婴幼体外循环围术期胶体渗透压的变化

目的探讨10 kg以下婴幼儿先天性心脏病体外循环(Extracorporeal c ircu lation,ECC)围术期胶体渗透压(COP)的变化规律以及与肺功能变化的关系。方法20例体重小于10 kg先天性心脏病手术患儿,ECC含血浆预充;测定围术期各个时点的COP值,动脉血气分析观察ECC前后肺换气功能的呼吸指数(R I)、氧合指数(O I)的变化,并通过肺容量-压力曲线观察ECC前后达因(Cdyn)、曲线(Raw)、峰值(Peak)的变化。结果血浆COP在ECC中10 m in[(16.25±2.12)mmHg]和30 m in[(16.72±1.47)mmHg]时较麻醉诱导后[(23.73±2.94)mmHg]有明显下降(P<0.05),而超滤后COP[(28.41±4.12)mmHg]迅速上升,较诱导后有明显的差异(P<0.05),并持续到ECC后5 h仍未下降;R I值在ECC后1 h(6.78±2.20)较ECC前(3.55±1.82)有明显的上升(P<0.05);O I值(336.91±62.53)较ECC前(436.59±75.32)有明显的下降(P<0.05);但ECC中COP的下降率与R I的上升率(r2=0.0169,P>0.05)和O I的下降率(r2=0.1225,P>0.05)之间无直线相关;ECC前后Cdyn,Raw,Peak无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论低体重先天性心脏病幼儿对ECC手术耐受差,血浆预充可以维持ECC中COP不低于16 mmHg,通过改良超滤可以进一步减轻水肿并在转后一定时间仍维持较高的渗透压,而且本实验证明血浆COP轻度降低(不低于16 mmHg)不是术后肺功能的改变的主要原因。     

婴幼儿心脏手术围体外循环期间胶体渗透压的变化

目的探讨婴幼儿心脏手术围体外循环(Extracorporeal c ircu lation,ECC)期血浆胶体渗透压(COP)的变化特点及ECC期间不同干预措施对COP的影响。方法30例在ECC下行心脏直视手术的婴幼儿,体重小于10 kg,随机分为对照组(C组,n=10)、常规超滤组(CUF组,n=10)、改良超滤组(MUF组,n=10),观察不同时点(预充液、手术前、ECC前、ECC中、ECC后、ICU 2 h、ICU 24 h)的血浆COP,寻找ECC期间COP的变化趋势,评价不同超滤方法对围体外循环期间COP的影响。结果ECC预充液COP显著低于患儿术前水平(P<0.01);由于ECC预充成分的影响ECC开始后COP明显下降(P<0.05);ECC后COP恢复至ECC前水平(P>0.05);ICU 2 h和24 h患儿COP维持正常生理偏高水平。CUF组在ECC期间COP略高于C组但无显著性差异(P>0.05),MUF组COP在ECC后均显著优于C组和CUF组(P<0.05)。结论ECC术中血浆COP明显下降。CUF可以提高ECC期间的COP,但效果不够理想;MUF是提高术后COP的有效手段。     

