服毒-血液灌流时间对急性百草枯中毒患者预后的影响

目的 探讨服毒-血液灌流(HP)时间对急性百草枯中毒患者预后的关系.方法 对2009年1月至2012年12月期间中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊监护室(EICU)收治的进行HP治疗的急性百草枯中毒患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按照患者服毒后HP开始的时间将患者分为3组,A组:服毒-HP时间＜4h;B组:4h≤服毒-HP时间＜8h;C组:8h≤服毒-HP时间＜12h,比较各组患者的脏器损伤情况、病死率和死亡患者的存活时间等,分析服毒-HP时间对患者预后的影响.结果 共有303例急性百草枯中毒患者纳入本研究,男117例,女186例,年龄15～72岁,(34.8±10.8)岁,口服20％百草枯农药剂量10 ～270 mL,50mL (45 mL) [M (IQR)].服毒24 h内接受HP 2 ～5次,(3.6±1.2)次.经随访28 d死亡208例,病死率68.6％.入选患者服毒至首次HP时间1.4～11.5 h,6.6h (3.5h) [M (IQR)],其中死亡患者为3.1～11.5 h,7.2h (2.4h) [M (IQR)],存活患者为1.4～7.5 h,4.9 h(1.5 h)[M (IQR)],死亡患者服毒至首次HP时间与存活组比较,差异有统计学意义(U=2.014,P=0.043).A组85例,B组141例,C组77例,三组患者28 d病死率比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=9.27,P=0.009).三组中死亡患者中毒后平均存活时间的差异有统计学意义(F =3.31,P=0.038),患者开始HP时间与死亡患者存活时间呈负相关(r2 =0.421,P=0.045).三组患者间进行比较,代表肝、肾、胰腺、肺损伤严重程度的指标如ALTmax、SCrmax、AMYmax和PaO2min在各组之间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),发生急性肺损伤的时间和PaO2min出现时间在各组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=3.22、3.15,P=0.041、0.044).结论 口服百草枯农药中毒后4h之内进行HP能够减轻靶器官损伤程度,降低患者病死率.     

血液灌流联合环磷酰胺救治百草枯中毒疗效观察

目的 探讨血液灌流(HP)联合环磷酰胺对急性百草枯中毒的疗效.方法 回顾性分析本院2007年7月至2010年2月确诊的104例急性百草枯中毒患者病历资料,将患者按治疗方法不同分成3组,常规治疗组(A组,37例),常规治疗加HP组(B组,33例),常规治疗加HP联合环磷酰胺治疗组(C组,34例).治疗3周后观察患者肝、肾、心功能指标,评价器官损害情况及预后.结果 3组患者性别、年龄及服药剂量比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).A组死亡31例,B组死亡15例,C组死亡12例(P=0.00);B组、C组死亡病例存活时间明显长于A组[(8.13±4.03) d、(9.67±4.12) d比(2.99±2.10) d,均P<0.01],B组与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).B组肝、肾、心功能损害发生率明显低于A组(P<0.05或P<0.01);C组略低于B组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 采用HP联合环磷酰胺治疗可以减轻百草枯对患者各器官的损害,降低患者病死率.     

运用SOFA评分评价血必净注射液治疗百草枯中毒患者的临床疗效

目的 通过感染相关器官功能衰竭评分系统(SOFA)评分探讨血必净注射液治疗百草枯中毒的疗效.方法 将2006年6月-2008年6月本科收治的48例百草枯中毒患者随机分为两组,应用血必净注射液结合常规治疗的患者为治疗组(23例),只接受常规治疗的患者为对照组(25例).应用欧洲重症医学监护医学协会(ESICM)感染相关问题工作组制定的SOFA评分体系,比较两组患者入院时SOFA评分及最大SOFA评分(住院期间SOFA评分最高值)的差异,评价血必净注射液治疗百草枯中毒的疗效.结果 治疗组入院时SOFA评分与对照组比较差异无统计学意义[(3.35±2.57)分比(3.56±2.20)分,P>0.05];治疗组最大SOFA评分较对照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义[(4.78±2.61)分比(12.12±3.55)分,P<0.05].结论 血必净注射液治疗百草枯中毒可以改善患者预后,具有一定的临床价值.     

