门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征3例报道

目的探讨门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术用于预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征(small-for-size liver syndrome,SFSS)的效果。方法 3例活体肝移植均采用不含肝中静脉的右半肝作为移植物。术中发现实测移植物(肝)重量/受体的体质量(体重)的比值(graft to recipient weight ratio,GRWR)为0.58%、0.77%及0.71%,均<0.8%,符合小移植物的诊断。处理:首先吻合肝静脉流出道,其次吻合门静脉,将受体门静脉右支与移植肝门静脉右支端端吻合,将受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合达到门腔分流的作用,之后按顺序吻合动脉和胆道。术中均未行脾静脉结扎或脾切除等处理。术后定期随访。结果 3例患者术后均未发生SFSS并顺利出院,出院时间分别为术后25d、34d及56d。移植肝功能逐步好转,术后1d门静脉流速理想。移植肝增长良好。门静脉-下腔静脉短路通畅时间:除1例通畅持续仅104d,其余2例持续通畅。结论 LDLT术中进行门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术可以及时有效预防小移植物背景下的SFSS,受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合的分流技术安全可靠。     

Orthotopic liver retransplantation in rats

A surgical experience with a method of rat orthotopic liver retransplantation (OLRT), and a preliminary study of immunological responses after OLRT are reported. OLRT was performed on the same recipient after the first orthotopic liver transplantation (1st-OLT) according to our original (Kamada's) cuff method. Replacement of the portal vein (PV) and infra-hepatic vena cava (IHVC) cuffs was not technically difficult. However, there were no survivors from the first 6 retransplanted rats, mainly due to complications from defective supra-hepatic vena cava (SHVC) anastomoses. Unlike the human intra-abdominal SHVC, the posterior wall of the intraabdominal SHVC in rats is too short and fragile to perform an end-to-end anastomosis twice between donor and recipient SHVC. For a second group of seven retransplants, a modification of the SHVC anastomosis was made between donor and recipient SHVC in conjunction with the recipient's cuff diaphragm. This enabled reanastomosis to be secure, resulting in the improved 1-week survival after isogeneic OLRT (85.7%). This OLRT model has been applied to the fully allogeneic combination for several immunological studies and led to novel findings. Thus, an experimental model of a rat orthotopic liver retransplant model has the potential to allow more valuable insights into the immunological study of chronic rejection, sensitization and chimerism following liver retransplantation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Retransplantation of the liver in the rat

A successful technique of liver retransplantation in the rat is described. Heterotopic nonauxiliary liver engraftment of a whole liver using cuffed anastomoses is the primary transplant procedure. The graft is implanted in the right hypochondrium and is revascularized by a portal end-to-end anastomosis. Venous drainage is via an end-to-side anastomosis between the donor infrahepatic vena cava and recipient right renal vein. The graft suprahepatic vena cava is ligated. Biliary drainage is achieved by a double stent anastomosis of the biliary ducts. Total parenchymectomy of the recipient's liver is completed leaving intact the intrahepatic and suprahepatic vena cava. Retransplantation in the orthotopic position can thus be attempted, after removal of the first graft, by cuffed anastomoses between the donor and recipient portal veins, infrahepatic vena cava and a double stent anastomosis of the common bile ducts. Anastomosis between the donor and recipient suprahepatic vena cava is completed with a 7/0 Prolene running suture. In the first group of operations (n = 6), a three week survival rate of 50% after retransplantation was obtained. Using the technical lessons of these preliminary cases, 80% of the second group of operations (n = 5), were successful in the long term. Utilization of this new technique may allow further investigations in different fields of research dealing with liver surgery and transplantation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss Inc.     

