脊髓扩散加权成像临床应用现状

脊髓扩散加权成像由于受到脊髓形态细小、脑脊液搏动的生理干扰等影响,长期被限制在实验研究范畴.随着相关技术的进步,脊髓扩散加权成像开始逐步应用于临床.主要介绍脊髓扩散加权成像的临床扫描技术、成像特点及在部分疾病中的初步应用价值.     

MR扩散加权成像在体部的应用

MR扩散加权成像在体部的应用逐渐增多,介绍体部多种组织器官的扩散加权成像技术、表现及其应用价值,并分析体部扩散加权成像存在的问题及原因.     

扩散成像技术在颞叶癫痫的研究进展

扩散成像技术包括扩散加权成像和扩散张量成像,它通过对水分子扩散能力的检测,反映生物体的组织结构和微观病理改变,对一些疾病诊断作用已得到充分肯定.综述了扩散成像技术在颞叶癫痫的研究进展.     

扩散加权成像在乳腺疾病中的临床应用及成像影响因素

扩散加权成像技术可以反映组织细胞内水分子的扩散运动特性,进而对活体组织结构及功能状态进行无创性检测,其在乳腺疾病的鉴别诊断、术前评估、术后复发监测及治疗后反应等诸多方面具有重要价值.就扩散加权成像在乳腺疾病中的临床应用新进展及成像技术因素等予以综述.     

同时多层成像技术联合肝脏MR扩散成像的应用及展望

同时多层（SMS）成像技术与多种MRI序列联合应用可明显缩短成像时间。MR扩散成像,如常规扩散加权成像（DWI）、体素内不相干运动成像（IVIM）、扩散张量成像（DTI）和扩散峰度成像（DKI）能反映组织内水分子扩散、血流灌注、组织结构复杂性等微观特征,在肝脏病变检测和辅助定性中有重要价值。SMS与MR扩散成像联合后可明显缩短成像时间,利于各种MR扩散成像在肝脏中的广泛应用。综述SMS对肝脏扩散成像扫描速度的提升效率、对影像质量和定量参数的影响,以期推动SMS成像技术在临床中的广泛应用。     

颅内非缺血性病变的MR扩散加权成像

MR扩散加权成像作为一种新的MR成像序列,能提供水分子微观运动的信息,对急性缺血性中风的诊断价值已得到肯定,对颅内非缺血性病变的应用价值在进一步研究之中.就MR扩散加权成像的技术原理、颅内非缺血性病变的扩散加权成像的表现予以综述,以提高该成像序列的临床应用价值.     

扩散成像技术在周围神经病变的应用进展

磁共振技术的发展和周围神经损伤机制研究的深入,提高了临床上对周围神经病变诊断的准确性.随着磁共振扩散加权成像、扩散张量成像及扩散张量示踪成像的临床应用,磁共振神经成像已经成为显示周围神经及其病变的客观、无创、无辐射、简便的成像方法.本文就最近几年磁共振扩散成像技术在周围神经疾病的应用进展予以综述.     

扩散张量成像技术及在脑白质病变中的应用

扩散张量成像(DTI)是一种崭新的MRI技术,它对组织内水的扩散在三维空间进行考察,比常规扩散加权成像能更好地反映生物组织扩散的各向异性.叙述了DTI的成像技术、数据处理及其衍生的量化信息、DTI对一些脑白质病变检查和评价的作用.     

脊髓扩散加权成像临床应用现状

脊髓扩散加权成像由于受到脊髓形态细小、脑脊液搏动的生理干扰等影响，长期被限制在实验研究范畴。随着相关技术的进步，脊髓扩散加权成像开始逐步应用于临床。主要介绍脊髓扩散加权成像的临床扫描技术、成像特点及在部分疾病中的初步应用价值。     

MR扩散加权成像在体部的应用

MR扩散加权成像在体部的应用逐渐增多，介绍体部多种组织器官的扩散加权成像技术、表现及其应用价值，并分析体部扩散加权成像存在的问题及原因。     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

