多层螺旋CT多平面重建在视神经管区解剖关系的应用价值研究

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT多平面重建技术(multiple planar reconstruction,MPR)在视神经管区解剖关系的应用价值.方法:对100例椎动脉造影的患者行头部螺旋CT水平位扫描,通过多平面重建,对视神经管及相关结构进行测量.结果:用运MPR技术成功测量了以下各项空间距离及平面角度,并进行了性别、侧别的统计学分析.前鼻棘到蝶窦前壁最近距离;前鼻棘到垂体窝最近距离;前鼻棘到视神经管眶口的距离,该平面与鼻底平面所成上仰角,该平面与蝶窦窦底平面所成上仰角,该平面与正中矢状面的外偏角;蝶嘴到视神经眶口连线的距离;蝶嘴到视神经眶口连线与正中矢状面的外偏角;蝶嘴到颈内动脉隆突最突点距离;蝶嘴到颈内动脉隆突最突点连线与正中矢状面的外偏角.结论:采用多层螺旋CT薄层扫描并行多平面重建,能从任意角度清晰显露视神经管区结构的解剖关系,为临床行视神经管区术前术式选择提供参考依据.     

蝶窦、视神经管多层螺旋CT三维重建后的影象解剖学测量

目的:为经鼻内镜蝶窦手术、视神经管减压术提供影象解剖学基础。方法:利用螺旋CT三维重建技术对40例(80侧)鼻、鼻窦正常的受试者行蝶窦、视神经管有关解剖数据的影象学测量。结果:两侧视神经管各壁长度均值为:内侧壁12.08±0.62 mm,外侧壁10.16±1.73 mm,上壁9.16±1.17 mm,下壁10.24±1.35 mm。两侧视神经管及蝶窦有关径线均值为:视神经管颅口处:左右径5.57±0.95 mm,上下径4.53±0.78 mm;中部:左右径4.40±0.67 mm,上下径4.36±0.67 mm;眶口处:左右径5.09±0.85 mm,上下径5.90±0.98 mm;鼻小柱前缘中点到蝶窦前壁中点的距离:7.08±0.54 cm;蝶窦最大左右径:17.83±4.38 mm,最大上下径:18.40±3.76 mm,最大前后径:23.19±6.73 mm。结论:螺旋CT三维重建技术可以准确有效地测量蝶窦、视神经管的解剖结构,对经鼻内镜手术具有重要指导价值。     

经鼻腔—蝶窦径路蝶鞍区人手术的相关解剖

目的 测定蝶窦及蝶鞍区手术解剖数据，为临床应用提供依据。方法 观察３０例尸头和３５例干燥颅骨标本蝶窦和蝶鞍区的结构，测量自前鼻棘至有关结构的长度、矢状角和侧偏角。结果 自前鼻棘至后床突的长为８１．６±７．２ｍｍ，矢状角为３４．６°±３．４°，偏侧角为５．９°±０．７°；至颈动脉管的长度为６７．７±６．２ｍｍ，矢状角为３２．３°±３．５°，侧偏角为６．８°±０．５°；至前床突的长为７５．８±５．３ｍ     

外伤性视神经病CT影像特征分析

①目的 探讨外伤性视神经病的CT影像特征及l临床意义。②方法 对我院40例(男36例,女4例)外伤性视神经病病人的CT影像学应用检查结果和临床资料进行回顾性分析和研究。40例病人均以“FV”线为眶尖和视神经管扫描基线行视神经管和眶尖扫描。③结果 单侧视神经管骨折31例,双侧5例;视神经管线型骨折12例,粉碎型骨折8例,嵌入型骨折4例,凹陷型骨折5例,混合型骨折7例。34例伴有眶尖区解剖异常：单侧前床突气化12例,双侧22例;单侧蝶上筛房16例,双侧12例。④结论 应用“FV”线为眶尖和视神经管扫描基线可完整显示眶尖及视神经管解剖特征;蝶上筛房和前床突气化是外伤性视神经病常见解剖结构异常,手术者术前应仔细观察和辨认;外伤性视神经病多合并颅面复合性骨折,CT影像学检查时应引起足够重视。     

经鼻腔-蝶窦径路蝶鞍区手术的相关解剖

目的测量蝶窦及蝶鞍区手术解剖数据，为临床应用提供依据。②方法观察３０例尸头和３５例干燥颅骨标本蝶窦和蝶鞍区的结构，测量自前鼻棘至有关结构的长度、矢状角和侧偏角。③结果自前鼻棘至后床突的长为８１．６±７．２ｍｍ，矢状角为３４．６°±３．４°，偏侧角为５．９°±０．７°；至颈动脉管的长度为６７．７±６．２ｍｍ，矢状角为３２．３°±３．５°，侧偏角为６．８°±０．５°；至前床突的长为７５．８±５．３ｍｍ，矢状角为３３．２°±３．８°，侧偏角为８．１°±０．８°．④结论蝶鞍区相关解剖数据对经鼻腔－蝶窦径路蝶鞍区手术有重要价值，且有助于手术的空间定位     

视神经管的显微解剖

视神经管为颅眶沟通的两个重要骨性孔隙之一 ,视神经及眼动脉经视神经孔出入眶。视神经管受损可致视神经间接损伤 ,但其确切病理机制并不清楚。随着显微外科技术的日益发展以及到达眶尖、海绵窦手术入路的日益增多 ,特别是不同入路的视神经减压术的推出 ,视神经管的解剖已经成为神经外科及眼科医师迫切需要了解的问题。1　骨性结构神经管位于眶内侧壁的后部 ,位于蝶骨小翼之间 ,长约 4～ 10ｍｍ ,在蝶骨体内略后向内走行 ,在蝶骨体内向后向内走行[1] ,与正中矢状平面成 36°角。视神经管有两口四壁。颅口呈横椭圆形 ,垂直径为4 .0 5± 0 .0 …     

