CT-guided obturator nerve block for diagnosis and treatment of painful conditions of the hip

Obturator nerve blocks (ONB) have been performed by anaesthesiologists mainly to eliminate the obturator reflex during transurethral resections. An effect on hip pain has also been described. However, being a time-consuming and operator-dependent procedure if performed manually, it has not been widely used for chronic hip pain. The purpose of this pilot study was to check whether CT guidance could improve reproducibility of the block ( = immediate effect) and to test its potential value for treatment of chronic hip pain. Fifteen chronically ill patients with osteoarthritis underwent a single ONB. Sixteen millilitres of Lidocaine 1 % mixed with 2 ml Iopramide was injected into the obturator canal. The patients were followed up to 9 months after the intervention. With a single injection pain relief was achieved for 1–8 weeks in 7 of 15 patients. Excellent pain relief for 3–11 months was achieved in another 4 patients. Reasons for a mid-term or even long-term effect based on a single injection of local anaesthetic are not exactly known. The CT-guided ONB is a fast, easy and safe procedure that may be useful for mid-term (weeks) and sometimes even long-term (months) treatment of hip pain. Received: 2 December 1999 Revised: 17 August 2000 Accepted: 21 August 2000     

国产盐酸氯普鲁卡因用于神经刺激仪引导下的闭孔神经阻滞的临床研究

目的：探讨国产盐酸氯普鲁卡因用于神经刺激仪引导下的闭孔神经阻滞用于经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（Transurethralresection of bladder tumor,TURBT）的可行性。方法：膀胱侧壁肿瘤择期行TURBT的男性患者60例,ASAI～Ⅱ级,采用蛛网膜下腔麻醉,辅以神经刺激仪引导闭孔神经阻滞。随机分为实验组和对照组,每组30例。闭孔神经阻滞局麻药10 ml;实验组采用2%氯普鲁卡因（含1∶20万U肾上腺素）,对照组采用1%利多卡因。观察并记录闭孔神经阻滞的麻醉效果及并发症。结果：两组闭孔神经阻滞的麻醉效果和安全性没有显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论：2%氯普鲁卡因用于神经刺激仪引导下的闭孔神经阻滞安全、有效。     

罗哌卡因用于神经刺激仪引导下的闭孔神经阻滞的临床研究

目的：探讨0.4%罗哌卡因用于神经刺激仪引导下的闭孔神经阻滞用于经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（transurethral resec-tion of bladder tumor TURBT）的可行性。方法：膀胱侧壁肿瘤择期行TURBT的男性患者60例,ASA I～Ⅱ级,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组30例。采用蛛网膜下腔麻醉,辅以神经刺激仪引导闭孔神经阻滞。闭孔神经阻滞局麻药10 ml：实验组采用0.4%罗哌卡因,对照组采用1%利多卡因。观察并记录闭孔神经阻滞的麻醉效果及并发症。结果：两组闭孔神经阻滞的麻醉效果和安全性没有显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论：0.4%罗哌卡因用于神经刺激仪引导下的闭孔神经阻滞安全、有效。     

CT-guided suprascapular nerve blocks: a pilot study

Objective The objective of this study was to describe the suprascapular nerve block using CT guidance and to evaluate the short- and medium-term efficacy in a range of shoulder pathologies.Design and patients CT-guided infiltration around the suprascapular nerve was performed with bupivacaine and Celestone Chronodose on 40 consecutive patients presenting with chronic shoulder pathologies unresponsive to conventional treatment. Patients were interviewed using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) before the procedure, 30 min after the procedure and at 3 days, 3 weeks and 6 weeks afterwards.Results Within 30 min of the block overall pain scores decreased from a mean (±SEM) pain score of 7.0 (±0.4) to 3.5 (±0.5) (n=39, P<0.001). At 3 days after the procedure, the mean overall improvement of the pain and disability scores were 20.4% (±4.9, P<0.001) and 16.8% (±4.8, P=0.004) respectively. Sustained pain relief and reduced disability were achieved in 10 of 35 (29%) patients at 3 weeks and longer. Patients suffering from soft tissue pathologies were the most likely patients to benefit from the injection. No serious side effects were noted.Conclusions In some patients with chronic soft tissue pathologies who do not respond to conventional treatment, a CT-guided suprascapular nerve block can provide safe short- and medium-term relief from pain and disability.     