重症中暑对大鼠心肌肾素-血管紧张素系统的影响

目的：探讨重症中暑对大鼠心肌肾素-血管紧张素系统的影响。方法选用雄性Wistar大鼠24只,应用随机数表法将大鼠分为正常对照组、热打击后2 h组、热打击后24 h组,每组8只。采用放射免疫法测定大鼠血浆和心肌肾素及血管紧张素Ⅱ活性,采用免疫组化法测定心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ-1、2型受体(AT1R、AT2R)蛋白表达水平。结果大鼠热打击后60 min左右肛温达到42℃,77 min左右平均动脉压下降25 mmHg,此时即重症中暑造模成功。热打击后2 h及24 h组大鼠血浆和心肌肾素-血管紧张素系统显著激活[血浆RA：(2237.0±173.2)、(1498.0±172.3) vs (785.4±43.2),P<0.05;血浆AngⅡ：(143.4±19.8)、(76.8±21.6) vs (42.8±8.6),P<0.05;心肌RA：(10.63±0.59)、(8.49±0.92) vs (1.66±0.38) P<0.05;心肌AngⅡ：(279.9±11.3)、（212.5±10.1) vs (39.6±6.3) P<0.05];热打击后24 h组大鼠血浆和心肌肾素-血管紧张素系统仍处于激活水平,但较热打击后2 h组明显下降[血浆RA：(2237.0±173.2) vs (1498.0±172.3),P<0.05;血浆AngⅡ：(143.4±19.8) vs (76.8±21.6),P<0.05;心肌RA：(10.63±0.59) vs (8.49±0.92),P<0.05;心肌AngⅡ：(79.9±11.3) vs (212.5±10.1),P<0.05]。热打击后2 h及24 h组心肌AT1R蛋白表达明显上调[(49.8±14.1)、(52.6±15.8) vs (13.0±5.0),P<0.05];热打击对AT2R蛋白表达无影响[(14.1±6.2)、(16.8±7.3) vs (9.8±4.5),P>0.05]。结论重症中暑早期能够导致大鼠心肌肾素-血管紧张素系统显著激活。     

瓣膜置换术中血浆胶体渗透压和乳酸的变化及对肺功能的影响

目的探讨瓣膜置换术中血浆胶体渗透压(COP)的变化规律,以及对乳酸(Lac)、肺功能的影响。方法选择35例在体外循环下行心内直视人工瓣膜置换术的成年患者,记录麻醉后5min(T1)、体外循环开始后5min(T2)、体外循环结束后5min(T3)、手术结束时(T4)患者的COP、Lac、动脉血气分析等数据,记录T1、T3、T4时肺容量-压力曲线中的达因(Cdyn)、气道压峰值(Peak)、吸入氧浓度(FiO2)数据,计算氧合指数(OI),比较各时间点数据的差异。结果 35例患者中获得有效数据32例,体外循环开始后COP明显降低,T2、T3、T4时COP明显低于T1时(P<0.01)。体外循环开始后血清Lac逐渐升高,持续至手术结束,T2、T3、T4时明显高于T1时(P<0.01),T3、T4时明显高于T2时(P<0.05)。T3、T4时OI均明显低于T1时(P<0.05)。T3时Cdyn明显低于T1时(P<0.05)。结论心脏外科手术体外循环导致COP降低,Lac增高,损害肺功能,提高术中血浆COP有利于减轻组织水肿,改善肺功能。     

间充质干细胞条件培养基对实验性肺动脉高压大鼠的干预作用研究

目的探讨间充质干细胞(MSC)条件培养基(CM)对肺动脉高压(PH)大鼠的干预效果。方法实验于2010年3—10月在国家干细胞中心完成。取24只SD大鼠随机分为3组:模型组、治疗组和对照组,每组各8只。野百合碱(MCT)单次皮下注射制备PH大鼠模型,治疗组大鼠于实验的5~9 d应用MSC-CM腹腔注射进行治疗,模型组及对照组同期注射等量PBS。实验第21天分别检测各组大鼠右室收缩压(RVSP)和平均主动脉压(MAoP),同时制备肺组织切片检测肺动脉中膜的厚度(WT),并对各组大鼠进行比较。结果模型组大鼠RVSP明显高于对照组[(48.26±3.93)mmHg vs.(27.58±3.47)mmHg,P<0.01],而MAoP较对照组明显下降[(89.54±15.81)mmHg vs.(116.37±16.17)mmHg,P<0.05]。经MSC-CM治疗后,治疗组大鼠RVSP较模型组明显下降[(31.42±3.38)mmHg vs.(48.26±3.93)mmHg,P<0.01],同时MAoP明显上升[(儿2.97±14.26)mmHg vs.(89.54±15.81)mmHg,P<0.05]。肺组织学检查显示,模型组大鼠的WT较对照组明显增加[(34.12±3.59)%vs.(12.53±1.82%),P<0.01]。而经MSC-CM治疗后,治疗组较模型组有显著的减轻[(13.28±1.78)%vs.(34.12±3.59%),P<0.01]。结论 MSC条件培养基对PH大鼠干预能够有效地抑制PH的进程。     

