Serum prolactin and smoking status in chronic antipsychotic-treated male patients with schizophrenia

We investigated the effects of smoking status on the serum prolactin levels in schizophrenia. The serum prolactin concentration was significantly higher in nonsmokers compared with smokers. Moreover, smoking was an independent predictor of prolactin concentration. These findings suggest that smoking has an impact on prolactin concentration in male schizophrenic patients.     

吸烟与精神分裂症临床特点的关系

目的探讨吸烟与精神分裂症患者临床特点之间的关系.方法采用临床资料表及PANSS量表对279例男性住院精神分裂症患者进行检查与评定,将吸烟者与非吸烟者之间若干临床指标进行f检验及x2检验,并对吸烟量与若干量表分数进行相关分析.结果279例男性患者中有吸烟者112例,其每日平均吸烟量为16.9士11.8支,81.3%的吸烟者在精神分裂症发病后开始吸烟.与非吸烟患者相比,病程多倾向于发作性,以往复发的次数较多.结论吸烟与患者的临床特征相关,在制定治疗康复计划时应予以考虑.     

吸烟对精神分裂症男性患者精神病理症状的影响

目的 分析吸烟对精神分裂症临床精神病理症状的影响,探索精神分裂症患者高比例吸烟的原因.方法 收集慢性精神分裂症吸烟患者(332例)和非吸烟患者(95例)共427例,首次发病(以下简称首发)精神分裂症吸烟患者(22例)和非吸烟患者(41例)共63例,均为男性;使用阳性和阴性症状最表(PANSS)评定其临床精神病理症状.结果 (1)在慢性精神分裂症患者巾,吸烟组PANSS阴性症状分量表中的情感交流障碍得分[(3.9±1.5)分]、被动或淡漠得分[(3.6±1.6)分]及其总分[(24.0.±8.2)分]低于非吸烟组[分别为(4.4.±1.7)分、(4.0±1.7)分和(26.3.±9.5)分;P<0.05];PANSS阴性症状分量表7个条目得分及其总分、一般精神病理分量表总分和PANSS总分与患者每天的吸烟量呈负相关(P<0.05～0.01);阴性症状分量表中的情感交流障碍[比值比(OR)=0.832,95%可信区间(95%CI)=0.691～0.980,P=0.029]和一般精神病理分量表中的紧张(OR=0.534,95%CI=0.363～0.786,P=0.001)进入Logistic模型.(2)在首发精神分裂症患者中,吸烟组在阴性症状分量表中的情绪退缩得分[(2.7±1.3)分]、被动或淡漠得分[(2.7 ±1.3)分]低于非吸烟组[分别为(3.5±1.3)分和(3.5±1.4)分;P<0.05];一般精神病理分量表中的动作迟缓与患者每天的吸烟量呈负相关,自知力缺乏与吸烟量呈正相关(均P<0.05);PANSS一般精神病理分量表中的动作迟缓(OR=0.589,95%CI:0.350～0.989,P=0.045)进入Logistic模型.结论 吸烟对阴性症状的正性作用可能是精神分裂症患者高比例吸烟的原因之一.     

住院精神分裂症男性患者吸烟行为与认知功能的关系

目的探索住院精神分裂症男性患者吸烟行为与认知功能的关系。方法收集2010年3月-2012年4月在惠州二院住院的、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准男性患者397例,其中慢性精神分裂症患者315例(吸烟组245例,非吸烟组70例),首发精神分裂症患者82例(吸烟者28例,非吸烟者54例),所有受试者都接受吸烟状况调查:尼古丁依赖量表(FIND),根据FTND分值,把吸烟组分为重度依赖组和轻度依赖组;并接受认知功能检查:连续作业测验(CPT),威斯康星卡片分类(WCST)和重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)。结果在315例慢性精神分裂症患者中,吸烟组245例(77.8%),非吸烟组70例(22.2%);在82例首发精神分裂症患者中,吸烟者28例(34.1%),非吸烟者54例(65.9%)。①慢性男性精神分裂症患者,吸烟组和非吸烟组在CPT、SWCT、RBANS各项评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);重度依赖组CPT的正确反应数大于轻度依赖组和非吸烟组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.01),轻度依赖组和非吸烟组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。②首发男性精神分裂症患者,吸烟组和非吸烟组在CPT、SWCT、RBANS各项评分差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论吸烟对于精神分裂症患者的持续注意可能有一定的正性作用,吸烟与认知功能存在一定的相关性。     

