上臂内侧扩张皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕挛缩

目的 探讨上臂内侧扩张皮瓣的血供及用于治疗颈部不同程度的瘢痕挛缩的方法.方法 对10例患者分期手术:Ⅰ期手术时将扩张器置入上臂内侧深筋膜浅层;Ⅱ期手术时,利用尺侧上副动脉或尺侧返动脉供血、贵要静脉属支及腋静脉属支回流的上臂内侧扩张皮瓣带蒂转移修复松解颈部瘢痕挛缩后的创面;Ⅲ期时将扩张皮瓣断蒂,扩张皮瓣最大面积25 cm×15 cm.结果 移植皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣色泽及性状接近颈部正常组织,外形良好,上臂内侧供瓣区遗留较小的继发畸形.结论 将扩张器置于上臂内侧皮肤深筋膜浅层形成的扩张皮瓣用于治疗颈部瘢痕挛缩,是一个可行的方法,但分期治疗需要较长时间,在转移期间上肢与头部问的强迫体位固定的痛苦是其不足.     

浅层组织扩张皮瓣治疗面部瘢痕挛缩(附118例)

目的　为了探讨浅层组织扩张器的植入、供血方式及在面部瘢痕挛缩治疗中的应用。方法　将不同大小的皮肤扩张器植入面部、颈部及上臂内侧的深筋膜浅层 ,形成较薄的扩张皮瓣 ,转移修复颜面部烧伤后的瘢痕挛缩 118例 ,16 4个皮瓣。结果　除 4例颈浅部扩张皮瓣因血肿、感染而出现皮瓣远端不同层次坏死外 ,其余 16 0个皮瓣全部成活良好。皮瓣最大面积为 34cm× 32cm ,蒂宽 10～ 12cm。结论　将皮肤扩张器植入面部浅筋层、颈阔肌浅层或上臂内侧深筋膜浅层的皮下 ,手术易操作 ,保留了颈部及上臂主干浅静脉而形成以浅静脉属支为蒂的扩张皮瓣 ,血供可靠 ,皮肤易扩张 ,可获得更大面积的扩张皮瓣转移修复面部瘢痕挛缩。     

上臂内侧扩张皮瓣修复面颈部瘢痕

目的 总结上臂内侧扩张皮瓣用于治疗面颈部瘢痕挛缩的方法及临床疗效. 方法 2000年5月-2007年2月,收治20例面颈部瘢痕挛缩患者.男12例,女8例;年龄7～42岁.病程9个月～20年.瘢痕范围8 cm×6 cm～22 cm×18 cm.一期手术于上臂内侧深筋膜浅层植入扩张器.二期手术切除松解面颈部瘢痕,采用9 cm×7 cm～24 cm×18 cm上臂内侧扩张皮瓣瓦合3.5 cm×2.5cm～8.0 crn×6.0 cm瘢痕组织瓣带蒂移位修复瘢痕切除后创面.三期手术将扩张皮瓣断蒂,切除剩余瘢痕. 结果 患者术后供受区均Ⅰ期愈合,皮瓣及植皮均成活.供区瘢痕不明显,无继发畸形.16例获随访3～24个月,皮瓣质地、色泽与面颈部接近.面部器官移位复位满意,颏颈角形态流畅,颈部功能完全重建,无术后并发症发生. 结论 将扩张器植于上臂内侧皮肤深筋膜浅层形成上臂内侧扩张皮瓣,用于修复面颈部瘢痕挛缩,修复疗效满意,但治疗所需时间较长,且需强迫体位固定.     

扩张后的上臂内侧逆行皮瓣在面部瘢痕挛缩合并鼻缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨扩张后的上臂内侧逆行皮瓣的血液供应,及其在大面积面部瘢痕挛缩合并鼻缺损修复中的应用.方法 选择一侧无明显瘢痕的上臂,Ⅰ期手术将800 ml扩张器置入上臂内侧深筋膜浅层;Ⅱ期分别将皮瓣两侧及近心端行延迟手术;Ⅲ期以肘部为蒂将延迟皮瓣转移至颜面、鼻部,皮瓣面积最大20 cm×18 cm;Ⅳ期行断蒂手术.结果 自2000年3月至2006年7月,对11例大面积的面部瘢痕挛缩合并鼻缺损的患者进行修复.术后经1～3年的随访观察,所有患者的移植皮瓣完全成活,皮瓣色泽、质地与面部皮肤接近,移位器官复位良好,鼻外形满意.结论 扩张后的上臂内侧逆行皮瓣能提供充足的组织量,将大面积的面部瘢痕挛缩和鼻缺损作为一个单元一次性进行修复,方法可行.但疗程较长,上肢与头部的强迫体位固定是其不足.     

上臂内侧扩张皮瓣修复面部大面积瘢痕和黑痣

目的:介绍上臂内侧扩张皮瓣修复面部瘢痕、黑痣的方法。方法:2009年12月～2011年7月,共16例面部大面积瘢痕或黑痣患者采用上臂内侧皮瓣进行修复,其中面部瘢痕患者14例,面部黑痣2例,男性13例,女性3例,年龄18～36岁。手术分三期进行,一期在面部病变同侧上臂植入扩张器,持续注水约3个月,二期行皮瓣延迟术,三期将上臂内侧皮瓣带蒂转移,病变切除。四期断蒂。结果:16例患者皮瓣均成活良好,皮瓣颜色接近面部周围皮肤,局部瘢痕牵拉畸形者亦改善明显,随访6～12个月,修复效果满意。结论:上臂内侧皮瓣为修复面部大面积皮肤病变的良好选择。     

