2001—2011年滦河中下游水质监测结果

目的了解滦河中下游11年间水质定量变化,筛选出主要水质污染指标。方法整理并汇总唐山市环境监测站从2001—2011年滦河两监测点地表水质日常监测的资料,描述水质动态变化情况,计算综合污染指数及污染分担率,并对各指标10年前后水平进行比较。结果滦河中游水质综合污染指数基本在0.2~0.4之间波动,下游呈明显的下降趋势。中游大黑汀水库的分担率较大的水质性状指标为总磷和高锰酸钾盐指数(CODMn),下游滦县大桥分担率较大的指标的分别是为5日生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨氮和CODMn。两监测点均符合地表水Ⅲ类水质标准。上游溶解氧(DO)和氨氮变化明显,而下游重铬酸盐指数(CODCr)、CODMn、BOD5及粪大肠菌群下降明显。结论滦河中下游水质优良,近11年水质有明显地改善,但仍需加强保护。     

2011年新昌江下游水质分析与评价

目的:综合分析评价2011年新昌江下游地表水、地下水、管网末梢水水质,为水质进一步治理提供科学参考。方法:采用单因子评价法和内梅罗污染指数法,对新昌江下游地表水、地下水及管网末梢水水质进行综合分析。结果:监测点地表水主要污染指标为溶解氧、BOD5、总磷、铁、锰,内梅罗污染指数1.5-0.3,评价级别由轻度污染到清洁;监测点地下水主要污染指标为锰、细菌总数、总大肠菌群,内梅罗污染指数:1.5-0.8,评价级别由轻度污染到清洁;管网末梢水各项指标均符合国家标准限值。结论:新昌江下游地表水、地下水和管网末梢水水质总体较好,部分断面地表水、地下水轻度污染。建议采取综合治理措施,重点控制地表水中铁、锰、有机物和地下水中锰、微生物。     

湘江衡阳市区段水质卫生状况及变化趋势

为了解湘江衡阳市区段水质状况及变化趋势，在上、下游沿河流方向横切面设左、中、右3个采样点采样，进行理化分析。结果显示氨氮、溶解氧、化学耗氧量、pH值等指标呈季节性变化。表明衡阳市对湘江该段水质有影响，有机物为主要污染物，且污染呈加重趋势。     

2004—2014年陡河唐山段监测点水质监测结果分析

目的了解唐山段陡河水库中心、钢厂桥和稻地3个监测点10年间水质主要污染指标变化情况,以确定该段总体污染情况。方法搜集并整理2004—2014年间陡河3个监测点地表水质日常监测资料,采用线图描述10年间主要污染指标的动态变化并计算综合污染指数。结果陡河水库水质综合污染指数在0.2以下,钢厂桥水质综合污染指数变化范围在0.3~1.6之间,稻地监测点水质综合污染指数在0.4~0.8之间,两监测点水质呈轻度污染。10年间陡河水库溶解氧(DO)变化范围在7.2~9.8 mg/L,重铬酸盐指数(COD_(Cr))在11.4~13.2 mg/L,氨氮在0.08~0.20 mg/L,COD_(Mn)在2.9~3.8 mg/L,5日生化需氧量(BOD_5)在1.0~1.6 mg/L,总磷在0.01~0.02 mg/L之间。各指标10年间变化均不明显,而下游两监测点溶解氧和氨氮与10年前相比,差异均有统计学意义。结论陡河水库水质优良,达到地表水Ⅱ类标准。唐山市区段钢厂桥和稻地监测点,氨氮较高,有机物污染较为严重,近些年有一定改善,仍需加强水源保护。     

滦河下游水质监测结果动态变化及预测

目的了解滦河下游11年水质变化,并根据变化趋势进行预测。方法整理并汇总唐山市环境监测站从2001—2011年间滦河下游滦县大桥监测点地表水质日常监测资料,通过计算动态数列描述水质变化趋势并进行预测。结果滦河下游水中CODMn由2001年的54.18 mg/L下降至2011年2.86 mg/L,平均增长速度-0.249,BOD5增长速度-0.310,氨氮增长速度-0.243,粪大肠菌群平均增长-0.392,4个指标呈明显下降趋势;水中溶解氧含量从2001年3.99 mg/L,增至2010年10.86 mg/L,平均增长速度0.087,预计到2018年可能达到16.48mg/L。而镉、铅和总磷11年平均增长速度分别为0.023,-0.087和-0.026。结论滦河下游水质近十年水质有明显改善,水中溶解氧含量呈正增长,而CODMn、BOD5、氨氮和粪大肠菌群显著下降,水质受工农业和生活污水污染情况大为改观。     