吸烟对氯氮平治疗精神分裂症疗效的影响

目的探讨吸烟对氯氮平治疗精神分裂症患者疗效的影响。方法75例精神分裂症患者分为吸烟组(n=45)与非吸烟组(n=30),均给予氯氮平治疗8周,8周末对吸烟组无显著疗效者增加氯氮平的剂量,继续治疗4周。采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效与不良反应。结果非吸烟组疗效显著优于吸烟组(P<0.05),加量组18例,12周末PANSS评分与8周末比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论吸烟能明显降低氯氮平的疗效。     

吸烟对男性住院精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的：探讨吸烟对男性住院精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法采用横断面研究,用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版（M CCB ）对149例吸烟与75例非吸烟男性住院精神分裂症患者进行认知功能评估,同时用PANSS评估两组患者的临床症状。比较两组患者认知功能和临床症状的差异,并分析吸烟与认知功能的相关性。结果吸烟组和非吸烟组患者临床症状的差异无统计学意义。吸烟组M CCB中数字序列[（14．52±5．51）分比（17．39±5．54）分]、言语记忆[（17．11±5．56）分比（19．69±6．05）分]、视觉记忆[（13．41±8．10）分比（16．96±8．06）分]3个分测验得分均低于非吸烟组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。吸烟组中,吸烟时间、吸烟量、吸烟指数与认知功能均无相关性（P＞0．05）。结论吸烟可能损害男性精神分裂症患者的认知功能,尤其是记忆力。     

Neuropsychological deficits are associated with smoking cessation treatment failure in patients with schizophrenia

Schizophrenics have deficits in neuropsychological performance, some of which are modified by cigarette smoking. These patients also have high rates of smoking and resistance to smoking cessation interventions. We examined whether the presence of neuropsychological deficits prior to smoking cessation treatment was associated with smoking cessation treatment failure in schizophrenic as compared to non-psychiatric control smokers. Neuropsychological assessments were performed prior to treatment with pharmacological agents during the course of placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenic and non-psychiatric control smokers, and included the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), a Visuospatial Working Memory (VSWM) task, the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). In schizophrenics (n=32), subjects who had greater deficits in VSWM and WCST performance were significantly less likely to quit smoking, but this association was not observed in controls (n=40). Differences between quitters and non-quitters were not likely related to atypical antipsychotic treatment or differences in depressive symptoms. No associations between baseline performance on CPT or SCWT and quit status were found in either group. These preliminary data suggest that in schizophrenics, neuropsychological deficits are associated with smoking cessation treatment failure.     

Sex difference in the prevalence of smoking in Chinese schizophrenia

Despite a large proportion of smoker in Chinese population, few studies address the prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia in such a homogeneous ethnic group. This study examined gender-specific relationships between smoking and schizophrenia, which have previously received little systematic study. The prevalence of smoking in 510 inpatients with schizophrenia and 793 normal controls was evaluated. The relationships between smoking and retrospectively assessed measures of the course of schizophrenia were evaluated by clinician-administered questionnaires. The results showed that the gender difference in smoking prevalence was in the opposite direction for males compared to females between schizophrenia and normal controls. Male patients had a higher smoking rate than controls (81% vs 66%, adjusted OR = 2.3, p < 0.0001), while female patients had a lower rate than controls (5% vs 9% p > 0.05). Smoking was associated with a family history of smoking, a personal history of alcohol use and age in men with schizophrenia. Our present findings suggest a significant gender difference in the prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia.     