上臂内侧皮瓣血管的解剖学研究

目的:本研究旨在通过对上臂内侧皮瓣深筋膜浅层以上血管的解剖学研究,为临床应用上臂内侧扩张皮瓣提供理论指导。方法:新鲜成人上肢标本10侧,左右各半,乳胶灌注血管。四倍放大镜下由浅入深进行解剖,观察浅筋膜层内血管的吻合情况、吻合支的数量及皮动脉穿出深筋膜的位置。结果:上臂内侧自深筋膜浅层平面发出的皮动脉8～9支,各皮动脉于深筋膜浅层内发出分支沿纵行方向相互吻合。上臂皮瓣的中轴部位即内侧肌间隔区域吻合支最为丰富,其次为上臂内侧偏后部分。每侧肢体均有2～5支明显的贯串上臂全长的吻合支,多位于皮瓣的中部及偏后侧部位。皮动脉穿出点集中在臂内侧肌间隔区域,最远分支距肘横纹(3.47±1.50)cm,近端分支距腋窝横皱襞距离(1.64±1.22)cm。结论:上臂内侧皮瓣血供介于轴型皮瓣与任意型皮瓣之间,切取时长宽比例超过任意型皮瓣。皮瓣为双向供血,无论以近端为蒂还是以远端为蒂切取皮瓣均是安全的。以内侧肌间隔为轴线,沿深筋膜浅层设计顺行或逆行皮瓣血供均可靠,切取皮瓣安全,如需扩大切取皮瓣,向后扩展延伸比向前扩展血供更可靠。皮瓣制作时蒂部尽可能置于肌间隔区域,蒂宽约4cm。以近端为蒂时,扩张器剥离腔隙近端距腋窝横皱襞需超过3cm,远端为蒂时,扩张器剥离腔隙远端距肘横纹需超过5cm。     

上臂内侧扩张皮瓣修复面部瘢痕挛缩

目的探讨上臂内侧扩张皮瓣面部瘢痕挛缩的方法及效果。方法采用上臂内侧扩张皮瓣修复面部瘢痕挛缩17例。结果本组皮瓣面积(10 cm×8 cm)~(15 cm×9 cm),移植皮瓣全部成活。7例随访3个月~5年,皮瓣外形良好,色泽与面部皮肤相近,供瓣区遗留瘢痕较小。结论上臂内侧扩张皮瓣修复面部瘢痕挛缩效果良好,虽所需时间长,且需强迫体位固定,但仍不失为面部整形修复的可选之法。     

上臂内侧扩张皮瓣修复鼻背瘢痕

自 1999年以来 ,我们应用上臂内侧扩张皮瓣转移修复鼻背瘢痕挛缩 ,获得良好效果 ,报告如下。1　临床资料本组 6例 ,男 2例 ,女 4例。年龄 2 0～ 31岁。烧伤 4例 ,开水烫伤 2例。其中面部增生性瘢痕 4例 ,萎缩性瘢痕 2例 ;下眼睑外翻 3例 ;口角畸形 2例 ;鼻孔狭窄 2例 ;鼻孔外露 4例。均应用左侧上臂内侧扩张皮瓣。手术分二期进行　第一期 :局部浸润麻醉下 ,在左上臂外侧切开 4～ 6 cm,紧贴深筋膜浅层向臂内侧分离 ,形成包括整个臂内侧区域之囊腔 :上达腋窝下 4 cm,下至肘横纹上 5 cm,前后界为臂前后正中线。止血后置入 6 0 0 ml皮肤扩张器一…     

胸三角扩张薄皮瓣修复面颈部大面积瘢痕

目的：探讨面颈部大面积瘢痕的理想修复方法方法：利用胸三角皮瓣扩张形成薄皮瓣修复瘢痕创面,手术分两期,第一期于胸三角皮瓣深筋膜浅层剥离放置300～800ml皮肤软组织扩张器。充分扩张及维持2个月左右。第二期取出扩张器形成扩张薄皮瓣。切除面颈部瘢痕,皮瓣转移修复创面。结果：所有皮瓣成活良好,后期皮瓣色泽与面部周围皮肤无明显差异,皮瓣质地柔软,无明显回缩,无臃肿,面颈部形态美观。结论：利用胸三角扩张薄皮瓣修复面颈部较大面积瘢痕是效果较理想的方法。     

扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形的应用

目的探探讨扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形的临床效果。方法自2013年1月至2018年3月,对36例颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形的患者行扩张后胸三角皮瓣带蒂转移修复术,瘢痕面积为10 cm×7 cm～20 cm×13 cm。手术分3期:一期,于单侧或双侧胸三角皮瓣深筋膜浅层置入400～600 ml柱形或肾形扩张器,维持注水扩张2～3个月;二期行扩张器取出并形成扩张薄皮瓣,切除大部分颈部瘢痕,将皮瓣转移修复至创面,3～4周断蒂;三期,利用蒂部薄皮瓣修复剩余瘢痕切除后的创面。结果本组共36例(49个皮瓣)患者,其中44个皮瓣存活良好,1个皮瓣术后发生感染导致扩张器外露而提前断蒂进行修复,3个皮瓣远端早期出现青紫,经放血疗法、红光治疗后恢复,1个皮瓣远端坏死约3 cm×6 cm,经换药处理后行二期皮瓣蠕动修复。术后随访1～12个月,所有患者的皮瓣表面平整,色泽、质地、厚度与颈部正常皮肤相近,痛、温觉存在,且颈部活动度大于术前(P0.05)。结论采用扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形是一种利于术后颈部活动功能恢复,且效果较理想的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.