神经刺激仪引导下锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞罗哌卡因半数有效浓度的研究

目的：测定锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞罗哌卡因的半数有效浓度（half-effective concentration,EC50）。方法：选择ASAⅠ－Ⅱ级上肢手术患者50例,采用神经刺激仪引导定位锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞。30 m in内评定麻醉效果,以VAS评分≤4分作为麻醉阳性（有效）指标。罗哌卡因总量30 m l,初始浓度为0.30%,其后浓度采用双盲根据前一患者的麻醉效果序贯递增或递减,间隔浓度为0.025%。通过SPSS13.0统计软件,prob it回归确定EC50及95%可信区间。结果：在本研究条件下罗哌卡因用于锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞的EC50为0.295%,95%可信区间为0.276%－0.316%。结论：罗哌卡因用于神经刺激仪引导下的锁骨上臂丛阻滞的EC50为0.295%。术中辅助用药可能对其EC50的影响尚需进一步研究。     

Suprascapular nerve block as a method of preemptive pain control in shoulder surgery

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) in shoulder surgery. The study group consisted of 260 patients, which were subjected to shoulder operations. The patients were divided into two equal groups: group I with nerve block compared to a control group II without a nerve block. The mean age of the patients in group I was 56.2 +/- 6.86 years and that in group II was 54.5 +/- 7.06 years. The female to male ratio was 71:59 in group I and was 69:61 in group II. Surgical procedures were arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, arthroscopic subacromial decompression, arthroscopic acromioclavicular resection, arthroscopic removal of calcific tendonitis, arthroscopic reconstruction of instability, arthroscopic capsular release and shoulder replacement. In all cases the pain was documented by the visual analogue scale (VAS) preoperative, at the first, the second as well as at the third day after surgery. In order to evaluate the amount of fluid, which is needed for infiltration of the area of the supraspinatus fossa, we injected different amount of local anesthetic in combination with contrast dye in five patients. In this study to document the fluid distribution, after injecting with different milliliters, 10 ml is proved to be more than enough to have sufficient local anesthetic to block the SSN. Pre-operatively the mean VAS was comparable between both groups. We documented a significant difference in favour of SSNB from day 1 to day 3 after surgery. No specific complications due to this nerve block procedure were found in any patient post-operatively.     

Percutaneous chemical nerve block with ultrasound-guided intraneural injection

Ultrasound-guided, intraneural chemical nerve block was performed to control intractable limb spasticity and its feasibility was evaluated. Twenty-nine patients showing spastic limb were controlled by 53 intraneural injections of chemical agents, either lidocaine or phenol. The main targets were the sciatic, tibial and musculocutaneous nerves. After identification of the spastic muscle and target nerve, an ultrasound-guided, intraneural injection was administered through a 25-G needle. The average effective duration was 9.1+/-19.6 days in the lidocaine injection group and was 164.5+/-169.4 days in the permanent blocking group with phenol injection. The ultrasound-guided intraneural injection technique was convincing. Intraneural injection of phenol achieved long-lasting improvement of spasticity.     

Potential of a new laser target system for percutaneous CT-guided nerve blocks: technical note

A prototype of a laser target device was used for CT-guided nerve blocks in a preliminary series of nine interventions. The system provides guidance from any possible approach. High accuracy of needle insertion was achieved; the average deviation of the planned from the actual angle was 1.4°. The target device is valuable for facilitating minimally invasive therapy and can decrease the time required for the procedure. Received: 31 January 2000 Accepted: 8 April 2000     

A low cost,high fidelity nerve block model

Background

We have constructed a simple, inexpensive simulation model for ultrasound guided nerve blocks. To date there are no low cost, high fidelity models for nerve block simulations. The models that do exist are expensive and vaguely resemble actual anatomy. As ultrasound guided nerve blocks become more common in medical education it is essential to develop better training models to help increase the comfort level of the individual provider and increase the chances for success during live-patient procedures [Anaesth Intensive Care 37: 824-829, 2009].

Methods

The nerve block model was produced with a single pork loin with pressure-injected ultrasound gel through both CAT 5 cable and IV tubing inserted length-wise into the pork loin.