Neuropsychological performance in patients with schizophrenia and controls as a function of cigarette smoking status

Schizophrenia is associated with many neurocognitive deficits, some of which are improved by nicotine and cigarette smoking. To better understand the relationship between smoking and cognitive function in schizophrenia, cross-sectional assessment of neuropsychological performance as a function of smoking status (smoker or non-smoker) and smoking history (current, former or never-smoker) in clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia and controls was evaluated. Subjects (n = 140) were divided into subgroups on the basis of self-report and biochemical verification of smoking history. Current smokers with schizophrenia (n = 38), former smokers with schizophrenia (n = 17), never-smokers with schizophrenia (n = 12), control smokers (n = 31), control former smokers (n = 16), and control never-smokers (n = 26) were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Smokers were studied under non-deprivation conditions. Comparison of neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia and control subjects revealed significant main effects of diagnosis. Analysis of the data as a function of smoking history demonstrated that never-smokers with schizophrenia performed the poorest on measures of sustained attention, processing speed and response inhibition, when compared to the other schizophrenia subgroups. Cigarette smoking did not alter neuropsychological performance in controls. Our findings suggest that smoking status and history differentially alters neuropsychological outcomes in schizophrenia compared to non-psychiatric controls, and that never-smokers may present with more severe neurocognitive impairments.     

吸烟对长期服用抗精神病药物所致锥体外系副作用的影响

目的：了解吸烟对住院长期服用抗精神病药物的精神分裂症病人出现锥外系副作用的影响。方法：样本共２８８例,分为吸烟与非吸烟两组。结果：两组间ＡＩＭＳ总分析和Ｓａｍｐｓｏｎ量表及量表主要单项分均无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。相关分析结果显示,每日吸烟量与ＡＩＭＳ总分和Ｓａｍｐｓｏｎ量表总分及主要单项分无显著相关（Ｐ〉０．０５）,而吸烟时间与ＡＩＭＳ总分和Ｓａｍｐｓｏｎ量表总分及主要单项分呈显著相关（Ｐ〈０     

α7烟碱乙酰胆碱受体基因与精神分裂症及吸烟行为的关系

目的 探讨α7烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体(nAchR)基因多态性与精神分裂症及吸烟行为的关系.方法 连续收集符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的精神分裂症患者221例(患者组)和患者亲属432名(亲属组),评定患者吸烟情况;采用聚合酶链反应和限制性酶切技术,检测α7nAchR基因的rs1355920单...     

Current smoking rate in patients with psychiatric disorders in Japan: Questionnaire survey

The association between smoking and psychiatric disorders (PD) has been known for many years. Support for smoking cessation among patients with PD is provided in advanced nations, but there is a little support for smoking cessation among patients with PD in Japan, where few studies have investigated the smoking rate. The aim of the present study is to determine the smoking rate and smoking habits of Japanese patients with PD. The subjects included outpatients who visited the outpatient psychiatric clinic at a University hospital between January and March of 2011. They answered a questionnaire consisting of questions about their sociodemographic background and smoking habits. In an analysis of 733 subjects, the overall smoking rate was 25.1%. The smoking rates among the patients with schizophrenia and depression were 17.3% and 23.9%, respectively, and these rates were lower than the results of previous studies. Among the current smokers, 43.4% had experienced smoking cessation, and only 26.1% were not interested in smoking cessation. Of the current smokers, 37.5% spent between US$128.88 and US$257 per month on cigarettes.     

Cigarette smoking among patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ratio of smokers and the relationship of cigarette smoking to clinical features in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. One hundred and forty-four patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder along with 114 healthy controls were evaluated. A total of 57.5% of the patients with schizophrenia, 55.1% of the bipolar patients and 47.3% of the control group were smokers. Daily cigarette consumption among the patients with schizophrenia was higher than that for the bipolar patients, and control group. Among the patients with schizophrenia who were in acute psychotic episode, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms scores of the smokers were significantly higher.     

