脑微出血与卒中

脑微出血作为一种具有出血倾向的脑小血管病变,随着影像学技术的发展,其检出率越来越高.目前,大量研究表明,脑微出血与缺血性卒中、脑出血和溶栓或抗栓治疗后症状性脑出血关系密切.本文旨在探讨脑微出血与上述疾病的相关性,将有利于脑微出血患者卒中防治策略的制定.     

缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血与脑白质病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血与脑白质病变的相关性。方法 选取2018年1月-2019年12月本院收治的缺血性脑卒中患者; 通过核磁共振成像扫描患者头部观察各脑区脑微出血、脑白质病变情况,并对脑微出血情况进行分级,对脑白质病情情况进行评分; 采用Logstic回归分析法分析各危险因素与脑微出血、脑白质病变的关系; 通过spearman相关分析法分析脑微出血分级与脑白质病变评分的相关性。结果 有脑微出血患者中皮质及皮质下出现脑微出血占比61.46%明显高于基底及丘脑23.96%及幕下区41.10%(P<0.05); 有脑白质病变患者中额区脑白质病变占比69.44%明显高于颞区14.81%、顶枕区6.48%、基底节3.70%(P<0.05); Logstic回归分析显示年龄>60岁、有高半胱氨酸血症及合并心房颤动是发生脑微出血的独立危险因素(P<0.05),年龄>60岁是发生脑白质病变的独立危险因素(P<0.05); 脑微出血各级与脑白质病变各评分均呈正相关(r=0.327,0.311,0.401,0.362,P<0.05)。结论 年龄>60岁是缺血性脑卒中患者发生脑微出血及脑白质病变的危险因素; 在缺血性脑卒中患者中脑微出血与脑白质病变呈正相关     

脑微出血与脑卒中

目的探讨脑微出血与脑卒中发生、发展的联系。方法卒中患者83例，分为脑缺血组（43例）和脑出血组（40例），以同期住院的50岁以上非脑卒中患者设立对照组（32例）。采用T2加权梯度回波MRI观察各病例脑微出血、卒中病灶、腔隙性梗塞以及白质疏松情况，同时记录卒中患者的高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、卒中病史以及阿司匹林使用史。结果微出血在缺血组和出血组的发生率分别为34．9％、75．0％，对照组9．4％。各组微出血均最常见于基底节区。微出血与高血压、卒中病史相关（P〈0．01），与高脂血症、糖尿病病史及使用阿司匹林无关（P〉0．05）。微出血的严重程度与腔隙性梗塞、白质疏松的严重程度相关（P〈0．01）．．微出血在卒中病灶区域同侧或对侧分布无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。出血组微出血在卒中病灶区域的分布率明显高于缺血组。结论微出血与脑卒中．特别是与出血性脑卒中有密切关系，对卒中患者出血性转化具有预测意义。     

Antiplatelet therapy and future intracerebral hemorrhage in hemodialysis patients with cerebral microbleeds

The use of antiplatelet drugs is thought to increase the risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). However, hemodialysis (HD) patients have a high prevalence of CMBs and diverse pathologies that require antiplatelet therapy. In this study, we investigated whether the use of antiplatelet drugs increases the risk for ICH in HD patients with CMBs. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including T2*-weighted MRI, was performed in 179 HD patients with no history of cerebrovascular events. CMBs were detected and patients were followed prospectively with a median follow-up period of 5.2 [1.4–6.2] years. To investigate whether the influence of antiplatelet therapy on the development of ICH differs in cases with and without CMBs, the inverse probability of treatment weighting method was used, including an interaction term between the presence or absence of CMBs and use of antiplatelet drugs. As a result, CMBs were detected in 45 patients (25.1%), and antiplatelet drugs were used in 66 patients (36.9%). When the effect of antiplatelet therapy on the incidence of ICH was modified by the presence of CMBs at baseline (P for interaction <0.001), the use of antiplatelet drugs was a significant risk factor for ICH in HD patients without CMBs, but not in HD patients with CMBs. Furthermore, the burden of CMBs significantly increased the risk for ICH, but the increase in this risk was slower in antiplatelet drug users as compared to non-antiplatelet drug users (P for interaction = 0.02). The influence of antiplatelet drugs on the development of ICH differed depending on the presence or absence of CMBs. In fact, the use of antiplatelet drugs did not increase the risk for ICH in HD patients with CMBs.     