贵州三岔河水质时空分布特征与评价

目的了解贵州三岔河水质的时空分布特征。方法分别于2014年枯水期(2月22—27日)和丰水期(8月17—23日),选取三岔河26个采样点,在丰、枯水期对河流溶解氧、氨氮等6项指标进行监测,探讨水质的季节变化特征和空间差异,并分别采用单因子水质标识指数法、单因子评价法、综合水质标识指数法和改良模糊标识指数法对三岔河水质进行分析及评价。结果三岔河上游水质优于中、下游,枯水期水质污染较丰水期严重,其主要污染物为总氮,其次为化学需氧量和总磷,呈现富营养化状态。相比于其他评价方法,改良模糊标识指数法比较适于三岔河水质的评价。枯水期各采样点水质主要以Ⅴ类水为主,而丰水期水质主要以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水为主。结论应关注三岔河枯水期的水质污染。     

嗜热四膜虫在东江东莞段水质评价中的应用

目的应用水质理化指标和嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)生物指标检测水质,探讨嗜热四膜虫在水环境质量监测中的应用。方法于2016年4月至8月,在东江东莞段依上游到下游选取4处采样点(A～D)采集水面下约0.5 m处表层水体。用化学检测法测定各采样点水体的五日生化需氧量、溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定六价铬、铅(Pb)、锰(Mn)和铁(Fe)含量。采用细胞计数仪测定各采样点水体培养下嗜热四膜虫种群数量和世代时间的变化,并采用Pearson相关分析对嗜热四膜虫生物指标与水质理化指标间的相关性进行检验。结果各采样点中五日生化需氧量仅上游1处采样点未超标;高锰酸盐指数均超标;氨氮在中下游两处采样点最高,约为标准值的6倍;铁在下游采样点超过标准限值的1.3倍;其余指标未超标。综合污染指数评价显示,下游受有机物和重金属污染严重,水质较差。与对照比较,各采样点培养下嗜热四膜虫种群生长数量均降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);种群生长数量自上游到下游呈降低的趋势。自上游到下游各采样点培养的嗜热四膜虫世代时间呈增加的趋势(P0.05)。生化需氧量、氨氮是影响嗜热四膜虫种群数量和世代时间的关键环境因子(P0.01)。结论东莞段水体对嗜热四膜虫生长有一定的抑制作用,上游水质相对较好,下游水质较差,与非生物环境因子综合评价结果一致。     

唐山市南湖中央生态公园水质质量监测、风险源预警及识别

目的 通过对唐山市南湖中央生态公园湖水水质进行监测和评价,了解南湖水质当前的富营养化和重金属污染状况.方法 选择8个采样点,分别测定温度、pH值、浊度、溶解氧(DO)、化学耗氧量(COD)、五日生化需氧量(BOD530)、总磷(TP)、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、汞、砷、铜、锌、镍、铅、镉等指标.结果 各采样点的感官性状均不符合标准,洗星池、养龙水西、养龙水北和青天镜的4个采样点的BOD530均超出国家标准,青天镜的4个采样点的总磷、氨氮、硝酸盐氮均超过国家标准.各采样点其余指标均符合国家标准.单因子污染指数和综合污染指数表明,洗星池的水质最好,综合污染指数为0.27,养龙水的水质仅次于洗星池,综合污染指数的平均值为0.22,这两处均属水质合格的水域.青天镜水质最差,综合污染指数的平均值为1.99,属污染水域.结论 南湖水域的洗星池及养龙水的水质属于水质合格水域,青天镜水质较差,属于污染水域.污染的严重程度为:青天镜＞养龙水＞洗星池.     

舟山市多种类型水源水及生活饮用水水质的监测分析

[目的]了解舟山群岛多种类型水源水及生活饮用水水质状况,分析海水淡化饮用水与其他永源混合应用的价值,为确保饮用水安全提供依据.[方法]抽取舟山市疾病预防控制中心实验室2009-2011年受检的水库水270份、河水222份、市政生活饮用水192份;舟山市自来水公司实验室2009-2011年受检的大陆引水36份;嵊泗县疾病预防控制中心实验室2009-2011年受检的海水淡化水128份、2004-2006年受检的海水淡化水与地表水混合水样品299份;对生活饮用水、海水淡化水、海水淡化水与地表水混合水样品的菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、硼、总硬度、氯化物等指标及水库水、河水、大陆引水样品的氨氮、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、溶解氧、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、粪大肠菌群等指标检测结果进行分析判定. [结果]水源水中,水库水总氮合格率为46.7％,其他检测指标合格率均较高;河水主要污染性指标检测结果合格率均较低,总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数均超过国家地表水环境功能分类Ⅲ类水源的限值,氨氮、总氮等个别指标超过Ⅴ类水源的限值标准;大陆引水一期工程水样本氨氮、总氮检测的合格率仅分别为41.7％和8.3％,氨氮、总氮等个别指标超过Ⅴ类水源的限值标准.生活饮用水中,海水淡化水硼合格率仅为21.6％,其他检测指标合格率均较高;市政生活饮用水、海水淡化水与地表水混合水样品检测指标合格率均较高. [结论]舟山群岛饮用水水源水主要污染性指标检测结果合格率均较低,多项指标已超过国家地表水环境功能分类Ⅲ类水源的限值,个别指标超过Ⅴ类水源的限值标准.海水淡化水与大陆引水可混合应用,但其存在一定的潜在风险.     

