广西家鼠型肾综合征出血热病毒的发现和鉴定

目的 从广西各地捕获的鼠肺标本检测汉坦病毒并鉴定其型别.方法 结合广西鼠疫监测采集啮齿类宿主动物,用ELISA法检测鼠肺标本,对汉坦病毒抗原阳性标本通过RT-PCR法扩增部分M片段上的核苷酸序列并测序,将扩增片段的核苷酸序列与已知病毒序列进行比对并分型.结果 在306份鼠肺标本中检测到1株SEO型的出血热病毒,阳性标本为广西沿海地区钦州市捕获的褐家鼠.结论 在广西沿海地区检测到SEO型汉坦病毒,其流行病学意义有待进一步研究.     

双抗原夹心法ELISA在检测抗肾综合征出血热总抗体中的应用

目的建立可以检测不同来源血清中抗汉坦病毒抗体的简单、灵敏的方法。方法汉坦病毒核蛋白重组表达纯化后，同时作为捕获作用的固相抗原和检测作用酶标记抗原，建立检测血清中抗汉坦病毒总抗体的双抗原夹心法ELISA法，并与常用的IFA法进行比较分析。结果检测不同血清时特异性为100％，敏感性高于IFA法4～8倍。且不需考虑更换检测试剂，不同来源的血清样本对检测结果没有明显的影响。结论本方法操作简单，成本低，具有较高的敏感性和特异性，适合用于汉坦病毒感染的监测、调查和临床诊断以及宿主动物间病毒感染流行的调查与监测。     

Ⅰ型登革病毒NS1抗原捕获ELISA的建立和初步临床诊断应用

目的以登革病毒特异性非结构蛋白1（NS1）单克隆抗体为基础建立Ⅰ型登革病毒（DEN1）抗原检测的酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法，并探索从病人早期血清样品中检测DEN1-NS1的可行性。方法利用已制备的抗DEN1-NS1单克隆抗体（单抗），进行多种抗体组合配对优化模式的分析，建立双抗体夹心抗原捕获ELISA，以469份健康人血清样品确定cut off值，检测DEN1感染患者急性期血清样品。结果对多种抗体组合反复筛选，最终确立了最佳的包被单抗和酶标测定单抗，建立了抗体夹心捕获DEN1-NS1抗原的酶联免疫测定方法，能特异检测DEN1，与其他血清型登革病毒不发生交叉反应。检测16例临床确诊DEN1感染病人急性期血清样品，15例呈特异的抗原反应阳性。结论成功建立了DEN1-NS1抗原捕获ELISA并应用于临床血清样品的检测，为登革热的早期实验室诊断提供技术方法。     

格林——巴利综合征患者的空肠弯曲菌抗体及意义

目的：用纯化的脂多糖抗原（CJ-LPS）和全菌抗原（CJ-T）检测格林-巴利综合征（GBS）患者血清的空肠弯曲菌（CJ）抗体，并用2种抗原检测到的抗体阳性率和阳性病例的符合率的差别来推测CJ的LPS是否为诱发CJ抗体的抗原表位。方法：取GBS患者分离的15株不同Penner血清型的CJ，用酚-水法提取的CJ-LPS抗原，以热稳定成分为CJ-T抗原，以ELISA间接法检测81例GBS患者、34例其他神经疾病对照和63例正常对照的血清CJ抗体。结果：CJ-LPS为抗原，CJ感染阳性率为51.9%，CJ-T检测的阳性率为56.8%，与其他神经疾病对照和正常对照的差异均有显著性。2种抗原检测得到的阳性率之间差异没有显著性，阳性病例的符合率之间差异没有显著性。结论：我国GBS患者的CJ近期感染阳性率较高，推测CJ上的LPS可能为诱发GBS的一类表位抗原。     