缺血性脑卒中合并脑微出血的危险因素

目的研究缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血的临床、影像学及血清生物学的危险因素,以及不同部位微出血与危险因素之间的关系。方法回顾性分析纳入153例缺血性脑卒中患者,应用磁敏感成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)技术检测脑微出血,计数并记录其部位。颅脑MRI的脑白质病变的严重程度采用Fazekas评分进行评估。应用Logistic回归分析法研究缺血性脑卒中合并脑微出血的危险因素,并研究危险因素与不同部位脑微出血数量的关系。结果 59例(38.6%)患者存在CMBs。皮层-皮层下CMBs出现率为34.0%,深部CMBs为24.8%,幕下CMBs为27.5%。多因素Logistic回归显示,男性、高血压病及中重度深部脑白质病变是伴有CMBs的有显著统计学意义的相关因素(P0.05)。校正年龄及性别后,偏相关分析显示,高血压病仅与深部CMBs的数量仍然显著相关(r=0.174,P=0.032)。中重度深部脑白质病变与皮层-皮层下CMBs及深部CMBs数量存在显著相关(r=0.285,P0.001,r=0.258,P=0.001)。结论男性、高血压病及中重度深部白质病变为脑微出血的危险因素;高血压病主要与与脑深部微出血的数量相关,而中重度深部脑白质病变与脑皮层-皮层下及深部微出血数量相关。     

Lack of association between cerebral microbleeds and low serum cholesterol in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage

Background

The association of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is well known and its relationship with low serum cholesterol in ICH patients might be of interest.

Methods

A total of 105 patients with ICH were evaluated. In all subjects cholesterol levels were measured after 12 h of fasting and gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging (GE-MRI) was performed for detecting CMBs.

Results

CMBs were more common among patients with hypertension and leukoaraiosis (p = 0.008 and p = 0.001). Patients with and without CMBs did not differ according to total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol levels.

Conclusion

In this study, 61% of Turkish ICH patients had CMBs, which was not associated with lipid profiles. Leukoaraiosis was independently associated with CMBs.     

缺血性卒中伴高血压患者的24h动态血压与脑微出血的关系

目的探讨缺血性卒中伴高血压患者的24 h动态血压与脑微出血的相关性。方法对连续缺血性卒中伴高血压患者进行脑核磁磁敏感加权成像检查,明确是否存在脑微出血,在入院24 h内测量患者动态血压,并收集患者一般情况、缺血性脑血管病危险因素、实验室指标。用Logistic回归分析CMBs与动态血压指标的关系。结果 186例缺血性卒中伴高血压患者纳入研究,单因素回归分析显示年龄、糖尿病、24 h平均收缩压、日间平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压与脑微出血相关。多因素回归分析显示24 h平均收缩压与脑微出血相关。结论在缺血性卒中伴高血压患者人群中,24 h平均收缩压是脑微出血的重要影响因素。     

缺血性卒中患者脑微出血的相关因素分析

目的 探讨缺血性卒中患者发牛脑微出血(CMBs)的相关因素. 方法 对85例急性缺血性卒中患者进行磁共振检查,其中包括梯度回波T2加权成像(GE-T2~*WI),并对患者的临床资料和影像学特点进行分析. 结果 26例(30.6%)患者中共检出CMBs 124个,每位患者的CMBs数目在1～16个之间.CMBs在基底节丘脑区和皮质一皮质下区分布较多,在幕下区较少见.发生在脑十的CMBs可有相关症状及体征.CMBs数目与年龄、腔隙性梗死数目及白质疏松程度评分有相关性(r=0.243,P=0.025;r=337,P=0.002;r=0.438,P=0.000).CMBs在GE-T2~*WI上显影良好,部分CMBs可在自旋叫波(SE)T2WI及DWI序列上显影. 结论 CMBs是脑微小血管病变标志,主要预测因素有高龄、多发腔隙性梗塞和白质疏松.     