再次肝移植手术技巧:附24例报告

目的探讨再次肝移植的手术技巧。方法总结近4年多来24例行再次肝移植术患者的临床资料。全部采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术。6例采用体外静脉转流，18例未转流。肝上下腔静脉吻合应用附加腔静脉成形一改良背驮式。门静脉重建均为端端吻合。肝动脉的重建：7例为肝动脉、腹主动脉搭桥术，余均为肝动脉端端吻合术。胆道的重建：6例为胆管、胆管端端吻合术，余均为胆管、空肠吻合术（Roux—en—Y或Warren术式）。对所有患者进行随访。结果住院期间病死率为41．6％（10／24）。死亡原因：脓毒症7例；手术出血性休克2例；脑血管意外1例。痊愈率为58．4％（14／24）。痊愈患者并发症发生率为21．4％（3／14），包括胆道并发症2例，伤口裂开1例。结论再次肝移植与初次肝移植手术时间及出血量无显著差异。针对患者进行个体化处理是手术成功的关键。手术难点在于下腔静脉的显露与游离。肝动脉搭桥及胆肠吻合机率高于初次肝移植。     

再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功的经验分析

目的 总结再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功的临床经验。方法 回顾分析1993年4月至2005年4月期间施行的9例再次肝移植受者临床资料。再次肝移植的原因包括肝动脉血栓（2／9）,门静脉血栓（1／9）,胆道并发症（6／9）;9例再次肝移植均为尸肝移植,3例采用经典原位肝移植,6例采用背驮式肝移植,6例采用Roux-en-Y胆肠内引流,1例供受体门静脉间用供体脾静脉搭桥,1例供体肝动脉与供体腹主动脉之问用供体脾动脉搭桥。结果 全组无手术死亡,5例术后未出现并发症,1例术后门静脉吻合口狭窄,3例术后6个月内死亡。结论 首次肝移植后由于胆道和血管并发症导致移植肝失功是再次肝移植的主要适应证,不失时机地进行再次肝移植是治疗移植肝失功惟一有效的方法。     

肝移植手术相关并发症的防治

目的总结和探讨原位肝移植手术相关并发症发生的原因、预防及治疗。方法对1993年4月至2004年12月所实行的647例次原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果肝移植手术后共发生并发症73例,发生率11．3％（73／647）,包括血管并发症39例（6．0％,39／647）,其中肝动脉23例（3．6％）,门静脉6例（0．9％）,腔静脉10例（1．5％）,其中腔静脉并发症均发生在非腔静脉整形患者;放置内支架治疗肝动脉狭窄2例,均成功;肝动脉血栓形成者行再次移植治疗,成功率为4／6,再血管化和气囊扩张成功率分别为3／7和2／7;放置内支架治疗门静脉吻合口狭窄和腔静脉狭窄的成功率为3／3和10／10。发生胆道并发症34例（5．3％）,其中放置T管患者发生胆道并发症27例,未放置T管患者7例,两组吻合口胆漏、胆道狭窄和感染的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论传统背驮式肝移植术能有效预防腔静脉并发症的发生;放置内支架技术治疗血管狭窄性病变效果好;早期肝动脉血栓形成应采取再次肝移植;确保供肝胆道系统的血供是减少胆道并发症的关键;不放置T管的胆管端端吻合术,是胆道重建的首选术式。     

原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的原因和处理

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的原因和处理方法.方法 对2000年1月至2006年12月收治的776例同种原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.总结原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的诊治经验.结果 776例肝移植患者中共发生术后静脉流出道梗阻10例,发生率为1.29%.其中肝上下腔静脉吻合口狭窄6例,肝后段下腔静脉狭窄2例,肝静脉流出道梗阻2例.10例均进行了下腔静脉造影而明确诊断,8例患者在下腔静脉造影的同时施行了气囊扩张或放置血管内支架术,2例介入治疗效果不佳而中转再次肝移植术;该组因术后静脉流出道梗阻而死亡3例,与静脉流出道梗阻相关的病死率为30%(3/10).结论 原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的发生与腔静脉的吻合技术,腔静脉吻合方式以及供肝体积与受者肝床不匹配有关;术后尽早发现流出道梗阻的存在,并及时做出正确的治疗选择如介入治疗或再次肝移植等是改善该并发症预后的关键.     