RARE spiral T2-weighted imaging

Spiral imaging has a number of advantages for fast imaging, including an efficient use of gradient hardware. However, inhomogeneity-induced blurring is proportional to the data acquisition duration. In this paper, we combine spiral data acquisition with a RARE echo train. This allows a long data acquisition interval per excitation, while limiting the effects of inhomogeneity. Long spiral k-space trajectories are partitioned into smaller, annular ring trajectories. Each of these annular rings is acquired during echoes of a RARE echo train. The RARE refocusing RF pulses periodically refocus off-resonant spins while building a long data acquisition. We describe both T₂-weighted single excitation and interleaved RARE spiral sequences. A typical sequence acquires a complete data set in three excitations (32 cm FOV, 192 × 192 matrix). At a TR = 2000 ms, we can average two acquisitions in an easy breath-hold interval. A multifrequency reconstruction algorithm minimizes the effects of any off-resonant spins. Though this algorithm needs a field map, we demonstrate how signal averaging can provide the necessary phase data while increasing SNR. The field map creation causes no scan time penalty and essentially no loss in SNR efficiency. Multiple slice, 14-s breath-hold scans acquired on a conventional gradient system demonstrate the performance.     

Echo-Time-Encoded Burst Imaging (EBI): A Novel Technique for Spectroscopic Imaging

A new technique for rapid spectroscopic imaging is presented. The proposed experiment enables a complete mapping of the two-dimensional reciprocal space k_x, k_o, and thus the acquisition of a 1D spectroscopic image in a single scan. The properties of the pulse sequence, based on the use of a burst of low flip angle pulses, are analyzed in the framework of linear response theory, and it is shown that chemical shift information may be introduced into the spatially encoded echoes. First experimental results are presented demonstrating that 32 x 32 proton spectroscopic images may be acquired within less than 1 min with a conventional imaging system.     

Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm x 2.5 cm (4 cm(3)) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. RESULTS: Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.     

Dynamic bioluminescence imaging for quantitative tumour burden assessment using IV or IP administration of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-luciferin: effect on intensity,time kinetics and repeatability of photon emission

Introduction In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising technique for non-invasive tumour imaging. d-luciferin can be administrated intraperitonealy or intravenously. This will influence its availability and, therefore, the bioluminescent signal. The aim of this study is to compare the repeatability of BLI measurement after IV versus IP administration of d-luciferin and assess the correlation between photon emission and histological cell count both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Fluc-positive R1M cells were subcutaneously inoculated in nu/nu mice. Dynamic BLI was performed after IV or IP administration of d-luciferin. Maximal photon emission (PE_max) was calculated. For repeatability assessment, every acquisition was repeated after 4 h and analysed using Bland–Altman method. A second group of animals was serially imaged, alternating IV and IP administration up to 21 days. When mice were killed, PE_max after IV administration was correlated with histological cell number. Results The coefficients of repeatability were 80.2% (IV) versus 95.0% (IP). Time-to-peak is shorter, and its variance lower for IV (p < 0.0001). PE_max was 5.6 times higher for IV. A trend was observed towards lower photon emission per cell in larger tumours. Conclusion IV administration offers better repeatability and better sensitivity when compared to IP. In larger tumours, multiple factors may contribute to underestimation of tumour burden. It might, therefore, be beneficial to test novel therapeutics on small tumours to enable an accurate evaluation of tumour burden. Marleen Keyaerts is a Ph. D. fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (Belgium; FWO).     

Temporal resolution improvement in dynamic imaging

In some dynamic imaging applications, only a fraction, 1/n, of the field of view (FOV) may show considerable change during the motion cycle. A method is presented that improves the temporal resolution for a dynamic region by a factor, n, while maintaining spatial resolution at a cost of √n in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Temporal resolution is improved, or alternatively, total imaging time is reduced by reducing the number of phase encodes acquired for each temporal frame by 1/n. To eliminate aliasing, a representation of the signal from the static outer portion of the FOV is constructed using all the raw data. The k-space data derived from this representation is subtracted from the original data sets, and the differences correspond to the dynamic portion of the FOV. Improved resolution results are presented in phantom studies, and in vivo phase contrast quantitative flow imaging.