缺血性卒中患者二级预防相关脑微出血形成的危险因素分析

目的 探讨缺血性卒中患者二级预防时脑微出血(CMBs)形成的危险因素,为脑血管病的防治提供依据和指导.方法 收集明确诊断为急性缺血性卒中的患者,且在应用抗血小板聚集药物治疗4 d内完成磁敏感加权成像(SWI)检查,对纳入的患者随访12个月,12个月后复查SWI,记录随访前后CMBs的数量和部位.结果 共纳入了94例患者,其中发现伴CMBs患者50(53.2%)例,经二分类Logistics回归分析发现:高血压病史(OR=1.2,95%CI=1.07~1.61,P=0.004)、年龄(OR=2.2,95%CI=1.25~3.92,P=0.006)是CMBs形成的独立危险因素,且年龄每增加10岁,CMBs患病率增加2.2倍,经ROC曲线分析发现:年龄曲线下面积为0.695(95%CI=0.588~0.802),年龄预测CMBs的最佳cutoff值为62岁,当患者年龄≥62岁时,发生CMBs的风险明显增高.在12个月的随访中有22例患者复查SWI检查,发现新增CMBs病灶33个,经Wilcoxon非参数配对秩和检验结果显示随访后CMBs数量的中位数是2.5个,基线时是1个(Z=-3.1,P=0.002),随访前后CMBs数量差异有统计学意义.结论 对于年龄≥62岁、高血压病史、规律应用抗血小板聚集药物的缺血性卒中患者,应定期监测CMBs的数量和部位,以指导二级预防治疗方案.     

脑出血并脑微出血的临床与影像特征

目的 探讨脑出血并脑微出血的临床与影像特点.方法 分析16例自发性脑出血并脑微出血患者的临床资料与MRI-SWI影像表现.结果 患者平均年龄67.9岁.14例患者合并高血压病,9例为首次发病的脑出血患者,7例为再发脑出血患者.再发脑出血患者SWI检查全部发现脑微出血,其中6例(85.7％)微出血同时累及双侧半球多个脑叶及深部脑组织.首发脑出血组合再发脑出血组患者脑微出血的病灶数量均数分别为5.22±2.82和9.71±3.50,2组间微出血病灶数量存在统计学差异(P=0.013).结论 脑微出血与自发性脑出血关系密切,较多的脑微出血病灶可能预示着再发脑出血的风险增高.     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨急性缺血性脑血管病患者脑微出血(CMB)发生的危险因素。方法收集急性脑梗死患者102例,根据有无CMB分为CMB组(45例)和无CMB组(57例),比较2组一般资料、生化指标,并采用多因素逐步Logistic回归模型分析CMB发生的独立危险因素。结果 2组年龄、既往脑卒中史、抗血小板药物使用史、同型半胱氨酸、胆固醇以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇比较差异有统计学意义(P0.1);进一步行Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、既往脑卒中史、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR分别为1.066、2.861、0.106,P均0.05)是急性脑梗死患者脑微出血发生的独立危险因素。结论 CMB的发生与年龄、卒中史、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇相关。     

New cerebral microbleeds in ischemic stroke patients on warfarin treatment: Two-year follow-up

Objective

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are known to be indicative of bleeding-prone microangiopathy. Little is known about the significance of CMBs in anticoagulated patients. We determined the frequency of new CMBs in ischemic stroke patients who had been receiving warfarin treatment for 2 years.