Could the use of interposition grafts for arterial reconstruction be avoided by more caudate graft placement in living donor liver transplantation?

One of the major challenges in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is short and small vessels (particularly the hepatic artery), particularly in segmental liver grafts from living donors. In the present study we report an alternative surgical technique that avoids interpositional vessel grafts or tension on the connection by anastomizing the allograft hepatic vein to the recipient inferior vena cava in a more caudate location. From March 2000 to January 2003, 28 patients (11 women/17 men) underwent 28 LDLT. Until June 2001, the preferred technique for hepatic vein anastomosis was end-to-end anastomosis between the allograft hepatic vein and the recipient hepatic vein (HV-HV) (n = 10). Thereafter an end-to-side anastomosis was performed between allograft hepatic vein and recipient inferior vena cava (HV-IVC) (n = 18). The level of venotomy on the recipient vena cava was decided according to the pre-anastomotic placement of the allograft in the recipient hepatectomy site with sufficient width to have an hepatic artery anastomosis without tension or need for an interposition graft during hepatic artery and portal vein anastomoses. Except the right lobe allograft with anterior and posterior portal branches, all portal and hepatic artery anastomoses were constructed without an interposition graft or tension in the HV-IVC group. Only one hepatic artery thrombosis developed in the HV-IVC group. As a result, this technique may avoid both hepatic artery thrombosis and the use of interposition grafts in living donor liver transplantation.     

Modified liver hanging maneuver during orthotopic liver transplantation with inferior vena cava preservation: results after 120 consecutive applications

The outflow venovenous anastomosis represent a crucial aspect during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with inferior vena cava (IVC) preservation. The modified Belghiti liver hanging maneuver applied to the last phase of hepatectomy, lifting the liver, provides a better exposure of the suprahepatic region and allows easier orthogonal clamping of the three suprahepatic veins with a minimal portion of IVC occlusion. The outflow anastomosis constructed with a common cloacae of the three native suprahepatic veins is associated with a lower incidence of graft related venous outflow complications. The procedure planned in 120 consecutive OLT was achieved in 118 (99%). The outflow anastomosis was constructed on the common cloaca of the three hepatic veins in 111/120 cases (92.5%). No major complications were observed (bleeding during tunnel creation, graft outflow dysfunction, etc) except in one patient with acute Budd-Chiari, who successfully underwent retransplantation.     

Extensive thrombosis of the portal vein and vena cava after orthotopic liver transplantation with cavoportal hemitransposition: a case report

We report herein a case of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with cavoportal hemitransposition. The patient underwent OLT for hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis with diffused portomesenteric vein thrombosis (PVT). The unique feature of this case was that 1 month after the operation, because of extensive thrombosis of the portal vein and vena cava in the allografted liver, the hepatic artery was the only vessel to supply the liver. Percutaneous pulse spray thrombolysis through a femoral vein access was incompletely successful with the result that the cavoportal anastomosis stoma occluded and the allografted liver was supplied only by the hepatic artery; the portal vein served no function. Yet the patient survived and was eventually discharged in good condition with normal liver and kidney functions. The patient is alive and well with persistent normalization of hepatic function during 1.5 years follow-up.     

Renal transplantation with venous drainage through the superior mesenteric vein in cases of thrombosis of the inferior vena cava

Renal transplantation usually is performed by placing the graft in the iliac fossa, anastomosing the renal vein to the iliac vein or, when this is not possible, to the vena cava. When vascular complications occur, particularly on the venous side, the position of the graft may have to be changed. This report describes orthotopic renal grafts and positioning of the organ with anastomosis to the splenic vessels. Venous drainage was established directly into the mesenteric-portal territory, with two cases to the portal vein and one to the inferior mesenteric vein. A new technique for the venous drainage of the renal graft is shown. We have used this model in two cases of infrarenal inferior vena cava thrombosis. The kidney was located in a retroperitoneal position, with venous drainage to the superior mesenteric vein through an orifice in the posterior peritoneum.     