黑龙江地区肾综合征出血热患者中病毒基因检测及流行病学意义

目的进一步了解黑龙江地区HFRS患者中汉坦病毒的基因类别,同时对该病近年来的流行病学特征进行初步分析。方法采用RT-PCR技术对31份肾综合征出血热(HFRS)患者早期血清中的病毒进行基因分型,并根据患者发病季节分成两个感染时段,即冬季(2003年11月—2004年2月),春夏季(2004年4月—2004年9月),再结合临床症状综合分析。结果31份血清中,共有22份血清检测阳性,其中冬季感染时段14份血清,有8例检出阳性(Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型3例);春夏季感染时段17份血清,有14例检出阳性(Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型9例)。结论黑龙江地区不仅存在汉坦病毒基因Ⅰ型,且同时存在Ⅱ型;冬季以Ⅰ型为主,春夏季以Ⅱ型为主。     

慢性丙型肝炎患者HCV血清学分型研究

目的探讨HCV基因分型与血清学分型的关系。方法对来自14家医院的104例已知HCV基因型的慢性丙型肝炎患者血清，经ELISA方法，用Murex HCV Serotyping 1-6 Assay血清分型试剂进行HCV的血清学分型。结果104例血清中的86（82，69％）例可分出血清型，检出血清型病毒株91株，病毒株检出率为78．4％。血清型与基因型的总符合率为62，1％，血清型1型、2型和3型的符合率分别为69，4％、51，2％和70．0％，以2b基因型的符合率和漏检率最低（54．5％）。结论HCV血清型特异性受病毒基因型的影响，与基因型存在一定的差异。     

烟台地区肾综合征出血热患者血清抗体检测和汉坦病毒序列测定

目的 了解烟台地区肾综合征出血热(HFRS)患者血清中IgG、IgM抗体水平，确定引起该地区HFRS流行的汉坦病毒的型别分布。方法 收集临床HFRS急性期和恢复期患者血清；用EMSA检测IgG、IgM抗体；用交叉空斑减少中和试验检测中和抗体；采用Trizol法提取患者血清中HFRS病毒RNA，用套式PCR产物做TA试验，测定核苷酸序列。结果 HFRS患者血清IgM阳性率为82．2％(88／107)，IgG阳性率为85．7％(66／77)。该地区两城市38份HFRS患者血清中，有32份属家鼠型病毒(SE0)感染，另6份未能定型；另一城市16份HFRS患者血清中，有15份属姬鼠型病毒感染，1份未定型。该地区HFRS病毒与SE0的同源性达90％以上。结论 引起烟台地区HFRS流行的汉坦病毒，属于以SE0为主的混合型病毒。     

汉坦病毒感染C57BL/6小鼠组织中特异性抗原的检测

目的通过检测汉坦病毒感染C57BL/6小鼠组织中特异性病毒抗原,以建立汉坦病毒感染动物的评价体系。方法将汉坦病毒陈株按照原病毒液、10-1、10-2三个滴度经肌肉注射感染C57BL/6小鼠,在感染后的第3、6、9、12、15天,分别取小鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑等组织研磨后制成病毒悬液,以ELISA法检测各组织中的病毒特异性抗原。结果 C57BL/6小鼠感染汉坦病毒后短期内在其肝脏和脾脏可以检测到特异性抗原,随着时间的延长,这些抗原逐步消失。结论上述结果为建立汉坦病毒感染动物的评价体系提供了一种参考。     

格林-巴利综合征患者的空肠弯曲菌抗体及意义1

目的用纯化的脂多糖抗原(CJ-LPS)和全菌抗原(CJ-T)检测格林-巴利综合征(GBS)患者血清的空肠弯曲菌(CJ)抗体,并用2种抗原检测到的抗体阳性率和阳性病例的符合率的差别来推测CJ的LPS是否为诱发CJ抗体的抗原表位.方法取GBS患者分离的15株不同Penner血清型的CJ,用酚-水法提取的CJ-LPS抗原,以热稳定成分为CJ-T抗原,以ELISA间接法检测81例GBS患者、34例其他神经疾病对照和63例正常对照的血清CJ抗体.结果CJ-LPS为抗原,CJ感染阳性率为51.9%,CJ-T检测的阳性率为56.8%,与其他神经疾病对照和正常对照的差异均有显著性.2种抗原检测得到的阳性率之间差异没有显著性,阳性病例的符合率之间差异没有显著性.结论我国GBS患者的CJ近期感染阳性率较高,推测CJ上的LPS可能为诱发GBS的一类表位抗原.     