Prevalence,demographic and clinical correlates of suicide attempts in Chinese medicated chronic inpatients with schizophrenia

The high prevalence of suicide in schizophrenia may be related to its demographic and clinical characteristics. Because suicide prevalence and its associations with clinical variables are less well characterized in Chinese than European patients with schizophrenia, we assessed the suicide attempts in 520 Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia. The suicide attempt data were collected from medical case notes and interviews with the patients and their family members. Patients were rated on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Simpson and Angus Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (SAES), and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Smoking severity was evaluated using clinician-administered questionnaires and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). We found a suicide attempt rate of 9.2% in these schizophrenic inpatients. The attempters were single, had a significantly younger age but more hospitalizations, had higher depressive symptoms, and began smoking at an earlier age, smoked more cigarettes each day and had higher FTND total scores than patients without suicide attempts. The logistic regression analysis also indicated that suicide attempts were associated with the number of hospitalizations, depressive symptoms and FTND total scores. These results suggest that Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia attempt suicide more often than the general population. Further, some demographic and clinical variables are risk factors for suicide attempts in schizophrenia.     

Cigarette Smoking is Negatively Associated with Family Average Income Among Urban and Rural Men in Regional Mainland China

Socio-economic status (SES) has a strong influence on cigarette smoking behaviour. However, as a more sensitive and realistic index of SES, family average income (FAI) has little studied regarding its association with smoking. With a response rate of 90.1%, a cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected urban-rural participants (n = 29,353) between October of 2000 and March of 2001 in Nanjing, China. The proportion of male participants who were current smokers was 54.7%; for females it was 2.2%. After adjustment for possible confounding variables (area of residence, age, education, occupation) males in the middle (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.69–0.84) and higher (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.57–0.71) FAI tertiles had lower odds of being smokers than did males in the lower FAI tertile. There were no differences by FAI category in the odds of being an ex-smoker. Therefore, current smoking among adult males is inversely associated with family average income in a regional Chinese population. FAI may inform the targeting of campaigns or other initiatives, particularly in populations where material prosperity is low in some social groups.     

Quality of life in community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia in China

The aim of this study was to assess Chinese schizophrenia patients' quality of life (QOL) and identify its demographic and clinical correlates. A random sample of 540 community-dwelling schizophrenia patients was interviewed using standardized assessment instruments. The patients' basic sociodemographic and clinical data and QOL were collected. Compared with the general population, patients had significantly lower scores in the physical and psychological QOL domains. Multivariate analyses showed that better social support independently predicted higher QOL in all domains, whereas more severe positive symptoms predicted worse psychological and environmental domains. Overall psychopathology predicted both worse physical and psychological domains; depressive symptoms and being married predicted worse physical and social QOL, respectively. Our results suggest that therapeutic and psychosocial interventions alleviating positive and depressive symptoms and improving poor social support and marriage-related problems in Chinese patients with schizophrenia might be of considerable benefit in improving their QOL.     

Cigarette smoking in long-term schizophrenia.

PURPOSE: Cigarette smoking is a great health problem and prevalent among subjects with schizophrenia. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence and associations of cigarette smoking in patients with long-term schizophrenia. METHODS: Seven hundred and sixty schizophrenia patients were interviewed and their cigarette smoking was recorded. RESULTS: Smoking was more prevalent men than in women patients. In logistic regression analysis, male gender, duration of illness (DUI) from 10 to 19 years, being divorced or separated, lower education and high daily doses of neuroleptics (DDN) associated significantly with regular smoking. Heavy smoking associated, in men, with hospital treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In schizophrenia patients, smoking is associated with long DUI, high DDN and institutional care. Interventions for cessation and/or reduction of cigarette smoking should be a part of the treatment for patients with schizophrenia.     

