THE IMPACT OF ALCOHOL INGESTION ON THE ORTHOPAEDIC AND ACCIDENT SERVICE

There is a well recognized association between the ingestionof alcohol and trauma. The incidence of orthopaedic injuriesrelated to alcohol ingestion and requiring admission has notpreviously been reported. In a pilot study from the Royal LiverpoolHospital we found that in 22.4% of patients requiring admission,alcohol had been consumed prior to the accident. The incidence of spinal and ankle fractures was higher in theinebriated patients and the circumstances of their injuriesdiffered from those who were sober. Injuries following drinkingoccurred mainly in young and middle aged males. We discuss simple methods of recognising problem drinking amongaccident and orthopaedic patients.     

THE IMPACT OF AGE ON ALCOHOL TOXICITY IN THE RAT

This study was performed to determine whether the severity ofchronic alcohol toxicity is altered by age and duration of drinking.Alcohol as 35% of calorie intake (ED treatment) was administeredto Sprague-Dawley rats at predetermined ages beginning at 1,6, 12, 18, 24 and 27 months for a duration of treatment varyingfrom 1 to 3 months. The degree of injury was compared to controls(CD treatment) of comparable age and duration of treatment.ED was associated with significantly higher serum levels ofAST, total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.0001for each test) without detectable differences due to age andduration of treatment. Liver triglycerides (as a measure ofalcoholic fatty steatosis) were significantly increased by ED(P < 0.0001) and influenced by both age and duration of treatmentThe greatest toxicity was observed in young animals. ED treatmentbeginning at 1 month of age was associated with an AST level69% above CD and liver triglycerides 463% above CD; beginningat 18 months of age, ED produced an increase of 24% in AST and175% in liver triglycerides. The heparic regenerative capacity,as measured by ³H uptake into nuclear DNA, was similarly affectedby both ED and age. Regeneration was significantly higher inyouth. ED produced a 62% increase above CD at 1 month comparedto an 11% increase beginning at 18 months of age. These observationssuggest that juveniles develop more severe injury from alcoholbut that a greater regenerative capacity exists in youth. Thismay explain the observed clinical relationship between age andprognosis seen in patients with severe alcoholic liver injury.     

THE IMPACT OF ALCOHOL ON THE ACUTE HOSPITAL SERVICE: PATIENT PRESENTATION, ADMISSION AND THE PERCEPTION OF ALCOHOL USE IN SUCH GROUPS

Patients presenting to an Emergency Department were assessedby a standard questionnaire and clinical examination as to thecontribution that alcohol made to their presentation and theperception of their alcohol use. Patients under the influenceof alcohol are more than twice as likely not to fill in simplequestionnaires and not to perceive their alcohol consumptionas different from non-drinking fellows. Emergency Departmentsare not the optimal site for the education and motivation ofdrinking patients to alter their future habits.     

非吸烟孕妇被动吸烟知识、态度和行为的调查

[目的]了解非吸烟孕妇被动吸烟的知识、态度和行为,为开展"无烟家庭"计划提供指导方向.[方法]对55位来医院作产前检查的非吸烟孕妇进行被动吸烟的问卷调查和专题小组访谈.[结果]孕妇对被动吸烟的认识不足,仅有16.4%能正确描述被动吸烟的定义;大多数(63.6%)孕妇对怀孕后他人在自己面前吸烟持反对态度;孕妇对待丈夫或家人在自己面前吸烟多采取劝阻行为,而对待工作中的上司或公共场所的陌生人则多采取回避行为;内容科学、简易的宣传小册子是孕妇期望的宣传途径,"如何避免遭受被动吸烟"和"被动吸烟对胎儿和儿童的危害"应是宣传小册子的重点内容.[结论]对孕妇进行被动吸烟的健康教育不仅符合孕妇的需求,而且十分必要.     

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY NURSING RATS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE CEREBELLUM OF THE OFFSPRING

To study the effect of alcohol on Purkinje cells and on myeinationof the cerebellum of neonate rats, female Sprague-Dawley ratswere fed alcohol (ethanol) during their nursing period. Thealcohol was given in amounts of 5% or 10% per volume of drinkingwater. Food and liquids, equal in calories, were distributedamong darns receiving alcohol. One group of control rats receivedsimilar diet but no alcohol. The results were then comparedwith those of a second group of controls, receiving no alcoholbut having access to unlimited supplies of food and water. Histologicalexamination of pups revealed degenerative changes in Purkinjecells and delayed myelination of the cerebellum.     