Results

Our nerve block model had a realistic, life-like feel simulating human tissue.

Conclusion

This ultrasound nerve block model was inexpensive with life-like feel allowing resident trainees to develop more confidence and tactile skill to increase the chance for success.     

Cerebellar and brainstem infarction as a complication of CT-guided transforaminal cervical nerve root block

A 60-year-old man with a 4-year history of intractable neck pain and radicular pain in the C5 nerve root distribution presented to our department for a CT-guided transforaminal left C5 nerve root block. He had had a similar procedure on the right 2 months previously, and had significant improvement of his symptoms with considerable pain relief. On this occasion he was again accepted for the procedure after the risks and potential complications had been explained. Under CT guidance, a 25G spinal needle was introduced and after confirmation of the position of the needle, steroid was injected. Immediately the patient became unresponsive, and later developed a MR-proven infarct affecting the left vertebral artery (VA) territory. This is the first report of a major complication of a cervical root injection under CT guidance reported in the literature. We present this case report and the literature review of the potential complications of this procedure.     

超声引导下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞复合右美托咪定持续泵注在老年髋关节置换术中的应用效果分析

目的 探讨超声引导下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞复合右美托咪定持续泵注在老年髋关节置换术中的应用效果.方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年3月南阳市骨科医院收治的分别采用超声引导下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞复合右美托咪定持续泵注麻醉行髋关节置换术的51例老年患者(设为研究组)与右美托咪定持续泵注复合全身麻醉行髋关节置换术的51例老...     

CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy in the local treatment of extrahepatic, extrapulmonary secondary malignancies

The purpose was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-dose-rate (HDR) CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy in the treatment of extrahepatic, extrapulmonary, secondary malignancies. Nineteen patients were included in this prospective study. The median age was 66 years (49–77). Underlying primaries comprised colorectal carcinomas in six, renal cell carcinoma in three, pancreatic carcinoma in three, cervical cancer in two, endometrial cancer in two and NSCLC, breast cancer and sarcoma in one patient each. All patients had undergone extensive pretreatments. CT-guided HDR brachytherapy employed a ¹⁹²Iridium source. Dose planning for brachytherapy was performed using 3D CT data acquired after CT-guided percutaneous applicator positioning. MRI follow-up was performed 6 weeks and every 3 months post intervention. Primary endpoints were complications, local tumor control and progression-free survival. The median tumor diameter was 6 cm (2–15 cm). Tumor locations included the hepatoduodenal ligament, mesentery, adrenal gland, mesogastrium and local recurrences after rectal or pancreatic cancer. The minimal median dose in the target volume was 11 Gy (4–18 Gy). Minor complications comprised pain and fever (n=6, 32%). Major complications included one hospital death of unknown causes (n=1; 5%). Median follow-up was 7 months (1–16). Four patients (21%) died during the follow-up period. Local tumor control was 76.5% after 6 months and progression-free survival 47% after 6 months. Minimally invasive CT-guided HDR brachytherapy is safe and effective in the palliative treatment of extrahepatic, extrapulmonary secondary malignancies.     

超声引导胸椎旁神经阻滞对于肋骨骨折患者术后镇痛效果的影响

目的观察超声引导胸椎旁神经阻滞(TPVB)对于肋骨骨折患者术后镇痛效果的影响。方法 40例择期行肋骨骨折切开复位内固定术的患者,随机分为全麻组(GA组,n=20)和全麻联合胸椎旁神经阻滞组(GA+TPVB组,n=20)。GA组接受标准的全身麻醉。在GA+TPVB组,全麻诱导后以0.5%罗哌卡因行患侧超声引导胸椎旁神经阻滞。所有患者在麻醉后恢复室(PACU)开始接受含有舒芬太尼的静脉镇痛泵,术后前3d应用注射用帕瑞昔布钠(特耐)40mg静脉推注,每日2次。记录两组患者术中切皮前后5min平均动脉压(MAP)及心率(HR)变化,术中舒芬太尼的用量;于术后1、12、24、48和72h对患者进行静息和活动下(深呼吸、咳嗽时)疼痛评估,主要预后指标为所有视觉模拟评分法(VAS);记录患者满意度;同时观察术后有无血肿、恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生。结果与GA组比较,GA+TPVB组切皮前后MAP、HR波动明显减小(P0.05),术中舒芬太尼用量明显减少(P0.05);两组患者术后1、12、24、48h的VAS有显著差异,与GA组比较,GA+TPVB组VAS明显降低(P0.05);GA组和GA+TPVB组术后呕吐发生率分别为15%和0,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后两组患者均未见血肿、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生。结论超声引导胸椎旁神经阻滞定位准确,操作成功率高,明显减少围手术期镇痛药物用量,提供有效的术后镇痛。     