血液灌流治疗急性重度百草枯中毒的疗效评价

目的:探讨血液灌流(HP)在治疗急性重度百草枯中毒中的疗效.方法:回顾性分析83例急性重度百草枯中毒患者的临床资料.其中采用综合治疗的48例为对照组,在综合治疗基础上加HP治疗的35例为治疗组.比较两组检验结果、治愈率与死亡率.结果:两组患者人院后24 h、第3天、第7天的血百草枯浓度、血白细胞、凝血酶原时间、血肌酐、血尿素氮、丙氨酶、肌酸激酶、动脉血氧分压、两组治愈率与死亡率相互比较,差异均有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05).而治疗组内3天血WBC、PT比较,差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05);其余指标比较,差异均有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:对急性重度百草枯中毒患者尽早进行HP治疗,可提高其治愈率、降低死亡率.     

集束化护理策略用于急性有机磷中毒致呼吸衰竭机械通气患者的效果评价

目的 研究集束化护理在急性有机磷中毒(AOPP)致呼吸衰竭机械通气患者的临床效果,探讨AOPP有效的救治方法 .方法 回顾性分析68例AOPP患者的临床资料,根据护理手段分为集束化护理组(A组)和常规护理组(B组),以AOPP患者住院病死率、机械通气时间、ICU治疗时间、院内感染率为观察指标,探讨集束化护理对AOPP患者的临床效果.结果 A组住院病死率28.13%,明显低于B组52.78%;A组院内感染率12.5%,明显低于B组33.33%;A组机械通气时间(71.88±61.40)h,明显低于B组(147.06±21.83)h;两组比较有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).A组ICU治疗时间(16.3±6.24)d,与B组(15.32±7.57)d差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 集束化护理较常规护理对急性有机磷中毒(AOPP)致呼吸衰竭机械通气患者效果更佳,对改善预后有意义.     

应用SOFA评分评估血液灌流治疗百草枯中毒的临床疗效

目的：应用序贯器官功能衰竭评估系统（sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA）评估多次血液灌流治疗百草枯中毒的临床疗效。方法：将2007-01-2012-02重庆市急救医疗中心收治的27例百草枯中毒患者分为两组,在常规治疗的基础上,仅接受1次血液灌流治疗的患者为单次血灌组（15例）,接受2次及以上血液灌流治疗的患者为多次血灌组（12例）,比较两组患者入院时SOFA评分及最大SOFA评分（住院期间SOFA评分最高值）的差异,以评估多次血液灌流治疗百草枯中毒的临床疗效。结果：两组患者入院时SOFA评分差异无统计学意义（2.52±1.57）分比（2.35±1.12）分,P〉0.05,单次血灌组最大SOFA评分较多次血液灌流组显著增高,差异有统计学意义（9.32±2.41）分比（7.13±1.78）分,P〈0.05;经积极治疗后,单次血灌组死亡9例,多次血灌组死亡6例,与两组SOFA评分具有较好的相关性。结论：在常规治疗的基础上,多次血液灌流比单次血液灌流能更好改善百草枯中毒患者的临床疗效;SOFA评分在百草枯中毒临床疗效的循证医学系统评估中有应用价值。     

低钾血症在急性百草枯中毒早期预后评估中的价值

目的 探讨急性百草枯中毒早期低钾血症在临床预后评估中的价值.方法 182例百草枯中毒患者根据随访结果分为存活组和死亡组,比较2组患者临床资料,采用二元logistic回归分析影响百草枯中毒死亡的因素;根据入院时血钾浓度分为低钾血症组83例与非低钾血症组99例,比较2组生存率,采用ROC曲线分析血清钾水平评估百草枯中毒患者存活的敏感性和特异性,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析低钾血症与死亡的关系.结果 182例患者中存活70例,死亡112例,病死率为61.53％;死亡组年龄,服毒量,入院时白细胞计数、血红蛋白、血糖、血尿素氮、血肌酐、血清钾、CO2总量、阴离子间隙和尿百草枯浓度与存活组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);服毒量(OR=0.057,95％CI:0.916～0.975,P=0.016)、尿百草枯浓度(OR=1.937,95％CI:0.039～0.536,P=0.004)、血清钾(OR=-1.725,95％CI:1.259～24.995,P=0.024)、血肌酐(OR=0.048,95％CI:0.913～0.996,P=o.034)和阴离子间隙(OR=0.225,95％CI:0.654～0.976,P=0.028)是急性百草枯中毒患者死亡的独立预测因素;血清钾为3.45 mmol/L时,预测百草枯中毒患者60 d存活的敏感性为91.4％,特异性为68.7％;Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,低钾血症组生存率(7.23％)明显低于非低钾血症组(64.65％)(P＜0.05),低钾血症是百草枯中毒患者死亡的高危因素(OR=8.943,95％CI:4.082～19.593,P=0.000).结论 百草枯中毒早期低钾血症可能是爆发型百草枯中毒的特征,低钾血症可作为评估患者死亡风险的临床指标.     