Methods

A total of 204 ischemic stroke patients on warfarin therapy for 2 years underwent a repeat MRI. We compared demographic features, vascular risk factors, and radiological findings of patients with and without new CMBs.

Results

New CMBs on gradient-echo MRI were found in 29 of 204 patients (10%). Of 35 patients who had CMBs in the original study, 9 developed new CMBs after 2 years (26%), compared with 20 of the 169 patients (12%) who did not have CMBs at baseline (p = 0.03). Patients with new CMBs were older than patients without CMBs (p = 0.04), and the frequency of leukoaraiosis was significantly higher (p = 0.02). The mean duration of warfarin treatment was not significantly different between the patients with and without new CMBs (p = 0.28).

Conclusion

This longitudinal study suggested that the presence of CMBs at baseline increased the frequency of new CMBs in patients on warfarin therapy.     

缺血性脑卒中合并脑微出血的相关危险因素分析及SWAN的临床检测价值

目的 探寻缺血性脑卒中患者合并脑微出血(CMBs)与相关危险因素的关系及SWAN序列的临床检测价值。方法 选取本院2013年4月～2015年4月连续收治常规MRI检查确诊的155例缺血性脑卒中患者,根据磁敏感加权成像上有无微出血灶分为CMBs组(76例)和无CMBs组(79例)。比较2组患者的年龄、性别、吸烟史、饮酒史等以及有无高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症、脑出血等临床相关因素,并记录相关生化指标。对以上因素进行相关性分析,筛选出与CMBs相关的危险因素。记录各危险因素组常规MRI及SWAN序列对CMBs的检出例数。结果 155例缺血性脑卒中患者中有CMBs者76例(占49%),多发生于皮质-皮质下区(占36%); CMBs的发生与年龄、饮酒史、糖尿病及高超敏C反应蛋白水平有关; 多因素Logistic回归显示高血压病、高脂血症、脑白质疏松、脑出血及高纤维蛋白原、高同型半胱氨酸是其独立危险因素(P<0.05); SWAN序列对各危险因素组CMBs阳性检出率明显高于常规MRI序列(P<0.001)。结论 缺血性脑卒中患者伴有高血压病、高脂血症、脑白质疏松、脑出血及高纤维蛋白原、高同型半胱氨酸与CMBs发生密切相关; 对于缺血性脑卒中合并上述高危因素者,可考虑将SWAN列入常规MRI检查以筛查CMBs病灶和评价患者有无出血倾向。     

脑微出血与急性缺血性卒中的临床关系分析

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中(AIS)患者脑微出血(CMBs)的危险因素,并进一步探讨CMBs与脑卒中病灶面积和部位的相关性。方法收集2014-1-2015-12在作者医院神经内科住院的AIS患者226例,据是否存在CMBs分为CMBs组(111例)和无CMBs组(115例)。收集研究对象临床资料,采用头颅MRI对其CMBs、脑白质病变(WML)、陈旧腔隙性脑梗死(LI)、AIS病灶面积和部位进行评价,并采用Logistic回归、t检验、χ~2检验等分析影响AIS患者发生CMBs的危险因素。结果多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.063,95%CI:1.025~1.104,P0.01)、高血压史(OR=3.488,95%CI:1.113~10.927,P0.05)、WML(OR=1.282,95%CI:1.155~1.423,P0.01)及陈旧LI(OR=5.815,95%CI:1.539~21.973,P0.01)是AIS合并CMBs的独立危险因素;CMBs分级与WML分级(r=0.354,P0.01)、陈旧LI分级(r=0.394,P0.01)均呈正相关;不同脑卒中病灶面积患者间CMBs检出率比较有统计学差异(χ~2=7.878,P0.05),其中新发LI患者更易检出CMBs(χ~2=6.084,P=0.0090.017),且CMBs越严重,这种差异越明显(z=-2.832,P=0.0050.017)。结论年龄、高血压史、WML及陈旧LI是AIS合并CMBs的独立危险因素,且CMBs严重程度随WML、陈旧LI的严重程度增加而增高。AIS患者CMBs检出率与梗死灶面积有关,在新发LI中更易被发现。     