不同基因型戊型肝炎病毒重组抗原p166用于抗体检测的价值

目的探讨不同基因型和亚型戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）ORF2重组蛋白p166用于抗体检测的价值,为研发准确可靠的戊型肝炎诊断试剂提供新的途径.方法用等浓度的不同基因型和亚型HEV p166作为包被抗原,对血清标本进行酶联免疫吸附试验测定.用HEV多基因型通用性引物逆转录套式PCR（RT-nPCR）扩增标本中HEV RNA,并测序、分型.结果8种不同p166抗原对30份健康献血者血清无抗原性,对182份来自世界不同国家和地区的已知HEV抗体阳性血清和7份HEV实验感染动物血清标本均呈阳性反应,但所得血清抗体滴度的高低与所用抗原的基因型有明显关系.RT-nPCR检测的50份中国血清标本中,19份阳性,基因分型均为Ⅳ型,与Ⅳ型中国株p166抗原反应最好.而以同属于第Ⅲ基因型的猪HEV新西兰株和人HEV美国株重组p166检测血清标本,两者结果差异无统计学意义.以多基因型p166混合抗原建立的ELISA抗体检测法与两种市售试剂盒比较,前者敏感性高,特异性好.结论不同基因型和亚型的HEV重组蛋白p166对不同血清标本HEV抗体检测的敏感性高低不同,因此多基因型和亚型p166的混合抗原是HEV抗体检测的最佳抗原.     

Dobrava virus infection: serological diagnosis and cross-reactions to other hantaviruses

Recent data have shown that Dobrava (DOB) hantavirus is the cause of severe haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in central and eastern Europe. To determine whether serological assays need to be based on the homologous viral antigen rather than on closely related hantavirus antigens, acute and convalescent sera from patients with HFRS collected in former Yugoslavia were examined for IgM and IgG to three hantavirus antigens; DOB, Hantaan (HTN) and Puumala (PUU). Focus reduction neutralization test was included for comparison and confirmation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results. Although the results showed that the cross-reactivity was high between these three antigens during the acute phase of the disease, one of 155 patients serum samples reacted only in the DOB antigen-based IgM assay. The evaluation of IgG reactivities revealed that a DOB antigen-based IgG ELISA has to be used in sero-epidemiological studies; 7.1% (11/155) of the acute phase/early convalescent sera and 12.5% (2/16) of the late convalescent sera, respectively, reacted only with the homologous DOB antigen.     

Serological analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) patients in Far Eastern Russia and identification of the causative hantavirus genotype

Summary. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is endemic in East Asia and Europe. The disease is caused by several viruses belonging to the genus Hantavirus, including the Hantaan virus (HTNV), Seoul virus (SEOV), Dobrava Belgrade virus (DOBV), and Puumala virus (PUUV). Recently, HTNV-related viruses, Amur (AMR) and Far East (FE) genotypes were identified as causative agents of HFRS in Far Eastern Russia. To investigate the epidemiology of HFRS and virus transmission, we collected sera from 17 acute and 32 convalescent patients who were clinically diagnosed with HFRS in the Khabarovsk region of Far Eastern Russia, and detected anti-hantavirus antibodies using an ELISA that can differentiate the infected virus serotype using truncated hantavirus nucleocapsid protein antigen. Sixteen of the 17 acute phase patients had antibodies to hantavirus, and all the positive sera had higher optical densities for HTNV-specific antigen than for SEOV-, DOBV-, or PUUV-specific antigens. The partial M segment of the viral genome was amplified from blood clots from three acute patients by PCR. The nucleotide sequences had closer identities to the FE genotype (>96%) than to the prototype HTNV (88 to 89%) or AMR genotype (81 to 83%). A phylogenetic analysis found that the virus sequences from the patients clustered with the FE type, and were distinct from the AMR type. Thirty-one of 32 convalescent patient sera had antibodies to HTNV-specific antigen. These data suggest that our ELISA system can detect HTNV-specific antibodies to the FE type, which may be responsible for most of the HFRS in Khabarovsk.Received August 29, 2002; accepted March 10, 2003 Published online June 2, 2003     

Characterization of truncated hantavirus nucleocapsid proteins and their application for serotyping