医疗保险改革对医院的影响与对策

随着医疗制度改革的不断深入 ,特别是医疗保险制度的改革带给医院一系列新的问题、新的情况 ,医改对医院产生了前所未有的影响 ,医院面临着新的机遇和挑战。如何适应医改 ,正视医院面临的问题 ,采取有效的对策 ,以增强医院的适应性和竞争力 ,促进医院的健康发展 ,都是值得认真思考和深入研究的问题。     

商洛市艾滋病防治示范区农民艾滋病知识调查

[目的]了解商洛市艾滋病综合防治示范区内农民对艾滋病预防知识知晓情况,为进一步开展健康教育提供依据.[方法]采用整群随机抽样方法,在示范区内的艾滋病疫情高发镇和低发镇分别抽取几个村,对村民进行问卷调查.[结果]农民总体上对艾滋病基本知识缺乏了解,知识水平普遍较低,自我保护能力和意识比较薄弱,对HIV感染者态度总体上比较消极,但接受艾滋病和性病知识宣传教育的意愿较高.[结论]农民的艾滋病健康教育刻不容缓,必须加强综合宣传教育.并提高农民的艾滋病预防意识和自我保护能力.     

UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF ALCOHOL AND DRINK STEREOTYPES

First year university students were surveyed about their knowledge of alcohol and its effects, their stereotypes of alcoholics and perceptions of drinkers according to the type of beverage they drink. Students held several myths about drinking and showed a poor knowledge of the way in which the body metabolizes alcohol. Stereotypes of alcoholics were generally favourable with alcoholism perceived as a disease from which a person could recover. Perceptions of those people who drank various popular forms of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages revealed stereotypes which parallel images promoted by the mass media. The influence of the media in promoting certain images of drinkers is discussed.     

某卫生学校医学生营养知识-态度-行为调查

[目的]了解中专医学生的营养知识、态度和行为。[方法]对随机抽取的某卫生学校学生290人进行自设计营养KAP问卷调查，分析其KAP评分。[结果]学生营养知识普遍缺乏，平均得分仅为48.47，但受过营养教育的学生平均得分为72.26，显著高于平均水平（P﹤0.001），营养态度较好，平均评分为19.12，存在一定的营养问题行为。[结论]应加强学生营养教育，促使其改变营养行为，促进青少年健康。     

某县计划免疫知识、态度、行为干预措施效果评估

[目的]评价在河北省蔚县实施的计划免疫干预措施对公众知识、态度、行为的影响效果。[方法]项目实施前对适龄儿童母亲、儿童其他监护人,孕妇、新婚妇女开展了有关计划免疫知识、态度、行为的调查问卷,收集基本资料;项目实施中对目标人群实施了培训、宣传等干预措施;项目终期对同一目标人群开展问卷调查。[结果]通过项目实施,蔚县计划免疫工作水平得到提高;儿童家长/监护人计划免疫知识水平提高,态度行为进一步改善。项目的实施也为提高河北省预防接种信息传播水平提供了经验。[结论]河北省蔚县实施的计划免疫干预措施达到了预期效果。     

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL INTENSITY OF SERVICE PROVISION ON PHYSICIAN EXPENDITURES: AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION

Advances in technology and subsequent changes in clinical practice can lead to increases in healthcare costs. Our objective is to assess the impact that changes in the technological intensity of physician‐provided health services have had on the age pattern of both the volume of services provided and the average expenditures associated with them. We based our analysis on age‐sex‐specific patient‐level administrative records of diagnoses and treatments. These records include virtually all physician services provided in the province of Ontario, Canada in a 10‐year span ending in 2004 and their associated costs. An algorithm is developed to classify services and their costs into three levels of technological intensity. We find that while the overall age‐standardized level and cost of services per capita have decreased, the volume and cost of high technologically intensive treatments have increased, especially among older patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE,ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE OF CERVICAL SCREENING AMONG FEMALE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Cancer is the third leading cause of death In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which is situated in the Arabian Gulf. A national programme for cervical cancer screening is likely to be implemented in the future. In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice of UAE female primary care physicians of cervical screening through a self-administered questionnaire. Of the 98 physicians who participated in the study only 40% reported ever having performed a Pap smear. In the study, we identified various training needs, and a training programme on cervical screening currently is being developed based on the results of this study.     