Saphenous nerve block is an effective regional technique for post-menisectomy pain

In this study we have evaluated the post menisectomy pain relief offered by Saphenous nerve block. This study was planned on 40 patients with a pre-operative and post operative diagnosis of medial meniscus lesion undergoing partial menisectomy arthroscopically. Patients were randomized into 2 groups where Group I received a preoperative Saphenous block while group 2 did not receive a peripheral block, but received 1 ml of saline as placebo injection. After blocks both groups received general anesthesia and IV patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with tramadol for post operative pain relief. Patients rest and activity pain scores were evaluated on post operative 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h using visual analog scale (VAS). Total tramadol consumption as well as pain at rest, when weight bearing and the need for external support while walking were recorded. Group I VAS scores were statistically lower then group II during the time of observation periods at rest as well as active movement periods. Tramadol consumption through IV PCA was statistically significantly lower in group I than in group II (P < 0.05). Pain during walking measured at 24 h was significantly different with better results in group I (P < 0.001). Saphenous nerve block is used for different indications; it can also be a good analgesic method for arthroscopic interventions. We have shown it to be effective after medial partial menisectomies. According to our knowledge this report is the first one utilizing saphenous nerve block for pain after arthroscopic medial menisectomy.     

Ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus nerve block for regional anaesthesia in oral and maxillofacial surgery

Objectives:

We examined the application of an ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus nerve block for regional anaesthesia in patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Methods:

A total of 19 patients receiving ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus anaesthesia followed by neck surgery were examined prospectively. The sternocleidomastoid and the levator of the scapula muscles as well as the cervical transverse processes were used as easily depicted ultrasound landmarks for the injection of local anaesthetics. Under ultrasound guidance, a needle was advanced in the fascial band between the sternocleidomastoid and the levator of the scapula muscles and 15 ml of ropivacaine 0.75% was injected. Afterwards, the needle was advanced between the levator of the scapula and the hyperechoic contour of the cervical transverse processes and a further 15 ml of ropivacaine 0.75% was injected. The sensory block of the cervical nerve plexus, the analgesic efficacy of the block within 24 h after injection and potential block-related complications were assessed.

Results:

All patients showed a complete cervical plexus nerve block. No patient required analgesics within the first 24 h after anaesthesia. Two cases of blood aspiration were recorded. No further cervical plexus block-related complications were observed.

Conclusions:

Ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus block is a feasible, effective and safe method for oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures.     

肱骨近端骨折术中应用超声联合神经刺激仪行C4、C6横突阻滞麻醉效果评价

目的评价肱骨近端骨折术中应用超声联合神经刺激仪行C4、C6横突阻滞麻醉的效果及安全性。方法选择行肱骨近端骨折术患者90例,随机分为3组:超声联合神经刺激仪组(US组)30例、超声组(U组)30例、神经刺激仪组(S组)30例。US组采用C4、C6横突阻滞,U组、S组均采用颈丛联合肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。比较3组的麻醉效果,麻醉操作时间、起效时间、维持时间及麻醉并发症。结果 US组麻醉效果明显优于U组及S组(P<0.05)。US组麻醉操作时间为(4.5±1.5)min,明显少于U组(6.1±1.2)min及S组(10.8±2.7)min(P<0.05)。US组麻醉起效时间为(10.6±1.5)min,明显少于U组(15.6±1.3)min及S组(18.0±1.6)min(P<0.05)。US组麻醉维持时间为(720±115)min,明显多于S组(508±101)min(P<0.05);与U组(715±113)min比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。US组麻醉并发症明显少于S组(P<0.05);与U组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肱骨近端骨折术中应用超声联合神经刺激仪行C4、C6横突阻滞麻醉效果良好,可缩短麻醉操作及起效时间、延长麻醉维持时间、减少并发症,是一种安全有效的麻醉方法。     

