苯酚硫酸法测定兔血浆羧甲基茯苓多糖含量

目的建立兔血浆羧甲基茯苓多糖浓度测定方法。方法对兔血浆样品进行预处理，并用苯酚硫酸法测定羧甲基茯苓多糖的含量，测定波长为488.2 nm。 结果兔血浆羧甲基茯苓多糖血药浓度线性范围为2～64 μg·mL^-1，回归方程为C ＝ 76.667 6A＋0.850 8，r＝0.999 8，回收率≥96.54%，日内精密度RSD≤1.56%，日间精密度RSD≤2.53%。结论该方法操作简便，测定结果准确可靠，可用于羧甲基茯苓多糖的血药浓度测定。     

益气散聚颗粒质量标准研究

目的：建立益气散聚颗粒质量标准.方法：采用TLC法对益气散聚颗粒中黄芪、茵陈进行定性鉴别;用3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法对制剂中多糖进行含量测定;用HPLC法对制剂中盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定.结果：定性鉴别分离度较好,专属性强;样品经DNS试剂显色后于480 nm处测定吸光度,多糖含量测定线性范围为4.168～29.176 mg·L-1,r=0.999 8,平均加样回收率为97.13%,RSD为1.77%（n=6）;盐酸小檗碱的含量测定线性范围为0.09～1.74 μg（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为97.06%（RSD=1.05%,n=6）.结论：所建立方法准确可靠,灵敏度高,专属性强,能有效控制益气散聚颗粒的质量.     

磺胺嘧啶银涂膜剂的研制

目的研制磺胺嘧啶银涂膜剂并建立质量控制方法。方法拟定处方组成及制备工艺,以羧甲基壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇为辅料制备涂膜剂;用永停滴定法测定主药含量。结果羧甲基壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇不影响主药理化性质,对含量测定无干扰。主药平均回收率为100．6％,RSD=0．81（n=9）。结论该制剂制备工艺简单,含量测定方法准确,质量可控。     

紫外分光光度法测定水杨酸软膏的含量

目的为准确测定水杨酸软膏的含量.方法采用紫外分光光度法测定软膏中水杨酸的含量,测定波长为296±1nm.结果水杨酸的平均回收率为100.6%,RSD为0.60%,线性范围12.5～25.0μg/ml,r＝0.9998.结论本方法简便、快速、准确、专属性强,可用于水杨酸软膏的含量测定.     

DNS法测定玉米须保健饮料中总多糖含量

目的考察供试品溶液制备的最佳条件,测定玉米须保健饮料中多糖含量。方法采用正交实验确定供试品溶液制备的最佳条件,二硝基水杨酸法显色,以葡萄糖为对照品,测定样品中总多糖的含量。结果葡萄糖质量浓度在8~56μg.mL-1范围内与吸收度呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率为101.83%,RSD=1.84%;测得的总多糖平均含量为0.850 0 mg.mL-1。结论对于成分简单的样品,采用二硝基水杨酸法测定玉米须保健饮料中总多糖含量,快速准确,稳定性好,可作为该制剂总多糖含量测定方法。     

OP乳化剂荧光猝灭法测定甲壳素胶囊中壳聚糖的含量

目的:建立甲壳素胶囊中壳聚糖含量的测定方法。方法:采用OP(聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚)乳化剂荧光猝灭法。在pH4.5的B-R缓冲溶液中,波长为λex/λem=226/304nm时,考察壳聚糖对OP乳化剂的荧光猝灭作用。结果:壳聚糖检测浓度在0.20～2.00mg.L-1范围内与OP乳化剂的荧光猝灭程度呈线性关系(r=0.9993),检出限为0.039mg.L-1;平均加样回收率为96.90%,RSD=3.25%(n=6)。结论:该法简便、快速、准确可靠,可用于较为复杂样品中微量壳聚糖的含量测定。     

3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测定蔓菁中还原糖和总糖含量

目的建立测定晋南蔓菁还原糖和总糖含量的3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色(DNS)法。方法以葡萄糖为对照品,DNS试剂的用量为2.0 mL,90℃水浴加热6 min,于540 nm波长下测定蔓菁中还原糖和总糖含量。结果还原糖和总糖平均加样回收率分别为101.66%和96.44%,RSD分别为2.86%和1.71%(n=6);3批蔓菁中还原糖和总糖的含量分别为5.86%~6.93%和44.65%~46.50%。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于检测蔓菁中还原糖和总糖的含量。     

羧甲基壳聚糖口腔用复合膜的研制

目的 制备羧甲基壳聚糖口腔用复合膜,为临床提供更适合治疗口腔溃疡、牙周炎、牙龈炎等口腔疾病的理想药物制剂.方法 先以5％聚乙烯醇、壳聚糖、甘油为成膜液制成空白隔离层,40℃烘干;再以奥硝唑为主药,羧甲基壳聚糖、甘油为辅料制成药物层成膜液,均匀涂布于空白隔离层上制成复合膜.用紫外分光光度法测定主药奥硝唑含量,测定波长为312 nm.结果 该膜剂外观性状良好且具良好的生物相容性、柔韧性.奥硝唑质量浓度在6～18 μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为101.18％（RSD=1.98％,n=9）.结论 该膜剂制备工艺简单,含量测定准确,质量可控,是临床治疗口腔疾病理想的新制剂.     

比色法测定血浆中羧甲基茯苓多糖的含量

目的:建立羧甲基茯苓多糖血药浓度测定方法。方法:对血浆样品进行预处理,并用比色法测定羧甲基茯苓多糖的含量。结果:血药浓度线性范围为2~64mg.L-1,回归方程为:C=76.667 6A 0.850 8,r=0.999 8;回收率≥96.54%,日内精密度≤1.56%,日间精密度为≤2.53%。结论:本方法操作简便,测定结果准确可靠,可用于羧甲基茯苓多糖的血药浓度测定。     

青光康片中芍药苷的含量测定

目的：建立青光康片的质量标准,测定青光康片中芍药苷的含量.方法：采用高效液相色谱法对青光康片中芍药苷进行含量测定.结果：芍药苷浓度线性范围为0.104～0.520 μg•mL 1,r＝0.999 3.样品平均回收率为98.00%,RSD为1.18%(n＝6).结论：该方法适用于青光康片的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.