基于GIS栅格数据的城市河网水质综合评价模型构建

目的建立基于GIS栅格数据的城市河网水质综合评价模型。方法该文章利用温瑞塘河流域32个水质监测点2008年至2010年水质监测数据,采用一种基于GIS栅格的指数模型对城市河网水质进行多因子综合评价,并根据GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》对评价结果进行水质等级分类。通过对比分类结果与实际情况来探讨该种水质评价方法的评价效果以及栅格指数模型在温瑞塘河的适用性。结果温瑞塘河流域温州市区河网部分水质较差,大部分区域属于劣Ⅴ类水质,水质综合整治仍需加强;氨氮、总磷为温瑞塘河的主要污染物;塘河水质综合污染状况呈现城市重于郊区农村、旧城区重于新城区、支流重于干流的空间分布特征;GIS指数模型在温瑞塘河流域水质评价的结果与实际水质状况高度吻合。结论该方法具有可行性,适用于城市河网水质评价。     

2007-2015年广州市市政水厂水源水氨氮和硝酸盐及高锰酸盐指数的分布

目的 了解广州市市政水厂水源水的污染现状.方法 于2007-2015年对广州市市政水厂水源(珠江、北江、东江和西江)水中的氨氮、硝酸盐和高锰酸盐指数进行检测并分析变化规律以及相关性.结果 与珠江比较,北江、东江、西江水样中高锰酸盐指数和氨氮的合格率均较高(P＜0.05);而硝酸盐均合格且无明显差异.珠江水样的氨氮合格率随着年份的增加有下降趋势(P=0.050);东江水样的氨氮合格率随着年份的增加有上升趋势(P＜0.05).珠江、东江和西江水样中的高锰酸盐指数与氨氮均呈正相关(P＜0.05);东江和西江水样中的高锰酸盐指数与硝酸盐均呈负相关(P＜0.05);珠江、北江、东江和西江水样中氨氮与硝酸盐均无统计学相关性(P＞0.05).结论 市政水厂水源由珠江水更换为西江水后,高锰酸盐指数和氨氮的合格率明显提高,水质得到了很大的改善.珠江受有机物污染的程度相对较重,应重点加强水源防护.     

Changes in the lower Drava River water quality parameters over 24 years

The goal of this study was to analyse 13 physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the Drava River water at three sampling sites in the lower Drava region (eastern Croatia) over two distinct periods: the pre-war period between 1985 and 1992 and the post-war period between 1993 and 2008. Over both periods, most parameters kept within the tolerable water quality limits, while NO3-N, NH4-N and BOD5 were higher. The lower Drava showed slight organic pollution with high concentrations of dissolved oxygen. High levels of total coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria in the post-war period were only found downstream of the town of Osijek. Upstream of Osijek, the river showed a tendency for improvement.     

Land use effects in groundwater composition of an alluvial aquifer (Trussu River, Brazil) by multivariate techniques

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis (CA) and factor analysis/principal component analysis (FA/PCA), were applied to analyze the similarities or dissimilarities among the sampling sites to identify spatial and temporal variations in water quality and sources of contamination (natural and anthropogenic). The aquifer under study is supplied by the Trussu River, which has a general direction from west to east, within Iguatu County, Ceará, Brazil. Groundwater samples were collected in four shallow wells, located at the Trussu River alluvial, from October 2002 to February 2004. The samples were analyzed for 13 parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, HCO(3), PO(4), NH(4)-N, NO(3)-N, SO(4), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Two zones were very well differentiated based on cluster analysis results, and implied a relation to geographic position and time variation. One zone called UL-upland region-corresponds to upland of studied area, used mainly for irrigation and livestock activities. The other zone called DL-downland region-corresponds to the region downstream and is occupied by human settlements. These results may be used to reduce the number of samples analyzed both in space and time, without too much loss of information. Three major independent factors that define water quality in the UL region and four in DL region were identified in the PCA. At both regions, rotated component (RC) loadings identified that the variables responsible for water quality composition are mainly related to soluble salts variables (natural process) and nutrients (high loads of NO(3)-N, NH(4)-N), expressing anthropogenic activities. RC also revealed that hydrochemical processes were the major factors responsible for water quality.     