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a fulminant infectious disease characterized by fever, hemorrhage, renal impairment, and thrombocytopenia. Hantaviruses associated with this belong to different serotypes: Hantaan (HTN), Seoul (SEO), Dobrava/Belgrade (DOB), and Puumala (PUU). The first two, HTN and SEO, are endemic in China. To investigate the epidemiology of HFRS and virus transmission in China, we constructed prokaryotic plasmids encoding truncated recombinant HTN and SEO nucleocapsid proteins (NPs), which lacked 154 amino acid (aa), 99 aa, or 49 aa in the N-terminal region, respectively. After expression, the truncated rNPs were tested as serotyping antigens, particularly for use in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, 68 acute and 52 convalescent sera were collected from HFRS patients from Harbin, Lantian, and Kaifeng regions in China in 2004, which had hantavirus specific antibodies by IFA. A neutralization test was used to differentiate these, which showed that 73 were due to HTN infection, 33 to SEO infection, and 14 undetermined. By ELISA, the truncated rNPs, that lacked 99 (rNP100) or 49 (rNP50) N-terminal amino acids of the NPs of HTN and SEO, were able to differentiate HTNV and SEOV-specific immune sera, but the rNP155 could not. Particularly, the ELISAs based on the rNP50s had a result comparable to PRNT. Thus, the rNP50 is recommended as efficient serotyping antigen for hantavirus infection diagnosis by ELISA.     

Puumala and Dobrava viruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Evidence of highly cross-neutralizing antibody responses in early patient sera

Hantavirus infection was diagnosed serologically by μ-capture IgM and IgG ELISAs in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) patients admitted to Tuzla Hospital, Bosnia-Herzegovina. The results indicated that more than one hantavirus caused the outbreak. To address the question of which hantavirus serotypes were involved, sequentially drawn sera were analyzed by focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) for antibodies against Puumala, Hantaan, Dobrava, and Seoul hantaviruses. The data revealed that acute- or early convalescent-phase sera, even when drawn as late as 3 weeks after the onset of disease, could not be used for typing of the causative hantavirus; a significant number of these samples showed similar reactivity of neutralizing antibodies to several different hantavirus serotypes. Moreover, although several acute-phase sera showed the highest FRNT titer to Hantaan virus, convalescent sera from these patients in all cases showed high specificity for Puumala or Dobrava viruses. This phenomenon, interpreted as a cross-neutralizing primary antibody response, makes several earlier reports concerning causative agents of HFRS questionable. Serological examination of small rodents trapped in the endemic area identified Puumala- and Dobrava-like virus infections. RT-PCR and sequencing of rodent lung samples identified Dobrava virus in one yellow-necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). Cross-FRNT data, using polyclonal rabbit antibodies, clearly confirmed Dobrava virus as a unique hantavirus serotype. In conclusion, the results revealed that both Puumala- and Dobrava-like viruses caused HFRS in Bosnia-Herzegovina, whereas no signs of Hantaan or Seoul virus involvement were found. J. Med. Virol. 53:51–59, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Serotypic classification of hantaviruses by indirect immunofluorescent antibody and plaque reduction neutralization tests

Antisera prepared against 16 strains of hantaviruses isolated from patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or from rodents captured in HFRS-endemic and nonendemic regions were titrated against Hantaan virus strain 76-118, Puumala virus strain Sotkamo, and Prospect Hill virus strain Prospect Hill-I by using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody and plaque reduction neutralization tests. Isolates fell into one of four distinct groups or serotypes. Serotype 1 included Apodemus-derived strains, serotype 2 included Rattus-derived strains, serotype 3 included Clethrionomys-derived strains, and serotype 4 included Microtus-derived strains. Serotypic classification of hantavirus infections was possible for humans and rodents in widely varied geographical areas, but in a few instances, sera from patients with HFRS did not conform to any of the four serotypes, suggesting the existence of as yet unidentified serotypes. A definitive serological classification of hantaviruses must await analysis of additional virus isolates.     