����ֲ����Ѫ�ܲ���֢�����������

目的 探讨肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析1993年4月至2002年8月施行的180例次原位肝移植的临床资料。结果 发生血管并发症19例(10．6％)，18例经选择性血管道影证实，1例经尸体检查证实。彩色多普勒超声(CDI)的诊断敏感度和特异度分别为94．7％和92.5％。术中超声检查(I0US)对动脉并发症诊断的敏感度和特异度分别为100％和96.0％。11例、3例、3例和1例受者分别接受介入、再血管化、保守治疗和再次肝移植。与血管并发症有关的病死率为3.9％(7／180)。结论 CDI是监测血管并发症的首选方法，选择性血管造影是早期诊断血管并发症必不可少的手段。应根据血管并发症类型、诊断时间、全身情况、有无其他并发症、肝功能损害程度等来决定血管并发症的治疗方案。非肝动脉的血管并发症首选介入方法治疗，肝动脉血栓形成或狭窄则应选择再血管化或再次肝移植，部分病人可尝试保守治疗。     

Orthotopic renal homotransplantation in a patient with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava

Complete thrombosis of the infrarenal vena cava and the entire iliac venous system is a unique circumstance in a candidate for renal allotransplantation. This condition was created in a patient by the previous use of an inferior vena caval clip. The patient received a kidney transplant in the orthotopic intra-abdominal position, using his own renal vein for renovenous anastomosis. The usual method of urinary drainage was also modified. This approach to transplantation should be considered in the presence of partial clotting or occlusion in the distal vena cava or iliac venous system.     

20例再次肝移植血管重建的方法

目的探讨再次肝移植血管重建的方法。方法回顾20例再次肝移植的临床资料，分析血管重建的不同方式。结果20例再次肝移植病人术后随访期2d至25个月，平均11．2个月。其中15例（75％）术后顺利恢复，至今存活。5例（25％）于术后早期死于感染性休克、多器官功能衰竭、急性心肌梗死和颅内出血等并发症。所有病人术后肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉流出道血流均正常，未出现血管破裂、血栓形成、血管狭窄和梗阻或假性动脉瘤等明显血管并发症。结论再次肝移植血管重建情况复杂，方式多变，根据供、受体血管的解剖特点和首次移植时血管重建的情况灵活选择适当的重建方式并进行细致的吻合，是再次肝移植血管重建成功的关键。     

Suprahepatic venacavaplasty (cavaplasty) with retrohepatic cava extension in liver transplantation: experience with first 115 cases.

BACKGROUND: We first introduced the orthotopic liver transplantation utilizing cavaplasty technique in 1994. This paper describes the surgical technique and assesses the outcome of the cavaplasty OLT. METHODS: The cavaplasty procedure was used in 115 consecutive orthotopic liver transplantations, including six left lateral and two right lobe transplantations, between November 1994 and September 2000. Fifty-three (66.3%) transplantations required femoro-axillary veno-venous bypass in the initial 4 years, whereas only eight (22.9%) needed VB in the subsequent 2 years. Conversion to piggyback or standard technique was not necessary in any patient. RESULTS: Median results are as follows: operative time 4.5 hr, warm ischemia time 25 min, and blood transfused (packed red blood cells) 6 units. These findings did not differ between first transplantation and retransplantation. There were no perioperative deaths related to the cavaplasty technique. No hepatic venous outflow obstruction was observed, including living-related OLTs. No patient required postoperative hemodialysis for acute renal failure. The median intensive care and hospital stays were 2 days and 10 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The cavaplasty technique requires no retrocaval, hepatic vein, or short hepatic vein dissection, and the inferior vena cava can be preserved, which provides advantages for hepatectomy and easy hemostasis, especially during retransplantation. The wide-open triangular caval anastomosis is easy to perform, allowing short implantation time and size matching and avoiding outflow obstruction. The short implantation time reduces the need for veno-venous bypass. Our experience indicates that the cavaplasty technique can be applied to all patients and is justified by minimal technical complications.     