应用UBAF法深度处理垃圾渗沥液的试验研究

北京市某垃圾填埋场渗沥液经二级处理后出水中的CODCr、NH3-N、SS和色度等主要污染物质不能达标排放,在实验室中采用UBAF(升流式曝气生物滤池)小试装置对该出水进行深度处理.结果表明:在进水流速为150cm/s的条件下,出水中CODCr、 NH3-N、SS和色度的去除率可分别达到70%、85%、87%和80%以上,出水水质最终可达标排放.     

膜生化反应器处理垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液的试验研究

采用成套膜生化反应器(MBR)小试设备对垃圾焚烧厂的渗沥液处理进行了可行性试验研究,并选取了COD、NH3-N的去除率作为主要考察指标.试验表明:膜生化反应器(MBR)工艺技术可行,COD、NH3-N的去除率分别可达99%和98%以上,其出水指标分别达到GB 16889-1997生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准中的三级和二级标准.     

Laboratory evaluation of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in water from Contra Costa County, California, mosquito sources

Six bioassays were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the fungus, Lagenidium giganteum, against mosquitoes in water collected from 75 sources. The fungus infected larvae of 4 genera and produced greater than 90% mortality in water from some of the creeks, artificial containers and the wild rice field tested during 4 of the assays. There was no larval mortality due to the fungus in water from irrigated pastures or marshes. Water quality parameters associated with L. giganteum infection varied among the bioassays; low measurements of total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness (CaCO3), conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH3-N), phosphate (PO4) and salinity were significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated with fungal efficacy in one or more of the assays. Regression analyses selected TDS, CaCO3, COD, NH3-N and/or PO4 as the best predictors of larval mortality due to L. giganteum. Turbidity and pH were not correlated with fungal efficacy.     

用高铁酸盐去除垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮的研究

研究了用高铁酸盐处理经SBR法处理后的垃圾渗滤液。结果表明，COD和氨氮去除的最佳pH值分别为5和9，随着高铁酸盐用量的增加，去除率先达到一个峰值后经历一个回落阶段，然后再继续上升，COD和氨氮的最大去除率分别为80％和73％。     

Temperature and water quality effects in simulated woodland pools on the infection of Culex mosquito larvae by Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in North Carolina

Asexual stages of the California (CA) isolate of Lagenidium giganteum cultured on sunflower seed extract (SFE)-agar, were applied to outdoor pools containing Culex larvae near Raleigh, NC in August and September 1984. Infection rates among the larvae ranged from 19 to 74% at 2-4 days posttreatment and subsequent epizootics eliminated most of the newly hatched larvae for at least 10 days posttreatment. Substantial reductions in numbers of larvae and adult emergence were achieved from a single application of the fungus. Water quality and temperature data are presented. From laboratory assays of organically polluted water, the percent infection of Culex quinquefasciatus by the fungus was correlated with water quality and temperature. A logistic model of water quality (COD and NH3-N) effects on infectivity rates by the CA isolate is described.     

Decomposition analysis of wastewater pollutant discharges in industrial sectors of China (2001-2009) using the LMDI I Metho

China's industry accounts for 46.8% of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and plays an important strategic role in its economic growth. On the other hand, industrial wastewater is also the major source of water pollution. In order to examine the relationship between the underlying driving forces and various environmental indicators, values of two critical industrial wastewater pollutant discharge parameters (Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH(4)-N)), between 2001 and 2009, were decomposed into three factors: i.e., production effects (caused by change in the scale of economic activity), structure effects (caused by change in economic structure) and intensity effects (caused by change in technological level of each sector), using additive version of the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI I) decomposition method. Results showed that: (1) the average annual effect of COD discharges in China was -2.99%, whereas the production effect, the structure effect, and the intensity effect were 14.64%, -1.39%, and -16.24%, respectively. Similarly, the average effect of NH(4)-N discharges was -4.03%, while the production effect, the structure effect, and the intensity effect were 16.18%, -2.88%, and -17.33%, respectively; (2) the production effect was the major factor responsible for the increase in COD and NH(4)-N discharges, accounting for 45% and 44% of the total contribution, respectively; (3) the intensity effect, which accounted for 50% and 48% of the total contribution, respectively, exerted a dominant decremental effect on COD and NH(4)-N discharges; intensity effect was further decomposed into cleaner production effect and pollution abatement effect with the cleaner production effect accounting for 60% and 55% of the reduction of COD and NH(4)-N, respectively; (4) the major contributors to incremental COD and NH(4)-N discharges were divided among industrial sub-sectors and the top contributors were identified. Potential restructuring and regulation measures were proposed for pollutant reduction.