与鼻内镜鼻泪管手术相关的鼻泪管断层与影像解剖学研究

①目的　探讨与鼻内镜鼻泪管手术相关的鼻泪管断层与影像解剖学特点,为相关手术提供依据。②方法　选取28例(男20例,女8例)经40 g/L甲醛固定的无异常病损的国人成人尸头,进行鼻腔泪管的断层与影像解剖相结合的研究。③结果　鼻泪管的长轴与腭的最高点的连线夹角(圆分布)为 8.74°±1.39°,男为 8.68°±1.38°;女为8.91°±1.47°。鼻泪管的仰角前角为5.66°±7.14°,后角为71.73°±7.55°,前角后角间夹角为 6.07°±1.64°。鼻泪管上口径、中段管径及开口位置男女之间比较差异有显著性(t=2.489、2.479,χ2 =6.90,P<0.05)。鼻泪管相关指标CT影像测量结果与应用解剖测量结果一致。④结论　膜性鼻泪管的长度、下口的位置、开口的形态和大小变异较大。额结节与前鼻棘连线前倾9°为鼻泪管冠状CT扫描最佳基线。鼻泪管的上口位于鼻丘隆突的下缘,下口位于下鼻道前端的顶、侧壁上,是鼻内镜鼻腔泪囊造口术的重要标志,也有利于术中鼻泪管的准确定位。     

内窥镜下经鼻筛窦入路切除前颅底肿瘤的应用解剖学研究

目的探讨鼻内窥镜相关的鼻窦前颅底区域应用解剖学,为鼻内窥镜前颅底手术提供解剖学参考。方法10具（20侧）成人湿尸头标本按照Messerklinger术式开放前后组筛窦,暴露并磨开前颅底,并对涉及的结构进行鼻内窥镜解剖学观察、测量和拍照。选15例临床垂体腺瘤患者头颅CT导航数据导航下进行该入路相关的骨性结构测量。结果鼻小柱基点及基线与各解剖结构的平均距离和夹角分别为：筛前动脉58mm&#177;4.0mm,52．0&#176;&#177;5．5&#176;;筛后动脉65．8mm&#177;3．5mm,41．5&#176;&#177;3．5&#176;筛板中部53．4mm&#177;3．6mm,50．0&#176;&#177;4．5&#176;;蝶筛交界处68．2mm&#177;5．5mm,38．5&#176;&#177;3．5&#176;;视神经管颅口76．4mm&#177;3．3mm,33．5&#176;&#177;5．5;两侧眶内侧壁之间距离22．4mm&#177;4．5mm;两侧视神经管颅口之间的距离17．3mm&#177;2．4mm;额窦口与鞍结节之间的距离40．3mm&#177;3．6mm。结论内窥镜下经鼻筛窦入路可以完全在内窥镜下比较容易到达前颅底区域,能够很好地暴露两侧眶内侧壁之间前达额窦口和后达蝶鞍的前颅底区域,能够充分显露和切除前颅底肿瘤。     

与鼻内镜手术相关的鼻泪管解剖测量

①目的　熟悉鼻泪管的局部解剖关系 ,为鼻内镜下鼻泪管的手术提供依据。②方法　对 5 6侧正中矢状位切开尸头的鼻泪管进行解剖学测量。③结果　鼻泪管开口位于下鼻道前 1/ 3段顶或侧壁 (30侧 ,2 6侧 )。鼻泪管长度为 (15 .99± 2 .5 2 )mm ,鼻泪管上口径平均 2 .97mm ,鼻泪管中段管径 4.2 0mm ,鼻泪管上口内侧壁厚平均 0 .73mm ,中段内侧壁厚平均 0 .5 5mm ,鼻泪管下口前缘至前鼻棘距离平均 2 1.97mm ,下口前缘至下鼻甲前缘附着处的距离平均为 10 .5 4mm ,上颌窦开口前缘到鼻泪管后壁的距离平均 3.82mm ,鼻泪管长轴与眉间至前鼻棘连线的夹角为 8.74°± 1.39° ,以上各指标左右侧比较差异无显著性 (t =- 0 .983～ 1.481,P >0 .0 5 )。④结论　鼻泪管上口位于鼻丘隆突下缘 ,下口位于下鼻道前端顶或侧壁 ,是鼻内镜鼻腔泪囊造口术的重要标志。     

视神经管的测量及其临床意义

目的 :为视神经减压术和视神经间接损伤的病理机制提供形态学依据。方法 :对 38个成人尸头的 76例神经管标本在手术显微镜下进行解剖观测。测量了视神经管的口径 ,管壁的厚度和长度。观察了视神经管的走行特点 ,计算了视神经管横截面积。结果 :中部是视神经管最狭窄的部位 ,横截面积为( 1 8.74± 3.95 )mm2 ;视神经管管壁最薄之处在视神经管内壁中部 ,厚度为 ( 0 .5 2± 0 .40 )mm ;视神经管中轴与颅正中矢状面的夹角为 ( 38.2 6± 5 .35 )°,与颅冠状面的夹角为 ( 1 9.93± 4.2 6)°。结论 :视神经间接损伤后 ,视神经管中部对视神经的束缚作用最强 ,视神经减压术开放管的中部较为重要。视神经管走行的特点是视神经间接损伤常合并于颞额部挫伤的解剖学基础     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.