大鼠原位肝移植术并发症的预防

为了改进手术操作，减少大鼠原位肝移植术的并发症，采取肝上下腔静脉缝合，肝下下腔静脉，门静脉及胆道用套管吻合法做了６５次大鼠原位肝移植术。术后受体的主要并发症是出血，感染和胆道梗阻。该实验结果提示，术中注意防止血管损伤，提高手术技术是预防术后发生并发症的关键，另外，胆道套管的长度不宜超过５ｍｍ，否则易发生结石。     

肝上腔静脉成形术联合肝后腔静脉扩展术在肝移植中的应用:首次115例经验报道

目的：本文介绍原位肝移植中腔静脉成形术的方法并评估其结果。方法：1994年11月至2000年9月，我们对连续115例原位肝移植9包括6例左外侧叶及2例右叶移植）病人采用了腔静脉成形术。在起初的4年里，53例（66．3％）移植病人需行股－腋静脉体外转流，而以后的2年内该比例降至8例（22．9）％。无一例病人需中转为背驮式或经典术式。结果：中位手术时间4.5h，中位热缺血时间25min，中位输血量6U浓缩红细胞。上述结果在首次移植及再次移植间无差异。本组无与腔静脉成形技术相关的围手术期死亡。包括活体原位肝移植在内，均未观察到肝静脉流比道梗阻。没有病人因急性肾功能衰竭而需术后血透。病人留置于ICU的中位天数2d，中位住院天数为10d。结论：腔静脉成形术无需解剖肝后腔静脉，肝静脉或肝短静脉，肝下腔静脉也得以保留，并因此更有利于肝切除术维持稳定的血流动力学，在再次移植中优势更为明显。大开口的三角形腔静脉吻合容易操作，能在较三时间内完成供肝植入，且易与吻合血管口径的匹配，并可避免流出道阻塞。操作时间的缩短头了静脉体外转流的可能。我们认为腔静脉成形技术能适用于所有病人，且相应手术的并发症少。     

门静脉高压症术后再出血外科治疗的探讨（附65例临床分析）

目的：探讨门脉高压症术后再出血外科治疗手术方式的选择。方法：回顾性分析总结65例门脉高压症术后再出血的治疗情况。结果：47例采用了不同术式的外科治疗,其中行肠腔侧侧分流术29例,肠系膜下静脉腔静脉分．流术6例,肠系膜上静脉属支腔静脉分流术4例,肠系膜上静脉属支左肾静脉分流术2例,断流术6例,手术死亡5例,结论：外科治疗目前仍是治疗门脉高压症术后再出血的主要手段,且以择期手术为宜,其中肠腔侧侧分流术是断流术后再出血治疗的首选术式,选择性分流术（DSRS,DSCS）术后再出血的外科治疗主要采用脾切除加断流术,当肠腔分流术后再出血时,行肠系膜下静脉左肾静脉分流术或肠系膜上静脉属支腔静脉分流术是可行的,手术创伤小,疗效较好。     

活体肝移植的几点关键外科技术

目的：探讨活体肝移植的几点关键外科技术。方法：2001年1月至2002年3月底,实施活体肝移植11例,其中左半肝8例,左外叶1例,成人右半肝2例;根据术前CT、血管造影和术中B超确定肝切除线,超声电刀离断肝实质,经门静脉灌注原位获取。受体手术采用保留腔静脉的全肝切除。移植肝原位植入,肝静脉重建采用扩大成型吻合技术,显微技术吻合肝动脉,胆道重建采用端端吻合,置“T“管引流。结果：11例供体术后顺利康复出院,未发生严重并发症。11例受体中,1例发生肝动脉血栓形成需再次肝移植,1例因不可逆转的严重排斥反应,于术后72d死亡。10例受体康复出院,肝功能、铜氧化酶恢复正常。结论：活体肝移植对供体是相对安全的。管道重建技术是活体肝移植的重要环节。术前、术中了解供体的解剖变异并正确处理,可降低并发症发生率。