血浆置换治疗局灶节段性肾小球硬化前后尿液的中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白变化及临床意义

目的分析原发性局灶节段硬化性肾小球肾炎(FSGS)患者血浆置换治疗前后尿液中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(NGAL)变化的临床意义。方法观察2012年1~12月石家庄肾病医院肾五科经肾活检诊断为FSGS的患者105例,比较血浆置换治疗前、治疗后1周、4周尿液NGAL的差异及同期24 h尿蛋白定量结果。结果治疗1周后与血浆置换治疗前比较,尿NGAL显著下降[(7.2±1.5)μg比(10.2±2.3)μg,P<0.05],但24 h蛋白定量差异无统计学意义[(2920±1690)mg比(3070±1810)mg,P>0.05];治疗4周后较血浆置换治疗前,尿NGAL显著下降[(6.2±2.1)μg比(10.2±2.3)μg,P<0.05],且24 h尿蛋白定量也显著下降[(1430±180)mg比(3070±1810)mg,P<0.05];血浆置换治疗后4周与治疗后1周比较,尿NGAL结果差异无统计学意义[(6.2±2.1)μg比(7.2±1.5)μg,P>0.05],而24 h尿蛋白定量显著下降[(1430±180)mg比(2920±1690)mg,P<0.05]。结论尿液NGAL测定与临床疗效具有一致性,其敏感程度较24 h尿蛋白定量高。     

两种不同超滤技术在二尖瓣置换术中影响输血量的研究

目的探讨完全型改良超滤技术在二尖瓣置换术中节约用血的临床应用价值。方法 60例接受二尖瓣置换术患者。随机分为A、B两组。A组为对照组,采用常规超滤;B组为实验组,采用常规超滤+完全型改良超滤技术回输全部剩余机血。监测两组患者术前、超滤前、超滤后红细胞比容(Hct)、血浆胶体渗透压(COP)、超滤液量、术后24 h胸腔引流量、用库血量和血浆量等指标。结果两组患者均无手术死亡或与体外循环(ECC)和超滤有关的并发症。术前Hct、COP无显著性差异;超滤后Hct、COP两组比较有显著性差异,实验组明显高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组超滤液量显著多于对照组(P0.05),而输入库血及血浆量、术后24 h胸腔引流量明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论与常规超滤相比,应用常规超滤+完全型改良超滤技术回输全部剩余机血,可减少库血用量,达到节约用血之目的,并有利于患者血流动力学稳定。     

改良超滤对瓣膜置换围术期心肺功能的影响

目的通过对心脏瓣膜置换术患者在体外循环(Extracorporeal c ircu lation,ECC)各时段炎性因子和血流动力学变化的观察,探讨超滤技术对其的影响。方法选取拟行双瓣膜置换术(DVR)的30例患者,随机分成两组,Ⅰ组为超滤组(MUF),Ⅱ组为对照组。分别在ECC前(T1)、主动脉阻断后30 m in(T2)、ECC结束时即刻或MUF开始即刻(T3)、ECC结束后15 m in或MUF结束即刻(T4)、ECC结束后30 m in(T5)、ECC结束后2 h(T6)、ECC结束后8 h(T7)、ECC结束后24 h(T8)取血测定血清白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8、内皮素(ET)-1的浓度,并在相应时间点监测两组患者的肺功能及血流动力学变化。结果两组患者血浆中IL-6、IL-8、ET-1的含量在ECC开始后迅速升高,MUF组与对照组之间IL-6、IL-8、ET-1的血浆含量在ECC后各时间点的比较差异非常显著(P<0.05);MUF组超滤前后CO、C I、MAP、LVSW I差别有显著意义(P<0.05),对照组停ECC时与ECC结束后15 m in相比各指标差异无显著意义。MUF组超滤后与对照组停ECC 15 m in时相比C I、LVSW I的差异有显著意义(P<0.05);MUF组ECC后各时间点肺功能损伤程度明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论MUF可迅速滤出体内多余水分,浓缩血液,并可滤出炎性介质等有害物质,减轻手术及ECC引起的炎性反应,改善患者的心肺功能,减少了术后多器官功能衰竭(MOF)发生。     