重链可变区基因随机CDR3ScFv噬菌体抗体库的构建及筛选

目的构建VH 基因随机CDR3ScFv噬菌体抗体库 ,并筛选抗HFRS病毒NP抗原的噬菌体抗体。方法采用随机引物PCR法扩增抗HFRS病毒mAb1A8的VH 基因 ,并与1A8VL 基因共同克隆入噬菌粒表达载体 pHEN1后 ,构建VH 基因随机CDR3ScFv基因库。继用辅噬菌体VCSM13超感染后得到噬菌体抗体库 ,然后用HFRS病毒抗原进行筛选。随机挑取筛选的菌落超感染 ,用夹心ELISA检测超感染上清。结果获得库容量约为107 噬菌体抗体库。夹心ELISA的结果表明 ,筛选出的噬菌体抗体可与HFRS病毒NP抗原特异性结合。结论成功地构建了库容量较高的ScFv噬菌体抗体库 ,并获得可与HFRS病毒NP抗原结合的噬菌体抗体。     

A Major Antigenic Domain of Hantaviruses is Located on the Aminoproximal Site of the Viral Nucleocapsid Protein

Hantavirus nucleocapsid protein has recently been shown to be an immunodominant antigen in hemorrhagic with renal syndrome (HFRS) inducing an early and long-lasting immune response. Recombinant proteins representing various regions of the nucleocapsid proteins as well as segments of the G1 and the G2 glycoproteins of hantavirus strains CG18-20 (Puumala serotype) and Hantaan 76-118 have been expressed in E. coli. The antigenicity of these proteins was tested in enzyme immunoassays and immunoblots. These studies revealed that human IgG immune response is primarily directed against epitopes located within the amino acid residues 1 to 119 of the amino terminus of viral nucleocapsid proteins. This fragment was recognized by all HFRS patient sera tested (n=128). The corresponding enzyme immunoassays proved to be more sensitive than the indirect immunofluorescence assays. Furthermore, the majority of bank vole monoclonal antibodies raised against Puumala virus reacted specifically with this site. A recombinant G1 protein (aa 59 to 401) derived from the CG 18-20 strain was recognized by 19 out of 20 sera from HFRS patients.     

McAb ELISA间接夹心法检测HFRS病人血清IgM和IgG抗体的研究

肾综合征出血热(HFRS)早期临床症状不典型,因此在病人血清中检出特异性抗体,特别是IgM抗体对辅助临床诊断有重要意义。此外,HFRS的流行病学监测和病原学研究等都需有敏感、特异、简便而客观的     

Rapid immunochromatographic test for hantavirus andes contrasted with capture-IgM ELISA for detection of Andes-specific IgM antibodies

Hantavirus is associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The clinical diagnosis of hantavirus infections has been confirmed routinely by the immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A rapid and easy diagnostic test for hantavirus infection is required. A new immunochromatographic assay for hantavirus, POC-PUU, useful for the diagnosis of epidemic nephrophaty associated with hantavirus Puumala in Europe, was evaluated in Chile. This test is based on recombinant N-protein of hantavirus Puumala, and cross-reacts with other hantaviruses. Eighty human sera were selected at random from patients from Southern Chile who were suspected with HPS. The hantavirus capture-IgM ELISA was compared with a commercially available POC-PUU test (POC PUUMALA, Reagena Ltd., Toivala, Finland). The test sensitivity and specificity of the POC-PUU test were 97 and 90%, respectively. It is important to note that although the test is not specific for Andes virus the sensitivity and specificity were above 90%, which indicates good reactivity to the Puumala nucleoprotein antigen. As this test is cost-effective, with a high negative value, rapid and easy to carry out, specialized personnel are not necessary, nor does it require specialized equipment. Its usefulness for diagnosis is important in hospitals far from reference centers and areas with a high incidence of HPS cases.     

Outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with kidney syndrome in Egor'ev district of Moscow region

Epizootological, serological, and molecular virological analysis of an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Egoryevsk district of Moscow region (September 1995-January 1996) has been carried out. Hantavirus (Puumala) antigen and virus-specific antibodies were isolated from bank voles captured in the endemic focus. Anti-Puumala antibodies were detected in the sera of all HFRS patients and in 2% healthy residents of the endemic focus. Analysis of nucleotide sequence (RNA from hantavirus-positive lung of a bank vole) showed that the studied hantavirus is a distinct genotype of Puumala virus. Hence, a new highly active natural focus of HFRS associated with Puumala virus, dangerous for the population, has been revealed in Moscow region.