脑微出血与老年高血压性脑出血血肿扩大的相关性研究

目的探讨脑微出血对老年高血压性脑出血血肿扩大的预测作用。方法采用磁敏感加权成像对98例老年高血压性脑出血患者进行脑微出血灶观察,据发病后24 h头部CT血肿扩大和实验室指标变化,采用多因素Logistic回归分析评价脑微出血对脑出血后血肿扩大的预测价值。结果 98例患者中25例于发病后24 h复查CT显示血肿扩大,发生率约为25.51%,脑微出血组为43.75%(14/32),高于非脑微出血组的16.67%(11/66;χ2=8.319,P=0.004)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,脑微出血为老年高血压性脑出血血肿扩大的独立影响因素(OR=0.241,95%CI:0.065~0.861;P=0.017)。结论老年高血压性脑出血急性期(24 h)合并脑微出血患者血肿扩大风险明显增加,应及时采取相关预防措施以改善预后。     

Serum cystatin C and cerebral microbleeds in patients with acute cerebral stroke

Recent studies have shown that kidney dysfunction is associated with cerebral microbleeds (CMB). Cystatin C is a more useful measurement than creatinine-based estimating equations for evaluating kidney function. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between cystatin C levels and CMB in patients with acute cerebral stroke. This cross-sectional study included a total of 485 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 129 patients with cerebral hemorrhage. The serum levels of cystatin C were significantly higher in acute cerebral stroke patients with CMB than in those without (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that for each single standard deviation increase of cystatin C levels, there was a significant increase in the presence of CMB after adjusting for age and sex, and after additional adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, silent lacunar infarction, and white matter hyperintensity in patients with acute stroke. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) in patients with acute cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage were 2.92 (1.81–6.93) and 2.98 (1.76–6.97), respectively. The present study suggests that elevated levels of cystatin C are associated with the presence of CMB in acute stroke patients, independent of conventional risk factors.     

动态动脉硬化指数、非杓型血压与急性缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者动态动脉硬化指数(ambulatory arterial stiffness index,AASI)、非杓型血压与脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds, CMBs)的相关性。方法 回顾性连续纳入2014年1月～2015年12月急性缺血性卒中患者104例,根据头颅SWI检查显示是否发生CMBs将患者分为CMBs组(42例)和非CMBs组(62例),比较2组患者的临床特点,根据24 h动态血压(ABPM)监测计算AASI,以夜间平均动脉压下降率≥10%为正常杓型血压,<10%则为血压昼夜节律异常,即非杓型血压,分析急性缺血性卒中患者AASI、非杓型血压与脑微出血的相关性。结果 CMBs组年龄、抗血小板聚集药物使用、AASI、糖化血红蛋白、非杓型血压、既往脑卒中史与非CMBs组比较有明显差异(P<0.05),在多因素logistic回归分析中AASI和非杓型血压、年龄是影响CMBs发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析显示CMBs严重程度与AASI(r=0.290,P=0.001)及非杓型血压(r=0.203,P=0.013)均呈正相关。结论 年龄、AASI、非杓型血压是CMBs的重要影响因素,可作为预测CMBs的独立因素。     

