无创基因检测异常组的胎儿染色体异常检出率为60.00%,明显高于高龄组的3.03%、唐氏筛查高危组的5.26%及胎儿超声异常组的7.69%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);夫妇染色体异常组的胎儿染色体异常检出率为50.00%,明显高于高龄组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);高龄组、唐氏筛查高危组、胎儿超声异常组间异常检出率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常密切相关,羊膜腔穿刺行染色体核型分析,能够有效检出胎儿染色体异常,对于有产前诊断指征的孕妇应尽早接受产前诊断,以降低新生儿出生缺陷的发生率。     

A QF-PCR system to detect chromosome 13 aneuploidy from as few as ten cells

Complete and partial trisomies of chromosome 13 are characterized by abnormal fetal development and birth defects. Despite the severe abnormalities associated with trisomy 13, some couples elect not to undergo invasive prenatal diagnosis (PND) due to the 0.5%-1.0% risk of pregnancy loss. As a result, current studies are focusing on refining non-invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques, such as screening fetal cells isolated from maternal blood or cervical smears. As these techniques only provide a limited number of cells for analysis, any progress in this field depends on the development of a highly sensitive genetic screening strategy. We have developed a quantitative fluorescent PCR (QF-PCR) system capable of detecting chromosome 13 aneuploidy from as few as 10 cells. The system was further validated by screening 13 amniocyte samples, three of which had been diagnosed by FISH as having chromosomal abnormalities involving chromosome 13. In all cases, the QF-PCR results were concordant with those obtained using FISH. The high reliability (99%) and accuracy (96%) of the QF-PCR system at the 10 cell level makes this technique ideal for use in non-invasive PND.     

沈阳地区无创产前基因检测胎儿染色体非整倍体技术应用结果分析

目的对1134例要求无创产前基因检测的孕妇进行检测,以检出胎儿染色体非整倍体高风险者。方法通过母体外周血中的胎儿游离DNA,应用高通量测序技术,检测胎儿T21、T18和T13三种染色体疾病。结果检出高风险4例,占调查资料总数0．35％（4／1134）,其中T21高风险3例,T18高风险1例,均经介入性诊断确认并实施引产。4例高风险孕妇中因唐筛高风险来诊1例,占唐筛高风险来诊的0．42％（1／239）,其他3例高风险均为高龄孕妇。结论无创产前基因检测技术在孕早期即能进行;安全,可避免很多不必要的介入性有创检查;准确率高;是未来产前筛查领域的发展趋势。     

451例孕早期绒毛染色体结果分析

目的评价绒毛细胞染色体核型分析在孕早期产前诊断中的应用价值。方法对有产前诊断指征的孕妇在B超引导下经腹绒毛穿刺取绒毛组织行细胞培养、染色体制备及核型分析。结果成功培养绒毛细胞451例,培养成功率为97.41%,共发现胎儿染色体核型异常136例,异常检出率为30.16%。136例异常核型中染色体数目异常79例（58.09%）,其中包括常染色体三体型55例,性染色体数目异常23例,三倍体1例。检出染色体结构异常11例,嵌合体16例,染色体多态性30例。超声筛查胎儿异常及夫妇染色体结构异常携带这两个指征检出胎儿染色体异常率最高。结论孕早期绒毛细胞染色体检查结合孕早期超声筛查及血清学筛查能及早发现胎儿染色体异常并早期干预,对于减少染色体畸形儿的出生具有重要的意义。     

Prenatal detection of the 17p11.2 duplication in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A: necessity of a multidisciplinary approach for heterogeneous disorders

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a typical example of a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder and, in most cases, is dominantly inherited and caused by a 1.5 megabase duplication on chromosome 17p11.2 containing the PMP22 gene. This is a non-lethal disease with a wide spectrum of severity, from asymptomatism to severe motor and sensory disability. Unpredictable degree of disability is usually the reason why prenatal diagnosis is required and must be addressed. Molecular procedures such as the use of polymorphic non microsatellite STRs, allowing very fast and reliable results even when requiring a gene dosage interpretation are now available and have been recently validated in post-natal diagnosis. Our results indicate that this approach is also the best-adapted method in case of prenatal diagnosis. Nevertheless, ethical considerations raised by prenatal diagnosis in CMT and more generally in non-lethal disorders remain to be actively considered. Here, we present our experience in genetic counselling, and address the psychological issues for 7 CMT at risk pregnancies. In five cases, a CMT1A duplication was evidenced; pregnancy was terminated in four of these cases and the parents from one affected foetus decided to pursue the pregnancy.     

胎儿颈部半透明膜厚度测定筛查胎儿染色体异常

目的探讨孕早期筛查胎儿染色体异常的方案.方法 2241例孕龄在11～14w单胎妊娠的孕妇接受筛查.采用腹式或阴式B型超声波测量胎儿颈部半透明膜(NT)厚度;根据所测NT数据结合孕妇年龄由计算机算出胎儿染色体异常风险率.对所筛查出的高风险胎儿则进一步进行产前诊断(羊水细胞染色体核型分析).结果共筛查出26例染色体异常,包括Down综合征16例(61.54%)、性染色体数目异常6例(23.08%)、染色体结构异常4例(15.38%).所有接受筛查的孕妇中风险大于1/250者344例(15.35%);染色体异常检出率为80.77%,假阳性率为6.50%;21三体检出率为87.50%.结论孕早期NT 孕妇年龄二联筛查方案对孕早期临床筛查胎儿染色体异常有较好的实用价值.     

Parental decisions of prenatally detected sex chromosome abnormality

Because of the widespread use of amniocentesis, the prenatal recognition of sex chromosome abnormality (SCA) has become increasingly common. Recent literature provided an insight into the understanding of the natural history and prognosis for individuals with SCA. Our study was designed to review the parental decision on pregnancy with SCA. Over the last 10 yr, we diagnosed 38 cases (0.50%) with SCA out of 7,498 prenatal cases. We reviewed the records and the results of the pregnancies. We included the cases (n=25) of apparently normal anatomic fetus to analyze the factors influencing parental decision. We excluded 13 cases with obvious anomaly or presumably bad outcome. Fifteen (60%) couples continued their pregnancies and ten (40%) terminated theirs. Nine couples (64%) out of fourteen mosaicism cases continued their pregnancies. All five pregnancies assisted by reproductive technique continued their pregnancies. More pregnancies were continued when counseling was done by an MD geneticist rather than by an obstetrician. A significant trend was observed with a higher rate of pregnancy continuation in recent years. The genetic counseling is important to give appropriate information to the parents. Establishing guidelines and protocols will help both obstetricians and parents to make a decision.