血液灌流治疗百草枯中毒的临床总结

目的 研究血液灌流(HP)治疗对百草枯中毒患者的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月收治的222例百草枯中毒患者的临床资料,按治疗方案分为对照组(140例)和HP组(82例).两组均给予常规治疗;HP组加用HP,每日1次,持续4 h.比较两组患者临床指标、实验室指标、序贯器官功能衰竭评分系统(SOFA)评分与预后.结果 HP组患者动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、白细胞计数(WBC)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)均较治疗前明显改善,且明显优于对照组(均P<0.05).HP组患者SOFA评分显著低于对照组[(2.69±0.36)分比(2.78±0.39)分,P<0.05].HP组患者28 d生存率明显高于对照组[48.8%(40/82)比43.6%(61/140),P<0.053.结论 HP能够减轻百草枯中毒患者的器官损害,并改善预后.     

中心静脉-动脉血二氧化碳分压差评估肿瘤危重患者的血流动力学状态

目的 应用中心静脉-动脉血二氧化碳分压差(Pcv-aCO2)评估危重患者血流动力学状态并指导治疗.方法 回顾性选取本院重症监护病房(ICU)收治的47例血流动力学异常的肿瘤危重患者,按照指南规范治疗24 h,以早期目标导向治疗(EGDT)的标准作为治疗终点.按治疗前后序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA评分)差值(△SOFA)分为△SOFA≤1组(27例)与△SOFA＞1组(20例),比较两组患者治疗前后平均动脉压(MAP)、每小时尿量、中心静脉压(CVP)、中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO2)、乳酸清除率、Pcv-aCO2等指标的差异及与△SOFA的相关性.结果 在接受治疗前,△SOFA≤1组与△SOFA＞1组MAP[mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa):54.48±4.95比54.45±4.30]、每小时尿量(ml:19.33±4.53比20.55±5.54)、CVP (mm Hg:3.48±1-81比3.25±1.16)、ScvO2 (0.571±0.042比0.578±0.047)比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);与△SOFA＞1组比较,△SOFA≤1组Pcv-aCO2 (mm Hg:7.80±2.20比9.39±0.97)、SOFA评分(分:6.33±2.11比9.50±1.24)显著降低(均P＜0.01).在容量复苏后24 h,△SOFA≤1组与△SOFA＞1组MAP(mm Hg:73.48±6.12比71.30±7.30)、CVP(mm Hg:6.85±1.26比6.50±1.28)、ScvO2(0.693±0.032比0.684±0.039)等指标均较治疗前有所改善,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05),而Pcv-aCO2(mm Hg:3.02±1.59比8.21±2.23)、每小时尿量(ml:71.41±6.74比51.70±7.50)、SOFA评分(分:6.03±2.56比10.05±1.61)、乳酸清除率[(27.71±11.46)％比-(0.78±13.29)％]差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).两组患者每小时尿量及Pcv-aCO2、乳酸清除率与△SOFA均存在显著相关性(r值分别为-0.712、0.745、-0.631,均P＜0.05).结论 Pcv-aCO2可作为评估患者血流动力学状态的指标,也可作为评估治疗效果和预后的一项指标.     

不同时机胃管灌注白陶土对急性百草枯中毒预后的影响

目的:探讨不同时机给予白陶土胃管灌注对急性百草枯中毒预后的影响.方法:回顾性分析本院收治的39例急性百草枯中毒患者的临床资料,入院后均立即给予洗胃、白陶土胃管灌注、导泻、大剂量激素、护肝及血液净化等治疗.入选病例的中毒剂量、急性生理与慢性健康状况Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分均无统计学差异,P>0.05.根据白陶土胃管灌注时间分为3组,其中灌注时间t≤6 h的A组16例、6 h12h的C组11例.观察3组患者多器官功能障碍(MODS)的发生时间、例数和1周内的病死率.结果:A组出现MODS 12例,发生MODS时间为(3.21±0.54)d,1周病死6例;B组出现MODS10例,发生MODS时间为(2.53±0.37)d,1周病死5例;C组出现MODS10例,发生MODS时间为(2.61±0.52)d,1周病死5例.A组与B、c两组间MODS发生时间、MODS受损数间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01;P<0.05),1周病死率三组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但B、C两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:早期给予大剂量白陶土胃管灌注能有效减轻或延缓患者病情进展.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.