吸烟对慢性精神分裂症男性患者抗精神病药物副作用影响的研究

目的分析吸烟对精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物副作用的影响，探索精神分裂症高吸烟率的可能原因。方法收集慢性精神分裂症男性吸烟和非吸烟患者共427例，其中吸烟患者332例，非吸烟患者95例。使用锥体外系副作用反应量表（ARatingScaleforExtrapyramidalSideeffects，RSE—SE）评价患者抗精神病药物的副作用。结果精神分裂症吸烟和非吸烟组在RSESE总分及其各分条目得分上的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论精神分裂症患者的高吸烟率可能与吸烟对抗精神病药物副作用的影响无关。     

Cigarette smoking modulates medication-associated deficits in a monetary reward task in patients with schizophrenia

Imaging studies of reward processing have demonstrated a mesolimbic-mesocortical dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Such studies on reward processing in patients and also in healthy controls showed that differential activations of dopaminergic brain areas are associated with adaptive changes in response speed related to different reward values. Given this relationship, we investigated reward processing on the behavioural level in a larger sample of 49 medicated patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-10 F20) and 49 healthy controls. Subjects were instructed to react by button press upon two different stimuli in order to retain a 60 % chance winning a previously announced high (1$) or low (20¢) amount of money paid to participants after the experiment. Concordant with previous reports on deficits in reward processing, acceleration of reaction times in patients upon low rewards differed significantly (p < 0.05) from healthy controls in our present behavioural study. This effect was pronounced in the non-smoking subgroup of patients (n = 24). In this subgroup, we also observed a significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation with medication type (relatively high vs. low D2 receptor affinity) and with the PANSS score, the latter with a trend to significance (p = 0.08). Our study demonstrates that reaction time measures in a monetary reward task might constitute a feasible behavioural proxy for dopaminergic dysfunction and its different dimensions regarding psychopathology but also medication in patients with schizophrenia. In line with clinical observations, our findings support the notion that smoking modulates medication-associated side effects on reward processing in patients with schizophrenia.     

Pharmacokinetics of olanzapine in Chinese male schizophrenic patients with various smoking behaviors

Tobacco consumption has been recognized as a factor mediating the interindividual variations in olanzapine's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The primary objective of this study was to describe the dose effect of smoking on the dose–plasma concentration relationship and the pharmacokinetics of oral olanzapine in male schizophrenic patients using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detector. Twenty-seven male schizophrenic inpatients were recruited and were stratified into the following groups according to smoking behaviors: non-smokers (n = 9), light-smokers (1–4 cigarettes per day; n = 9), and heavy-smokers (≥ 5 cigarettes per day; n = 9). Plasma olanzapine concentrations were determined up to 120 h following a single oral dose of 10 mg olanzapine. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the non-compartment method using WinNonlin software. Results show that there was a significant correlation among non-smokers (n = 9; 0.79; p = 0.01) or combined with light-smokers (n = 18; 0.62; p < 0.01) between peak plasma olanzapine concentrations (C_max) and their individual dose-corrected by body weight, but this correlation did not appear in heavy-smokers. There were no significant differences between non-smokers and light-smokers except for significant decreased AUC_0→120 by 45.1% in light-smokers. The mean C_max and the mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to 120 h (AUC_0→120) of the heavy-smoking patients was 9.3 ± 4.3 ng/ml (65.2% reduction compared to the non-smokers) and 302.4 ± 167.8 h ng/ml (67.6% reduction compared to the non-smokers), respectively. In summary, a daily consumption of 5 cigarettes is probably sufficient for induction of olanzapine metabolism. Smoking cessation is recommended for olanzapine therapy to have better prediction for therapeutic dosages particularly in heavy-smokers. Compared to non-smokers, heavy-smokers therefore require a 50–100% increase in olanzapine doses. Therapeutic drug monitoring will need to be considered when schizophrenic patients change their smoking behaviors.