Imaging the hypoglossal nerve

The hypoglossal nerve is a pure motor nerve. It provides motor control to the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles thus being essential for normal tongue movement and coordination. In order to design a useful imaging approach and a working differential diagnosis in cases of hypoglossal nerve damage one has to have a good knowledge of the normal anatomy of the nerve trunk and its main branches. A successful imaging evaluation to hypoglossal diseases always requires high resolution studies due to the small size of the structures being studied. MRI is the preferred modality to directly visualize the nerve, while CT is superior in displaying the bony anatomy of the neurovascular foramina of the skull base. Also, while CT is only able to detect nerve pathology by indirect signs, such as bony expansion of the hypoglossal canal, MRI is able to visualize directly the causative pathological process as in the case of small tumors, or infectious/inflammatory processes affecting the nerve. The easiest way to approach the study of the hypoglossal nerve is to divide it in its main segments: intra-axial, cisternal, skull base and extracranial segment, tailoring the imaging technique to each anatomical area while bearing in mind the main disease entities affecting each segment.     

CT引导下射频热凝治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床疗效

目的 探讨运用CT引导下射频热凝治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床效果.方法 选取原发性三叉神经痛患者165例作为研究对象,所有患者采用随机抽签法分成射频热凝组和药物毁损组,射频热凝组患者83例,药物毁损组患者82例.射频热凝组采用CT引导下射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛,药物毁损组采用CT引导下经皮穿刺卵圆孔表阿霉素化学毁损治疗三叉神经痛,于治疗后3个月、6个月、1年、3年进行随访,观察两组患者的VAS评分变化、治疗总有效率及并发症发生率指标.结果 射频热凝组优良率明显优于药物毁损组,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组并发症发生率比较,射频热凝组明显更低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组随访期VAS疼痛评分比较,观察组更低,且远期疼痛情况稳定,总体治疗效果突出.结论 采用CT引导下射频热凝治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床效果显著,值得推广应用.     

CT-guided lung biopsy: incidence of pneumothorax after instillation of NaCl into the biopsy track

This study was conducted to evaluate whether instillation of NaCl 0.9% solution into the biopsy track reduces the incidence of pneumothoraces after CT-guided lung biopsy. A total of 140 consecutive patients with pulmonary lesions were included in this prospective study. All patients were alternatingly assigned to one of two groups: group A in whom the puncture access was sealed by instillation of NaCl 0.9% solution during extraction of the guide needle (n = 70) or group B for whom no sealing was performed (n = 70). CT-guided biopsy was performed with a 18-G coaxial system. Localization of lesion (pleural, peripheral, central), lesion size, needle-pleural angle, rate of pneumothorax and alveolar hemorrhage were evaluated. In group A, the incidence of pneumothorax was lower compared to group B (8%, 6/70 patients vs. 34%, 24/70 patients; P < 0.001). All pneumothoraces occurred directly post punctionem after extraction of the guide needle. One patient in group A and eight patients in group B developed large pneumothoraces requiring chest tube placement (P = 0.01). The frequency of pneumothorax was independent of other variables. After CT-guided biopsy, instillation of NaCl 0.9% solution into the puncture access during extraction of the needle significantly reduces the incidence of pneumothorax.     

经皮穿刺臭氧消融术联合局部神经根阻滞治疗腰椎间盘突出

目的探讨经皮穿刺臭氧消融术联合局部神经根阻滞(POA-LNRB)对治疗腰椎间盘突出(LDH)的应用价值。方法 25例由CT或MRI证实的LDH患者均经POA-LNRB治疗。按照患者治疗后的临床症状与体征的改善状况,将本组治疗效果分为显著效果,一般效果及无效3级。所有患者于治疗后1、3、6个月均经随访与复查。结果随访证实,本组25例LDH患者中,有12例(48%)显著疗效,7例(28%)一般疗效以及6例(24%)无效,总有效率为76%。CT引导下经皮椎间盘穿刺成功率为100%,未发生与操作本身有关的严重并发症。结论 POA-LNRB治疗LDH疗效显著、微创、安全、简便,具有重要的临床应用价值。