SCREENING ALCOHOL & DRUG USE IN A GENERAL PRACTICE UNIT: COMPARISON OF COMPUTERISED AND TRADITIONAL METHODS

Systematic screening of patients for areas of health risk in their lifestyle has much potential for primary health care clinicians as a cost-effective and time saving means to identify ‘at risk’ individuals. In the area of alcohol and drug problems, such early identification increases the likelihood of successful intervention. The present study, conducted at a general practice unit, compared the use of a computer to screen for alcohol and drug use with the two more traditional assessment methods of face-to-face interview and paper and pencil questionnaire. It was found that levels of reported consumption were similar across assessment methods. Although the interview method was strongly preferred overall, patients' preference for the computer increased significantly after use. The computer was also found to be more acceptable to patients reporting non-medical drug use, a potentially threatening and sensitive issue. There was a low refusal rate and most patients were willing to allow their doctor to see the assessment results. This indicates that screening for alcohol and drug use is acceptable to general practice patients, and that the computer can play a useful role as a prevention aid.     

乌鲁木齐市男男性接触者艾滋病知信行调查

[目的]调查乌鲁木齐市男性同性恋者（men who have sex with men,MSM）关于艾滋病的知识、信念、行为（knowledge,attitude,practice,KAP）情况,为在该人群中开展艾滋病的预防干预工作提供依据。[方法]由经过培训的男男同性恋自愿者作为调查员对MSM人群进行面对面的问卷调查。[结果]共有111名MSM接受调查;调查对象以性活跃期的青年为主,最大年龄为54岁;艾滋病知识掌握不全面;近74.8%的人认为自己不可能感染上艾滋病病毒;36.9%的MSM几乎每次性行为时都用安全套,无保护性高危性行为较为普遍存在;HIV阳性检出率为2.9%。[结论]该地区应采取适当的方式,加强MSM人群的监测、检测、健康教育和行为干预工作。     

公共场所从业人员毒品知识态度行为调查

目的：了解公共场所从业人员禁毒认知现状，为探索禁毒的健康教育方法提供依据。方法：采用自己设计的调查问卷，对1130名人员进行调查。结果：公共场所从业人员对毒品一般知识的正答率为63．6％，对禁毒的态度基本正确，但对发现吸毒者，50％表示我会劝阻，2．9％表示我会告诉他的家人，44．5％表示报告公安局，2．6％则采取不管的行为，结论：必须进一步加强公共场所从业人员的禁毒宣传工作。     

《合理饮食与健康》课对大学生饮食与健康知识、态度、行为的影响

[目的]探讨高校开设<合理饮食与健康>相关营养课程的必要性、可行性. [方法]用自行编制并经检验的饮食与健康知识-态度-行为调查问卷对四川大学选修<合理饮食与健康>课的280名学生在开课前与结业时进行问卷调查. [结果]①<合理饮食与健康>课结业时,调查对象饮食与健康知识平均得分为(86.7±10.7)分,高于开课前(F=47.330,P＜0.01),其中文科、工科、医科女生知识得分高于开课前(P＜0.05).②结业时调查对象饮食健康态度平均得分为(94.4±5.2)分.④结业时,调查对象饮食行为平均得分为(71.5±8.9)分,高于开课前(F=61.314,P＜0.01),文科男女生、工科男女生,理科男生、医科女生饮食行为得分高于开课前(P＜0.05). [结论]<合理饮食与健康>课能有效提高大学生营养知识水平,促进其形成良好饮食行为.在高校开设此类营养课具有必要性和可行性.     

医学生钙营养知识、态度及饮食行为的调查分析

[目的]了解医学生的钙营养知识、态度和行为现况及相互之间的关系.[方法]采用问卷调查方法,对某医科院校818名学生进行钙营养知识、态度及行为调查.[结果]医学生豆类食品摄入充足.对钙营养知识及常识掌握深度和广度都不够,该人群知识得分为(55.0±8.0)分,年级越高的学生成绩越好,女生高于男生.不同知识水平与选择补钙途径差异有统计学意义.医学生多具有较好的营养态度,愿意接受更多的钙营养与健康方面的知识.[结论]应采取多种形式对医学生加强钙营养知识的宣传.     

性病/艾滋病图片展览参观前后知识、态度、行为变化分析

目的：了解本地区艾滋病知识（Ｋ）、态度（Ａ）,行为（Ｐ）以及性病／艾滋病图片展览的效果。方法：采用自己设计的调查问卷对参观者进行调查。结果：本地区艾滋病知识知晓率为６３．４％。知识掌握情况;机关人员〉本市居民〉高中学生〉外省市人员。