缺血性脑卒中患者合并脑微出血的危险因素分析

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中(cerebral ischemic stroke,IS)患者合并脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)的危险因素。方法回顾性收集2015年1月至2017年5月作者医院神经内科连续收治的IS住院患者1631例,根据是否存在CMBs分为合并CMBs组703例和未合并CMBs组928例。分析两组间性别构成、年龄、血压、体重、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、血糖、尿酸、三酰甘油(triglycerides,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-c)、载脂蛋白A(apolipoproteins A,apoA)、载脂蛋白B(apolipoproteins B,apoB)、吸烟史、饮酒史、高血脂史、糖尿病史、高血压史、心脏疾病史、脑白质高信号(white matter hyperintensity,WMH)的差异,并采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响IS患者发生CMBs的危险因素。结果与未合并CMBs组比较,合并CMBs组患者年龄大,男性、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病、WMH构成比例高,空腹血糖、尿酸水平高(均P<0.05),而空腹LDL-c和apoA水平较低(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示吸烟(OR=5.791,95%CI:3.714~9.031,P<0.01)、饮酒(OR=7.306,95%CI:4.926~10.835,P<0.01)、高血压(OR=2.162,95%CI:1.487~3.143,P<0.01)、WMH(OR=3.249,95%CI:1.594~6.625,P<0.01)、LDL-c(OR=0.789,95%CI:0.630~0.989,P<0.05)、apoA(OR=0.696,95%CI:0.369~0.753,P<0.01)是IS合并CMBs的独立危险因素。结论吸烟、饮酒、高血压、WMH、LDL-c、apoA是IS合并CMBs的独立危险因素,且LDL-c和apoA水平下降与CMBs发生增加相关。     

脑内微出血对预测高血压脑出血血肿扩大的意义

目的研究脑内微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)在高血压脑出血血肿扩大中的意义。方法选择140例发病6h内的高血压脑出血患者,入院后立即行颅脑CT和梯度回波T2加权像(gradient echo pulse sequence-T2WI,GRE-T2WI)检查,测量血肿大小,发病后24h和72h复查颅脑CT,依据CT及MRI检查结果将血肿有无扩大患者分为微出血组和无微出血组。对比2组出现血肿扩大的比率及血肿扩大的值。结果入院时GRE-T2WI检查提示72例存在数量不一的CMBs。24h复查CT发现脑内血肿体积扩大比率为12.9%(18/140),72h查CT示血肿体积扩大比率15%(21/140)。微出血组患者存在的CMBs比率明显高于无微出血组[71.4%(15/21)与47.9%(57/119),χ2=4.215,P0.01]。72h后微出血组血肿体积扩大比率显著高于无微出血组[18.1%(13/72)与11.4%(8/70),χ2=3.065,P0.05]。结论 CMBs在高血压脑出血血肿扩大中扮演重要作用。     

脑微出血与不同亚型缺血性脑卒中的关系及预后分析

目的探讨脑微出血(CMBs)与不同亚型缺血性脑卒中的关系及预后。方法收集2014年3月~2016年5月期间就诊我院,并确诊为缺血性脑卒中的患者116例,根据中国缺血性脑卒中亚型(CISS)标准分为5种亚型,即大动脉粥样硬化型卒中(LAA)、心源性卒中(CS)、其他病因型(OE)、穿支动脉疾病型(PAD)和病因不确定型(UE)。每个亚型分为CMBs组和非CMBs组,比较各组血清相关指标,采用Logistic回归分析每种亚型伴CMBs的影响因素,采用NIHSS评分评价每种亚型伴CMBs的预后情况。结果 PAD组同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平(23.32±2.79)μmol/L,明显高于LAA(20.64±3.11)μmol/L、CS(20.7±2.63)μmol/L、OE(18.92±2.91)μmol/L和UE(17.63±3.06)μmol/L,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。OE组和LAA组糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1)水平(7.60±0.25和7.11±0.32)明显高于CS组(5.03±0.11)、PAD组(5.10±0.11)和UE组(4.99±0.12),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);而OE和LAA两组间、CS、PAD和UE三组间Hb A1水平差异不明显(P0.05)。长期饮酒是CS和PAD伴CMBs的独立危险因素;Hcy是每种亚型伴CMBs的独立危险因素;Hb A1是PAD、LAA伴CMBs的独立危险因素。结论 Hcy、Hb A1和长期饮酒是缺血性脑卒中伴CMBs的独立危险因素。不同亚型缺血性脑卒中伴CMBs的预后差异不明显。