复合超滤对小儿先天性心脏病术后肺功能的影响

目的探讨复合应用改良超滤和零平衡超滤对改善小儿先天性心脏病体外循环(extracorporeal circulation,ECC)术后肺功能的临床效果。方法60例行室间隔缺损修补术(VSD)的患儿随机分为四组:常规超滤组(CUF组,n=15)、改良超滤组(MUF组,n=15)、零平衡超滤组(ZUF组,n=15)和改良超滤 零平衡超滤组(M Z组,n=15)。分别检测各组围术期红细胞压积(Hct),呼吸功能氧合指数(OI),肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(P(A-a)O2),呼吸机辅助时间(MAT)及炎性介质肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的浓度。结果术后各组Hct无显著性差异(P>0.05);M Z组、ZUF组和MUF组术后1 h,6 h,12 h,24 h OI高于CUF组(P<0.05),而M Z组术后1 h,6 h,12 h,24 h P(A-a)O2较ZUF组、MUF组和CUF组低(P<0.05);M Z组术后呼吸机支持时间较MUF组、ZUF组和CUF组短(P<0.05);M Z组和ZUF组停机及术后2 h,12 h,24 h TNF-α和IL-6浓度较MUF组和CUF组明显降低(P<0.05)。结论零平衡超滤加改良超滤较单一超滤方法能较好地改善小儿先天性心脏病患者术后肺功能,降低体内炎性介质浓度。     

hs-CRP、补体C3、PA及皮质醇水平在脑卒中患者疾病进展中的变化

目的 观察超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、补体C3、前白蛋白(PA)及皮质醇水平在脑卒中患者疾病进展中的变化情况.方法 收集2014年3月至2015年3月期间我院收治的脑卒中患者90例为研究对象,在患者入院第1天、第7天、第14天和第30天采用免疫比浊法检测患者血清中的hs-CRP、补体C3水平,采用化学方法检测血清中PA水平,采用化学发光法检测血清皮质醇水平,比较上述四种指标在脑卒中患者疾病进展中的变化情况.结果 (1)患者入院后第7天[(25.03±5.68)mg/L]和第14天[(14.26±4.355)mg/L]的血清hs-CRP水平较第1天[(6.08±1.17)mg/L]显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),入院第14天的血清Hs-CRP水平较第7天下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);入院后第7天的血清C3水平较第1天显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),入院第14天[(0.82±0.10)g/L]、第30天[(0.91±0.18)g/L]的血清C3水平与第1天比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);患者入院第7天[(197.68±20.08)g/L]的血清PA水平较第1天[(287.98±23.56)g/L]显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),入院第14天[(258.93±23.15)g/L]的血清PA水平较第7天显著上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);患者入院第7天[(496.78±38.99)nmol/L]和第14天[(467.06±32.58)nmol/L]的血清皮质醇水平较第1天[(397.83±42.06)nmol/L]显著上升(P<0.05),第14天的血清皮质醇水平较第7天有所下降(P<0.05).(2)脑卒中严重程度与营养代谢严重程度呈正相关关系.结论 hs-CRP、补体C3、PA和皮质醇水平在脑卒中患者疾病进展中呈现明显的时间相关性,处于急性期的患者变化最为明显.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.